醫學術語是學習醫學知識的基礎和前提。公眾號推出「醫學雙語術語」欄目，每一期擬採用英漢對照的模式，以雙語的形式科普醫學知識，同時也為醫學英語與翻譯專業人士提供學習素材。文中標有背景色的部分文字涉及通用學術英語和醫學專門學術英語學習過程中常用的單詞及短語表達等問題。
Avian influenza (「bird flu」) is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. The infection can cause a wide spectrum of symptoms in birds, ranging from mild illness, which may pass unnoticed, to a rapidly fatal disease that can cause severe epidemics. Avian influenza viruses normally circulate among birds. Although some avian H7 viruses (H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7) have occasionally been found to infect humans, no human infections with H7N9 viruses were reported until reports from China in March 2013.
禽流感是由甲型流感病毒引起的禽類傳染病，可在禽類中導致各種症狀，從毫無察覺的輕症到引起嚴重疫情的快速致死性疾病，都可能出現。禽流感病毒通常在禽類傳播。儘管一些H7禽流感病毒，包括H7N2，H7N3和H7N7，也曾感染過人類，直到2013年在中國發現人類感染H7N9流感病毒的案例。
Avian influenza in human 人類禽流感
Most avian influenza viruses do not cause disease in humans. However, some are zoonotic, meaning that they can infect humans and cause disease. The most well known example is the avian influenza subtype H5N1 viruses currently circulating in poultry in parts of Asia and northeast Africa, which have caused human disease and deaths since1997. Other avian influenza subtypes, including H7N7 and H9N2, have also infected people. Some of these infections have been very severe and some have resulted in deaths, but many infections have been mild or even subclinical inhumans.
大多數禽流感病毒不會導致人類患病。但有些禽流感病毒是人畜共患病毒，能夠感染人類並致病。最廣為人知的例子是目前在亞洲某些地區和非洲東北地區流行的亞型禽流感病毒H5N1，該病毒從1997年開始導致人類患病和死亡。其他禽流感亞型，包括H7N7和H9N2，也感染過人類。其中一些感染曾導致極為嚴重的疾病，有的甚至引起死亡，但大多數人類感染均為輕症，有的甚至臨床症狀不明顯。
Transmission 傳播
Most known human infections results from direct or indirect contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. A minority of cases appear to have resulted from limited person to person transmission. It cannot yet be confirmed infected poultry are the only source of infection; and other possible animal or environmental sources of infection cannot be excluded.
大多數已知人類感染都源於直接或間接地接觸了感染的家禽或汙染的環境。少數病例似乎因有限的人傳人而致病。已感染的家禽是否唯一的感染源尚無法確定，而其他可能的動物或環境感染源也無法排除。
Symptoms 症狀
Thus far, most patients with this infection have had severe pneumonia. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. We know of only a small number of people who presented with influenza-like symptoms and then recovered without medical attention.
到目前為止，感染這一病毒的大多數病人出現了重症肺炎。常見症狀包括：發熱、咳嗽和呼吸急促。據我們所知，僅有少數患者出現流感樣症狀後，在未就醫的情況下痊癒。
Prevention 預防
It is always prudent to follow basic hygienic practices to prevent infection. They include ensuring hand and respiratory hygiene and taking food-safety precautions.
保持基本衛生習慣來預防感染是明智的做法。這包括確保手部和呼吸道衛生、以及採取食品安全措施。
1. Hand hygiene 手部衛生
Wash your hands before, during, and after you prepare food; before you eat; after you use the toilet; after handling animals or animal waste; when your hands are dirty; and before and after providing care to anyone in your home who is sick.
在準備食物期間和前後洗手；飯前、便後洗手；處理動物或動物排洩物後洗手；手髒時、照顧家中病人前後都要洗手。
2. Respiratory hygiene 呼吸衛生
When coughing or sneezing, the person should cover her/his mouth and nose with a medical mask, tissue, or a sleeve or flexed elbow; throw the used tissue into a closed bin immediately after use; perform hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions.
咳嗽或打噴嚏時，用醫用口罩、紙巾或者袖子或者彎曲肘部來遮住口鼻，用過的紙巾應立刻扔入密閉的垃圾桶內，接觸呼吸道分泌物後應採取手部衛生措施。
3. Food-safety precautions 食品安全預防
Because influenza viruses are inactivated by normal temperatures used for cooking, meat products and eggs can be safely consumed provided they are properly handled during food preparation and thoroughly cooked (so that food reaches 70°C in all parts, e.g. poultry meat is not pink). In areas experiencing outbreaks, the consumption of raw or incompletely cooked meat products and eggs is a high-risk practice and should be discouraged. Animals that are clearly sick or that have died of diseases or died unexpectedly should not be eaten.
烹調時使用的正常溫度即可滅活流感病毒，因此，肉蛋食品只要在準備過程中處理得當並完全煮熟（食物所有部分達到70℃，例如，禽肉沒有粉色的部分）。在疫情暴發的地方，食用生的或者是半熟的肉類和禽蛋是一種高危行為，應該避免。不應食用明顯患病、病死和意外死亡的動物。
重點醫學單詞及詞組匯總：
avian influenza subtype [ˈeɪviənˌɪnfluˈenzə 'sʌbtaɪp] 禽流感亞型
severe pneumonia [sɪˈvɪə nju:ˈməʊniə] 重症肺炎
respiratory secretion [rəˈspɪrətri sɪˈkri:ʃn] 呼吸道分泌物
inactivate [ɪn'æktɪveɪt] 滅活，失活
註：英漢文字材料整理自WHO官網
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