文章出處
筆記電子版：
外刊連結：
食用指南
原文：綠色為輸入項 （閱讀生詞、搭配）；粉紅為輸出項（寫作、口語）；橘紅色是此前精讀筆記出現過的單詞或短語
筆記：紅色對應生詞；粉色為地道搭配（詞夥）；句式是可套用的寫作句型；橘紅色是複習此前精讀筆記中出現過的表達；綠色為詞典的例句和搭配；[寫作]等是針對雅思、拖福、四六級、考研等各類英語考試的寫作亮點表達
讀完筆記後，可以回頭讀原文段落，看是否能流暢閱讀，檢測自己的掌握情況
所有的解釋、詞夥、例句搭配來自於牛津高階英漢詞典OALD、Collins雙解詞典、麥克米倫詞典macmillan Dictionary 等
我的叨叨：
With New Digital Tools, Even Nonexperts Can Wage Cyberattacks
Now anyone can visit a webpage, generate a ransomware file with the click of a mouse, encrypt someone’s systems and demand a ransom to restore access to the files. If the victim pays, the ransomware provider takes a cut of the payment.
encrypt [in』kript] v. If a document or piece of information is encrypted, it is written in a special code, so that only certain people can read it. 把…編碼；把…加密 *Account details are encrypted to protect privacy. 帳戶資料被加密，以保護隱私。*encrypted signals. 加密信號
現在，任何人都可以訪問一個網頁，點擊滑鼠生成一個勒索軟體文件，給某人的電腦系統加密，並索要贖金，以恢復對文件的訪問。如果受害者支付贖金，那麼勒索軟體提供商能獲得分成。
Ransomware criminals also have customer service lines that victims can call to get help paying a ransom. There are even live chat options. And while some amateur ransomware attackers may not restore victims』 data once the ransom is paid, the more professional outfits worry that if they do not decrypt a victim’s data, their reputation and 「business」 may suffer as a result, Rebholz said.
1. [usually before noun] doing sth for enjoyment or interest, not as a job 業餘愛好的 *an amateur photographer 業餘攝影愛好者
2. [usually before noun] done for enjoyment, not as a job 業餘的 *amateur athletics 業餘體育運動
1. [C + sing. / pl. v] (informal) a group of people working together as an organization, business, team, etc. 團隊；小組；分隊 *a market research outfit 市場調查組 *This was the fourth album by the top rock outfit. 這是這個頂級搖滾樂隊的第四張唱片專輯。 .
2.[C] a set of clothes that you wear together, especially for a particular occasion or purpose 全套服裝，裝束（尤指為某場合或目的）*She was wearing an expensive new outfit. 她穿著一身昂貴的新衣裳。 *a wedding outfit 一套結婚禮服
3. [C] a set of equipment that you need for a particular purpose 全套裝備；成套工具 *a bicycle repair outfit 修自行車的整套工具
v.[often passive] ~ sth / sb (with sth)(especially NAmE) to provide sb / sth with equipment or clothes for a special purpose 裝備；配置設備；供給服裝 =equip *The ship was outfitted with a 12-bed hospital. 這艘船配置了一所有 12 個床位的醫院。
勒索軟體犯罪分子也有客戶服務熱線，受害者可以致電要求獲得支付贖金方面的幫助。甚至可以採取即時聊天的方式。雷布霍爾茲表示，有些業餘勒索軟體攻擊者可能會在獲得贖金後不恢復受害者的數據，而更職業的勒索者擔心，如果他們不解密受害者的數據，他們的信譽和「業務」可能會受到影響。
The most notorious of these attackers are part of a group called SamSam after its type of ransomware. SamSam is known for demanding the highest ransoms, 25 to 30 bitcoin. But it reliably decrypts a victim’s data after being paid.
part of sth n.[U]some but not all of a thing 部分（注意：這一含義part不可數，前面不用a） *Part of the building was destroyed in the fire. 大樓的一部份毀於火災。[金融時報3.8.Overseas jobs demand the extra mile] For Andrea Huggard-Caine, being sent to Italy as part of a team that was handling a Citibank acquisition in the 1980s was life-changing.對於安德裡亞·哈加德-凱恩來說，在80年代花旗銀行的一筆收購交易中作為團隊一員被派往義大利，是改變人生的一件大事。[複習]
decrypt [dɪˈkrɪpt] v.(computing) to change information that is in code into ordinary language so that it can be understood by anyone（計）脫密；給…解密
這些攻擊者中最臭名昭著的一些人屬於一個名為SamSam的組織。該組織得名於它所使用的勒索軟體的類型。SamSam以索要最高水平的贖金聞名，通常是25個至30個比特幣。不過他們在獲得贖金後絕對會給受害者的數據解鎖。
Most small- to medium-size businesses pay the ransoms because they do not have backups of their data and feel they have no other option, Rebholz said. 「That data is the bloodline of their business in many cases,」 he said. 「They can either go out of business or pay the ransom.」
1.(computing) a copy of a file, etc. that can be used if the original is lost or damaged（文件等的）備份 *Always make a backup of your work. 所有文件都須要備份。 *a backup copy 備份文件
2.extra help or support that you can get if necessary 增援；後援 *The police had backup from the army. 警方得到了軍方的增援。 *a backup power supply 備用電源
bloodline [『blʌdlain] n.(technical)the set of ancestors of a person or an animal（術語）世系；血統；（動物的）種系
out of business having stopped operating as a business because there is no more money or work available 停業；歇業 *The new regulations will put many small businesses out of business.新法規將使很多小企業關閉。*Some travel companies will probably go out of business this summer.今年夏天一些旅遊公司很可能歇業。
雷布霍爾茲表示，大多數中小企業都會支付贖金，因為他們沒有備份數據，認為自己沒有別的選擇。「在很多情況下，數據是他們業務的生命線，」他說。「他們要麼停業，要麼支付贖金。」
Cybercriminals have also found a soft target in universities, which usually have more open systems that allow for the free flow of information.
網絡犯罪分子還發現大學是個易於攻擊的目標，因為那裡為了保證信息的自由流動，通常擁有更多的開放系統。
More recently, they have found a niche in health care, where ransomware attacks take on a new level of urgency as doctors and emergency rooms in Britain discovered Friday when hackers blocked their access to patient records, and patients had to be turned away.
1. (business) an opportunity to sell a particular product to a particular group of people（產品的）商機；小眾市場，縫隙市場，利基市場（有自己特定的需求、目標顧客和產品） *They spotted a niche in the market, with no serious competition.他們看到市場上一個競爭不激烈的商機。 *a niche market 有利可圖的市場 *the development of niche marketing 針對某群體的產品營銷開發
2. a comfortable or suitable role, job, way of life, etc.舒適或稱心的工作（或生活等）*He eventually found his niche in sports journalism. 最後他在體育新聞界找到了理想的工作。
3. a small hollow place, especially in a wall to contain a statue, etc., or in the side of a hill 壁龕；（山體）凹進的地方 =nook
4. (biology) the conditions of its environment within which a particular type of living thing can live successfully（生）生態位（一個生物所佔生境的最小單位）
take sth↔︎on [no passive] to begin to have a particular quality, appearance, etc. 呈現，具有（特徵、外觀等）*The chameleon can take on the colours of its background. 變色龍可以變成周圍環境的顏色。*His voice took on a more serious tone. 他說話的語氣變得嚴肅起來。
turn away (from sth) to refuse to allow sb to enter a place 把某人拒之門外；不準某人進入 *Hundreds of people were turned away from the stadium. 體育場滿座，數百人被拒之門外。*They had nowhere to stay so I couldn't turn them away. 他們無處安身，所以我不能把他們打發走。
最近，他們在醫療衛生系統找到了利基市場，勒索軟體攻擊在這一領域所造成的情況更為緊急，正如英國的醫生和急診室周五遇到的情況，黑客們阻止他們查看病人的病歷，所以他們不得不讓病人去別處醫治。
Imperial College Healthcare in London, for example, was hit with ransomware 19 times over 12 months, according to freedom-of-information requests submitted by Sentinel One, a security firm.
例如，倫敦帝國學院國家衛生服務信託(Imperial College Healthcare)在12個月內被勒索軟體攻擊了19次。該信息是應安全公司SentinelOne提出的信息自由要求公布的。
In the United States, the number of reported ransomware attacks rose fourfold between 2015 and 2016, as did the ransom payments to hackers, to $1 billion, according to the FBI.
根據美國聯邦調查局(FBI)的統計，2015年至2016年，美國報告的勒索軟體攻擊事件增加了三倍，支付的贖金也增至10億美元。
Nearly half of ransomware attacks begin by persuading an employee to click on an email. Sometimes the methods used by cybercriminals are more complex. A 「watering hole attack,」 for example, infects a website with ransomware code. When users visit the site, that code is downloaded onto their machine.
click [klɪk] v.~ (on sth) to choose a particular function or item on a computer screen, etc., by pressing one of the buttons on a mouse（在計算機螢光屏上用滑鼠器）咔嗒一按，單擊 *I clicked on the link to the next page of the website. 我單擊連結好翻到網站的下一頁。 *To run a window, just double-click on the icon. 要運行視窗，只需雙擊圖標即可。
近半數的勒索軟體攻擊是從說服一名員工點擊一封電子郵件開始的。有時網絡犯罪分子會使用更複雜的方法。例如，「水坑攻擊」是將勒索軟體代碼植入一個網站。用戶訪問該網站時，該代碼就會被下載到他們的電腦上。
The other half, Rebholz and others said, target victims with 「brute force」 methods: Hackers scan an organization for software vulnerabilities, weak passwords or other unlocked digital doors. After that, ransomware attackers try to encrypt as many files as possible. The SamSam group is known to move from file to file, manually encrypting hundreds of systems, so it can demand the highest in bitcoin ransoms, according to the Crypsis Group, Symantec and others.
雷布霍爾茲等專家表示，另一半攻擊者以「暴力」方式鎖定受害者：黑客搜索一個組織的軟體漏洞、過於簡單的密碼，或其他未加密的數字通道。之後，勒索軟體攻擊者嘗試給儘可能多的文件加密。據Crypsis Group和賽門鐵克公司(Symantec)等公司稱，SamSam就以給文件逐個加密聞名，手動給成百上千個系統加密，這樣它就能索要最多的比特幣贖金。
It seems no one is immune. In January, a hacker held hostage a small cancer charity in Indiana, wiping the organization’s main and backup servers and demanding 50 bitcoin — more than $87,000 — in return for restoring their data. It did not pay.
wipe [waip] v.~ sth (off / off sth) to remove information, sound, images, etc. from a computer, tape or video 消除，抹去（計算機、磁帶或錄像機上的信息等）=erase *You must have wiped off that programme I recorded. 你一定是把我錄製的節目給抹掉了。 *Somebody had wiped all the tapes. 有人把所有磁帶上錄製的內容都抹掉了。
他們似乎不會放過任何人。今年1月，一名黑客劫持了印第安納州一個小型癌症慈善機構的電腦系統，移除了該組織主伺服器和備份伺服器上的數據，並索要50個比特幣——相當於逾8.7萬美元——作為恢復數據的回報。該組織沒有付錢。
And ransomware attackers are not above playing martyr. In one recent attack that Rebholz tracked, the attackers tried to convince their victim that paying a 「contribution」 — or ransom — would benefit sick children around the world.
1. (usually disapproving) a person who tries to get sympathy from other people by telling them how much he or she is suffering 乞憐者（向人訴苦以博取同情）
2.a person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political beliefs 殉道者；烈士 *the early Christian martyrs 早期基督教殉道者*a martyr to the cause of freedom 為了自由事業而獻身的烈士
3. ~ to sth (informal)a person who suffers very much because of an illness, problem or situation（因疾病或困難局面)長期受苦者，長期受折磨者 *She's a martyr to her nerves. 她長期忍受神經緊張之苦。
勒索軟體的攻擊者還會裝出乞求的樣子。在雷布霍爾茲最近追蹤的一次襲擊中，襲擊者試圖說服受害者，支付「捐款」——也就是贖金——能使世界各地的患病兒童受益。
「That’s where we are,」 Rebholz said. 「Threat actors are now trying to play people’s emotions, trying to put a pretty face on criminal activity by pretending to be a charity case.」
「這就是現在的情況，」雷布霍爾茲說，「威脅者試圖玩弄人們的感情，給自己的犯罪活動披上美麗的外衣，假裝是在做慈善。」
（全文完）
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