🕖 簡介
The global food waste scandal
演講者：Tristram Stuart 崔斯特瑞姆·斯圖爾特
語言：英語
簡介：Tristram是Feeding the 5000的創始人，並且獲得2011年國際環境獎蘇菲獎。西方國家扔掉了近一半的食物，不是因為它不可食用 - 而是因為它看起來並不吸引人。 崔斯特瑞姆·斯圖爾特深入研究了浪費食物的令人震驚的數據，他認為減少食物浪費最好的方法不是厭氧發酵也不是堆肥，而是吃掉它、享受它。他呼籲更負責任地利用全球資源。
彩蛋 ：後臺回復「0916」 可免費獲得萬水整理好的【word版中英對照翻譯+MP3音頻+視頻】,如需要，請儘快保存。
📺 音頻&視頻
📃 中英對照演講稿
The job of uncovering the global food wastes candal started for me when I was 15 years old. I bought some pigs. I was living in Sussex. And I started to feed them in the most traditional and environmentally friendly way. I went to my school kitchen, and I said, "Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned their noses up at."
這項揭露全球糧食浪費醜聞的任務從我15歲起便開始了。我買了一些豬。當時我住在薩塞克斯郡。我開始用最傳統和環保的方式飼養它們。我去了學校的廚房，我說，「把那些我朋友們所看不上的殘羹剩飯都給我。」我去了當地的麵包店，向他們要了那些不新鮮的麵包。
I went to the local baker and took their stale bread. I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer who was throwing away potatoes because they were the wrong shape or size for supermarkets. This was great. My pigs turned that food waste into delicious pork. I sold that pork to my school friends' parents, and I made a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance.
我去了當地的蔬菜水果店，還去找了一個正在丟棄土豆的農民，僅僅是因為它們形狀和尺寸不符合超市的需求。一切都很順利。我養的那些豬把食物殘渣都轉變成了美味的豬肉。我把豬肉賣給學校裡朋友們的家長，並且我也從中賺到額外的零花錢。
But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs was in fact fit for human consumption, and that I was only scratching the surface, and that right the way up the food supply chain, in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes, in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food.
但是後來我意識到，我餵豬所用的大部分食物都是人類可食用的，而我也只觸到了問題表面，在整條食物鏈的最上面，在超市裡，在蔬菜水果店裡，在麵包店裡，在我們的家裡，在工廠和農場裡，我們都在大量地、瘋狂地浪費著食物。
Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me about how much food they were wasting. I'd been round the back. I'd seen bins full of food being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites, and I thought, surely there is something more sensible to do with food than waste it.
那些超市的負責人甚至都不願意跟我討論那些他們到底浪費了多少糧食的話題。我曾經繞到超市的後面。我親眼目睹了那些裝滿食物的垃圾桶被鎖在卡車裡，然後被送往垃圾場填埋，然後我就在想，肯定有更合理的處理食物的方法，而不是浪費它們。
One morning, when I was feeding my pigs, I noticed a particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf that used to crop up from time to time. I grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs.
一天早上，當我正在餵我的豬時，我看到一塊看起來很美味的曬乾的西紅柿麵包，它們常常會出現。我抓起了它，坐了下來，跟我的那些豬共進早餐。
That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism, really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste, and the provision of the solution to food waste, which is simply to sit down and eat food, rather than throwing it away.
這就是我第一次做出這種後來被我稱呼為「免費素食主義"的舉動，實際上體現出的是對浪費食物的不滿，並且提供了浪費食物的解決方案，那就是，坐下來，吃完它，而不是把它丟掉。
That became, as it were, a way of confronting large businesses in the business of wasting food, and exposing, most importantly, to the public, that when we're talking about food being thrown away, we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about stuff that's beyond the pale. We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted on a colossal scale.
這種行為變成一種對大型產業浪費食物行為的抵抗，更重要的是，去向大眾揭露，當我們在說被丟棄的食品時，我們說的不是腐爛的食品，我們說的不是那些難以下咽的食物。我們說的是那些完好的，新鮮的食物在被大規模地浪費掉。
Eventually, I set about writing my book, really to demonstrate the extent of this problem on a global scale. What this shows is a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level of food waste in each country in the world.
終於，我決定寫一本書，來說明這個問題在國際上的廣度。這個顯示出的是世界上每個國家對食物可能的浪費程度。
Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist, and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find some proxy way of uncovering how much food was being wasted. So I took the food supply of every single country and I compared it to what was actually likely to be being consumed in each country.
但是很可惜，實際、確鑿的數據很難統計，因此，為了證明我的觀點，我首先得通過一些替代的方式來揭露有多少食物被浪費了。於是，我把各國的食物供應量跟其自身的實際消耗量拿來做比較。
That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors that gives you an approximate guess as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths. That black line in the middle of that table is the likely level of consumption with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste. There will always be waste.
這些數據是基於食物攝入量的調查問卷基礎上，再加上肥胖程度和很多其他不同的因素，來得出一個大概的關於究竟有多少食物真正進入了人們的口中的推測。表格中間的黑線是食物消耗量的大概數值當中包括了一定量的無法避免的浪費。浪費永遠都會存在。
I'm not that unrealistic that I think we can live in a waste-free world. But that black line shows what a food supply should be in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure, nutritional diet for every person in that country. Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that that includes most countries in the world, represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect levels of waste in each country.
我還不至於不切實際到去以為我們可以生活在一個毫無浪費的世界裡。但是那條黑線顯示出一個具備良好的，穩定的，安全的有營養的食品的國家應該供應給每個人的食物量。你會發現，世界上絕大多數的國家都處於這條線的上方，代表著不必要的盈餘，也反映出每個國家的食物浪費量。
As a country gets richer, it invests more and more in getting more and more surplus into its shops and restaurants, and as you can see, most European and North American countries fall between 150 and200 percent of the nutritional requirements of their populations. So a country like America has twice as much food on its shop shelves and in its restaurants than is actually required to feed the American people.
當一個國家變富裕時，它會投入越來越多的資產來購買大量的、額外的存貨導致商店和餐館裡產生更多的浪費，同時你可以看到，大多數歐洲和北美的國家消耗著150％到200％的國家總人口營養需求量。所以一個像美國這樣的國家在它商店貨架上和餐館裡所擁有的食物比實際需要餵飽所有美國人的量還多出一倍。
But the thing that really struck me, when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers, was that you can see how it levels off. Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark, and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising as you might expect.
但是當我處理這些大量的數據時，一件深深震撼我的事就是，如你所見，數據點逐漸趨於平緩。各個國家的點很快升至150的標記，而在到達這個界限後便趨於平穩，而非像你所預期的那樣繼續上升。
So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further to see if that was true or false. And that's what I came up with. If you include not just the food that ends up in shops and restaurants, but also the food that people feed to livestock, the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat but choose to fatten live stock instead to produce increasing amounts of meat and dairy products, what you find is that most rich countries have between three and four times the amount of food that their population needs to feed itself. A country like America has four times the amount of food that it needs.
所以我決定更近一步的解讀這些數據來看這到底是準確的還是錯誤的。這就是我所發現的。如果不僅僅包括是那些最終流向在商店和餐館的食物，而且還包括人們用來飼養牲畜的食物：那些玉米、大豆、小麥，等等人類本可以食用但是卻選擇給牲畜用來增肥以便製造更多肉類和奶製品，你會發現，大多數富裕的國家消耗著它人口所需要的三到四倍多的食物。一個像美國這樣的國家有著它人口所需要的四倍的食物。
When people talk about the need to increase global food production to feed those nine billion people that are expected on the planet by 2050, I always think of these graphs. The fact is, we have an enormous buffer in rich countries between ourselves and hunger. We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before.
當人們在討論著需要擴大全球糧食產量來餵飽2050年之際預計的全球90億人口，我總是會想起這些圖表。實際上，富裕的國家為我們和飢餓之間提供龐大的緩衝。我們之前從未有過如此龐大的盈餘。
In many ways, this is a great success story of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses that we set out to achieve12,000 years ago. It is a success story. It has been a success story. But what we have to recognize now is that we are reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear,.
在很多方面，這是一個人類文明的成功的故事：在農業富餘方面我們達到了12,000年前所定的目標。這是一個成功的故事。這一直都是一個成功的故事。但是我們現在要認識到的是我們已經要達到地球所能承受的生態極限。
And when we chop down forests, as we are every day, to grow more and more food, when we extract water from depleting water reserves, when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest to grow more and more food, and then we throw away so much of it, we have to think about what we can start saving.
每天，當我們砍下一片片樹林，來增加越來越多的食物，當我們從漸漸耗盡的水資源中提取水，當我們排放著化石燃料的廢氣來增加越來越多的食物，然後再把這麼多的食物都丟棄，我們必須想一想我們能開始保存下些什麼。
And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets that I often visit to inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away. I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst all the fruit and vegetables and everything else that was in there. And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today.
昨天，我去了一家我常去的本地的超市去察看他們丟棄了些什麼。我找到了很多包餅乾還有很多水果蔬菜和其他的一些東西都在廢棄物之列。然後我想到，這個可以作為今天的一個象徵。
So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits that I found in the bin represent the global food supply, okay? We start out with nine. That's what's in fields around the world every single year. The first biscuit we're going to lose before we even leave the farm.
所以我想讓你們把這9塊我在垃圾桶裡找到的餅乾想像成全球糧食供應，好嗎？我們最初有9塊。這是全球每年的食物產量。第一塊餅乾在我們離開農場之前就會失去。
That's a problem primarily associated with developing work agriculture, whether it's a lack of infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization, grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields.
這個問題主要與農業工作發展有關，不管它是缺乏基礎設施，製冷設備，殺菌技術，以及糧油店，甚至基本的水果箱，這意味著食物在離開產地之前就會被浪費掉。
The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya. Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals, and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat, so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one in meat and dairy products. Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins.
下面三塊餅乾是在我們決定用來飼養牲畜用的食物：玉米，小麥和大豆。不幸的是，我們的野獸們是低效的動物們，它們把2/3都轉換成糞便和熱量，因此我們丟失了兩塊餅乾，我們只保留下這一塊代表肉類和奶製品。還有兩塊我們會直接丟進垃圾桶裡。
This is what most of us think of when we think of food waste, what ends up in the garbage, what ends up in supermarket bins, what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two, and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on. That is not as uperlatively efficient use of global resources, especially when you think of the billion hungry people that exist already in the world.
這就是我們大多數人所認為的食物浪費，那些最終到了垃圾桶裡的，最終到了超市的垃圾桶裡的，最終到了餐館的垃圾桶裡的。於是我們又失去了兩塊，而我們只為自己留下四塊能食用的餅乾。這種利用全球資源的方式並不高效，特別是當你想起這個世界上有多少億的人們正在挨餓著。
Having gone through the data, I then needed to demonstrate where that food ends up. Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff on our plates, but what about all the stuff that goes missing in between?
研究過這些數據，我還需要演示這些食物最終去了那裡。它去了哪裡呢？我們習慣於看到那些在我們盤子上的食物，但是那些在這之前不見的食物去了哪裡呢？
Supermarkets are an easy place to start. This is the result of my hobby, which is unofficial bin inspections. (Laughter)Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores, we wouldn't need to go sneaking around the back, opening up bins and having a look at what's inside.
超市是個容易開始著手的地方。而這是我愛好的結果，就是非官方的垃圾桶檢查。（笑聲）你會想這很奇怪，但是如果我們能靠企業來告訴我們他們在店裡都在做些什麼，我們就不必要偷偷摸摸的跑到店後面，打開垃圾桶去看裡面有什麼。
But this is what you can see more or less on every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America. It represents a colossal waste of food, but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book was that this very evident abundance of waste was actually the tip of the iceberg. When you start going up the supply chain, you find where the real food waste is happening on a gargantuan scale.
但是這就是你或多或少能在英國，歐洲和北美的大街小巷裡看到的。這表明了龐大的食物浪費，但是在寫書期間我發現這些顯而易見的大量浪費其實只是冰山一角。當你開始從食物供應鏈往上，你就會發現龐大規模的食物浪費正在發生.
Can I have a show of hands if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house? Who lives in a household where that crust-- that slice at the first and last end of each loaf -- who lives in a house hold where it does get eaten?
我想讓在座的各位來次舉手投票：如果你的家裡有一條切片麵包，誰會把那些麵包皮——就是那第一片和最後一片麵包片——哪些家庭會把這些吃掉？
Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people, and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world, and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches with crusts on it? (Laughter) I certainly haven't. So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go?
好的，大部分人，不是所有人，但是絕大多數人，而這也是，我很高興地說，全球都是這樣，但是有沒有人看到超市或者三明治店裡世上任何地方賣的三明治上面有麵包皮？
This is the answer, unfortunately:13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread. In the same year that I visited this factory, I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies.
至少我沒見過。所以我繼續想，這些麵包皮都去了哪裡？（笑聲）這就是答案，很不幸：每天都有13,000塊新鮮麵包從這一個工廠裡產出，這是非常新鮮的、剛出爐的麵包。在我訪問這個工廠的同一年，我去了巴基斯坦，那兒2008年時還有很多人還在挨餓。這是全球糧食供應緊張造成的。
We contribute to that squeeze by depositing food in bins here in Britain and elsewhere in the world. We take food off the market shelves that hungry people depend on.
是我們導致了供給緊張，我們把食物丟進英國垃圾桶裡還有世界各處。我們把那些飢餓的人賴以生存的食物從商店貨架上拿了下來。
Go one step up, and you get to farmers, who throw away sometimes a third or even more of their harvest because of cosmetic standards. This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested, because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it.
往上走一步，你就能找到農民，他們把三分之一或者更多的收成都丟掉，只因為外形標準。舉例說，這個農民投資了16,000英鎊來種菠菜，但是沒有收割一片葉子，因為菠菜之間長了一些草。
Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect, all going for pigs. Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications, tomatoes in Tenerife, oranges in Florida, bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year, all being discarded. This is one day's waste from one banana plantation in Ecuador. All being discarded, perfectly edible, because they're the wrong shape or size.
那些外形不完美的土豆都歸豬所有。對超市來說太小的歐洲蘿蔔，特內裡費的西紅柿，佛羅裡達的橙子，厄瓜多的香蕉，那是我去年去過的地方，都被丟棄了。這是厄瓜多的一個香蕉種植園一天之內的廢棄量。全部被丟棄了，明明完全都能食用，只因為它們的形狀或者大小不對。
If we do that to fruit and vegetables, you bet we can do it to animals too. Liver, lungs, heads, tails, kidneys, testicles, all of these things which are traditional, delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy go to waste.
如果我們對水果和蔬菜這樣做，我們肯定也會這樣對待動物。肝臟，肺臟，頭部，尾部，腎臟，睪丸，所有這些被丟棄的臟器都是傳統意義上可口又營養的美食部分。
Offal consumption has halved in Britain and America in the last 30 years. As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best, or is incinerated. This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China, is serving up his national dish. It's called sheep's organs. It's delicious, it's nutritious, and as I learned when I went to Kashgar, it symbolizes their taboo against food waste.
最近30年，內臟消費量在英國和美國減少了一半。結果是，這些東西最好的下場是餵狗吃了，或者被焚燒。這個男人，在中國西部的新疆省喀什市，正在做他的民族佳餚。它叫做羊內臟。既美味又有營養，還有我去喀什的時候學到，它代表食物浪費的禁忌。
I was sitting in a roadside cafe. A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl, and halfway through the conversation, he stopped talking and he started frowning into my bowl. I thought, "My goodness, what taboo have I broken? How have I insulted my host?" He pointed at three grains of rice at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "Clean."
當我坐在路邊的咖啡館裡，一個廚師來跟我說話，我剛吃完了我碗裡的飯，而話談到一半，他不說話了然後開始對著我的碗皺眉頭。我想，「天啊，我打破了哪些禁忌？我如何侮辱了這個廚師？「他指著我碗底的三粒米，然後說"吃乾淨。"
I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world telling people to stop wasting food. This guy has thrashed meat my own game." (Laughter)
我想，」天啊，你知道，我到世界各地告訴大家停止浪費食物。這個人居然在我的遊戲裡讓我輸得一敗塗地。」(笑聲）
But it gave me faith. It gave me faith that we, the people, do have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources if were gard it as socially unacceptable to waste food on a colossal scale, if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it, tell governments we want to see an end to food waste, we do have the power to bring about that change.
但是這給了我信心。它給了我信心，我們人類有力量來停止這種悲劇般的資源浪費如果我們把大規模的食物浪費視作不被社會接受的，如果我們發出聲音，告訴企業，告訴政府我們不想再看到食物被浪費，我們有能力來帶來變化。
Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed. In our homes, we've lost touch with food. This is an experiment I did on three lettuces. Who keeps lettuces in their fridge?
魚，40%到60%的歐洲的魚被丟棄在海裡，他們甚至都沒上過岸。在我們的家裡，我們已經失去了與食品的接觸。這是一個我在三棵生菜上做的實驗。誰把生菜放在冰箱裡？
Most people. The one on the left was kept in a fridge for 10days. The one in the middle, on my kitchen table. Not much difference. The one on the right I treated like cut flowers. It's a living organism, cut the slice off, stuck it in a vase of water, it was all right for another two weeks after this.
大部分人。左邊的是在冰箱放了10天的。中間的那棵，是放在我廚房桌上的。沒什麼區別。右邊的這棵我把它視為精心修剪的花。它是一個有生命的機體，我把它一片一片切下來，放在一個有水的花瓶裡，它在兩周後都是好的。
Some food waste, as I said at the beginning, will inevitably arise, so the question is, what is the best thing to do with it? I answered that question when I was 15. In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago: We domesticated pigs to turn food waste back into food.
有些食物浪費，像我在一開始說的那樣，是不可避免的，所以問題是，最好的解決方法是什麼？我15歲就回答了那個問題。實際上，人類在6,000年前就回答了這個問題：我們馴化了豬，把食物殘渣轉換成食物。
And yet, in Europe, that practice has become illegal since 2001 as are sult of the foot-and-mouth outbreak. It's unscientific. It's unnecessary. If you cook food for pigs, just as if you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe. It's also a massive saving of resources.
然而，在歐洲，這種做法已成為非法行為自從2001年口蹄疫爆發後。這不科學，也毫無必要。如果你做飯給豬，就像你做飯給人類一樣，就是安全的。同時也能減少很多資源利用。
At the moment, Europe depends on importing millions of tons of soy from South America, where its production contributes to global warming, to deforestation, to biodiversity loss, to feed livestock here in Europe. At the same time we throw away millions of tons of food waste which we could and should be feeding them.
現在，歐洲依賴著從南美進口幾百萬噸黃豆，其生產導致全球氣候變暖，大片森林遭砍伐以及生物多樣性的喪失，來飼養在歐洲的牲畜。同時我們扔掉幾百萬噸可以飼養這些牲畜的食物。如果我們那樣做了，把它餵給豬，我們可以減少那麼多的二氧化碳。
If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save that amount of carbon. If we feed our food waste which is the current government favorite way of getting rid of food waste, to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste into gas to produce electricity, you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide per ton of food waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs. We knew that during the war.
如果我們浪費的食物，這是現在政府最喜歡用的處理剩餘的食物的方法，進行厭氧消化，將食物渣滓轉換成汽油來生產電，你能省下微不足道的448公斤的二氧化碳在每噸食物殘渣裡。把這些食物殘渣餵給豬更好。在戰爭時期我們就懂得。
A silver lining: It has kicked off globally, the quest to tackle food waste. Feeding the 5,000 is an event I first organized in 2009. We fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise would have been wasted.
有一線希望：它在全球已經拉開序幕，就是尋求解決糧食的浪費的方法。Feedingthe5000是一個我在2009年第一次組織的活動。我們用本會被丟棄的食物餵飽了5000個人。
Since then, it's happened again in London, it's happening internationally, and across the country. It's a way of organizations coming together to celebrate food, to say the best thing to do with food is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting it.
從那以後，在倫敦又進行過一次，全國各地以及國際上也在進行著。這是所有組織在一起讚美食物，並同意處理食物的最好方法就是吃它和享受它，而不要去浪費。
For the sake of the planet we live on, for the sake of our children, for the sake of all the other organisms that share our planet with us, we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land for food. At the moment, we are trashing our land to grow food that no one eats. Stop wasting food. Thank you very much.
為了我們所賴以生存在的地球，為了我們的孩子，為了其它跟我們一起分享地球的生物，我們是陸生動物，而我們依賴我們的土地來給我們供應食物。此刻，我們正在摧毀我們的土地來栽種沒有人吃的食物。停止浪費食物。非常感謝。
轉載需在文章開頭註明：來自：TED博物館 ID：TEDMORE
版權歸TED所有，僅供學習交流如有侵權也請後臺聯繫
📸 往期內容
TED | 嬰兒的天才語言能力
哈佛75年研究 如何更好地生活
TED | 請一定要睡個好覺
TED | 重新認識出軌行為
TED | 如何掌控你的自由時間
紀錄片 | 航拍中國