監管框架、市場驅動力和障礙
Regulatory framework, market drivers and barriers
在日本，為促進可再生能源生產以及利用生物質發電供熱而制定了一些政策和激勵措施。2009年「促進生物質能利用基本法」旨在全面規劃推進生物質能利用政策或2010年「促進生物質能利用國家計劃」，旨在制定生物質利用技術發展的基本方針。
In Japan, there are a number of policies and incentives established to promote the renewable energy production as well as biomass utilization for heat and power generation. The 2009 Basic Act for the Promotion of Biomass Utilization aimed to establish a comprehensive and planned promotion of biomass utilization policy or the 2010 National Plan for the Promotion of Biomass Utilization aimed to set basic policies on the development of technologies for biomass utilization (Honda et al., 2015).
2011年日本地震和福島核電廠事故以後，最重要的政策是從2012年7月開始執行的可再生能源的上網電價計劃（FIT）。根據這一計劃，電力公司有義務購買可再生能源發電份額，如固定期限的固定價格合約下的太陽能光伏和生物質（METI，2012）。 自那以後，日本的顆粒消耗量迅速增長。日本在2011年福島災難發生後，其電力組合變得多樣化。日本經濟產業省（METI）每年都對FIT的採購價格進行了重新審查，根據這一計劃，發電機的電量為0.15-0.28歐元/千瓦時，取決於他們使用的木材來源。
The most important policy after the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Fukushima nuclear power plant accident is Feed-in Tariff (FIT) Scheme for Renewable Energy which has been implemented since July 2012. Under this scheme, electric utilities are obliged to purchase electricity generated from renewable energy sources such as solar PV and biomass on a fixed-period contract at a fixed price (METI, 2012). Pellet consumption in Japan has grown rapidly since then. Japan has diversified its power mix after the Fukushima disaster in 2011. Purchase price of FIT has been reexamined every year by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and under this scheme, generators receive 0.15-0.28 €/kWh depending on the wood source they use.
對FIT方案進行定期更改和修改，對於發電機來說，要理解並遵從方案要求是非常複雜和具有挑戰性的。
There are regular changes and amendments of FIT scheme which make it sophisticated and challenging for generators to understand and to demonstrate compliance with the scheme requirements.
生產能力、生產和原料
Production capacity, production and feedstock
（FAOSTAT，2016年）的數據顯示，過去5年來，國內生產的木屑顆粒約90 kt。 然而，木屑顆粒進口量增加表明日本木屑顆粒的消耗量較大。2015年，從加拿大、中國和越南的進口量達到230 kt（Argus Media, 2016）。
Data from (FAOSTAT, 2016) indicated that domestic production of wood pellets in the last 5 years was about 90 kt. However, a higher quantity of wood pellets import has indicated a larger consumption of wood pellets in Japan. Import from Canada, China and Vietnam has reached 230 kt in 2015 (Argus Media, 2016).
日本製漿造紙企業王子製紙株式會社（Oji Green Resources）和三菱造紙廠(Mitsubishi Paper Mills)共同組建了一個合資企業，將在日本青森縣興建一座75MW生物質發電廠,預計在2019投產。
Japanese pulp and paper firms Oji Green Resources, a subsidiary of Oji Holdings, and Mitsubishi Paper Mills have formed a joint venture to build a 75 MW biomass power plant supposed to be operational in 2019 at Mitsubishi Paper’s Hachinohe mill, in Japan’s Aomori prefecture.
圖5.2 - 日本木屑顆粒進出口情況。
Figure 5.2 - Wood pellet import and export in Japan. (Bassett and Young, 2015;
考慮到國內生產和進出口，2015年木屑顆粒消費量約320 kt（FAOSTAT，2016;Argus Media，2016）。
Taking into account the domestic production, import and export, the consumption of wood pellets is about 320 kt in 2015 (FAOSTAT, 2016; Argus Media, 2016).
日本往往進口高品質顆粒，出口質量較差的木屑顆粒（FAOSTAT，2016）。木屑顆粒的進口價格從2012年的207歐元/噸下降到2015年的178歐元/噸。相比之下，2012 - 2014年的出口價格約為110歐元/噸，2015年的出口價格增加到129歐元/噸。
Japan tends to import high quality and export lower quality of wood pellets (FAOSTAT, 2016). The import price of wood pellets has decreased from 207 €/t in 2012 to 178 €/t in 2015. In contrast, the export value was about 110 €/t in 2012-2014 and increased to 129 €/t in 2015.
顆粒質量標準
Pellet quality standard
一般來說，在日本有各種用於發電的木材。顆粒質量越高，購買價格越高。未使用的木材代表最高的質量和價格（0.23-0.29€/ kWh）。其他木材如鋸木廠廢棄物、進口木材以及木材廢物等也用於生物質發電廠。
In general, there is a variety of wood to be used for power generation in Japan. The higher the quality of pellet is, the higher the purchase price. Unused wood represents the highest quality and price (0.23-0.29 €/kWh) (Shen, 2015). Other woods such as sawmill residues, import wood, wood wastes, etc. are also used in biomass generation plants.
「促進生物質能利用基本法」對木屑顆粒和一般生物質利用有許多要求，包括：
The Basic Act for the Promotion of Biomass Utilization has a number of requirements for wood pellets and general biomass use including:
全面、統一和有效利用生物質
Comprehensive, Uniform and Effective Utilization of Biomass
減緩全球變暖
Mitigation of Global Warming
發展循環型社會
Development of Recycling-based Society
促進工業發展和國際競爭力
Promotion of industrial Development and International Competitiveness
振興農村
Revitalization of Rural Areas
充分利用不同類型的生物質
Full Utilization of Different Types of Biomass
能源多元化
Diversification of Energy Sources
促進以社區為基礎的自願行動
Promotion of Community-based Voluntary Actions
提高生物質社會意識
Raising of Social Awareness for Biomass
穩定糧食供應與生物質利用的一致性
Consistency between Stable Food Supplies and Biomass Utilization
環境保護意識
Considerations for Environment Preservation
日本禁止非法採伐木屑。日本政府推動國際上打擊非法採伐的工作，並採取「非法採伐木材不得使用」的原則執行政府採購政策（MAFF Japan, 2012）。2010年，GOJ還與印度尼西亞政府合作開發了適用於木材出口國的木材產品跟蹤系統。 銷往日本的木屑顆粒必須經過森林管理（FM）認證（Argus Media，2016）。
Illegal logging for wood pellets is prohibited in Japan. The Japanese government promotes international efforts to combat illegal logging and implements a governmental procurement policy under the principle that 「illegally harvested timber should not be used」 (MAFF Japan, 2012). In 2010, the GOJ also developed a tracking system for wood products in cooperation with the Indonesian Government which is applicable to wood exporting countries. Wood pellets sold into Japan must be Forest Management (FM) certified (Argus Media, 2016).
擬建的顆粒廠
Proposed pellet plants
自2011年開始實施FIT計劃以來，已經考慮了超過100個木質生物質發電廠，另有84個項目得到批准。政府的目標是到2030年之前迅速增加可再生能源使用，使太陽能佔15％左右，其他（生物質能和水電）佔10％左右。另外，政府還要建立一個生物質能區，通過該地區各利益相關者的合作，建立和運行綜合生物質能利用系統。
Since the FIT scheme started in 2011, over 100 wood bio-mass electric power generation plants are under consideration and another 84 projects have been approved (Shen, 2015). The government aims to rapidly increase renewables by 2030 so that solar makes up about 15 % and others (biomass and hydro) make up about 10 % (Bassett and Young, 2015). In addition, government aims to establish a Biomass Town area where a comprehensive biomass utilization system is established and operated through the cooperation of various stakeholders in the area.
自2005年以來，日本已經開發了約300個生物質城鎮計劃。日本農林水產省（MAFF）編制了指南，旨在促進東亞國家生物質城鎮概念發展。
Approximately 300 Biomass Town Plans have been developed to date since 2005 in Japan. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) has compiled the guidebook aimed to promote the Biomass Town Concept throughout the East Asian countries and approximately 300 Biomass Town Plants have been developed to date since 2005 in Japan (MAFF Japan, 2015).
FIT計劃預計將繼續推動日本的生物質利用。根據（Strauss, 2016），在一個合理的情況下，到2020年中期日本可能需求每年超過15 Mt的木屑顆粒。
The FIT scheme is predicted to continue driving biomass use in Japan. According to (Strauss, 2016), under one plausible scenario, Japan could be demanding well in excess of 15 Mt/a of wood pellets by the mid-2020s.
圖5.3 -日本的生物質城鎮
Figure 5.3 - Biomass Towns in Japan.
圖5.4 - 日本工業木屑顆粒市場預測。
Figure 5.4 - Japanese market forecast for industrial wood pellets.