論文標題:Impact of past and on-going changes on climate and weather on vector-borne diseases transmission: a look at the evidence
期刊:Infectious Diseases of Poverty
作者:Florence Fouque and John C. Reeder
發表時間:2019/06/13
數字識別碼:10.1186/s40249-019-0565-1
原文連結:http://t.cn/AiOwUqpv
微信連結:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Sb9dw8N7TrEn8kd7zz-AeA
瘧疾、黃熱病、萊姆病、鼠疫、登革熱和利什曼病等媒傳疾病(Vector-Borne Diseases, VBDs)每年會導致全球70萬人死亡。目前,VBDs主要分布在熱帶和溫暖氣候條件下,全年傳播,而地球變暖會改變這一現狀。
Florence Fouque和她的同事研究了氣候變化對媒傳疾病的影響,並將研究成果發表在了Infectious Diseases of Poverty 上,題目為Impact of past and on-going changes on climate and weather on vector-borne diseases transmission: a look at the evidence。在下文中,Fouque分享了一些關於如何應對氣候變化對媒傳疾病影響的思考。
埃及伊蚊
圖片來源:Florence Fourque
媒傳疾病(VBDs)約佔所有傳染病的17%。昆蟲和蜱類是VBDs的主要載體,它們不能調節自己的體溫,其生物學和地理分布都與非常特殊的氣候條件有關。因此,天氣和氣候條件的變化將直接強烈地影響VBDs病原體的載體和其傳播模式。
已經有許多證據表明,氣溫和降雨變化以及極端氣候事件可對許多疾病產生影響,Infectious Diseases of Poverty 也發表過不少相關論文。為減緩氣候變化,一些國家和國際組織制定了相關幹預措施和政策,大多數國家已經採取了具體行動來應對氣候變化對公共衛生的影響。
在許多情況下,可實施適當的政策和幹預措施,來預防和控制氣候變化造成的疾病流行,避免其對受感染人群的健康造成致命後果,各國也可開發相應的監測和預防工具。此外,全球和國家研究項目可加大支持力度,以進一步了解VBDs傳播機制,以及氣候變化VBDs的影響。
有效預防VBDs必須要有一個適當的監測系統。這個系統不僅要能報告和分析病情案例以及相關人群的健康/免疫狀態,還需要能按照標準指標(如世界衛生組織登革熱監測系統,WHO Dengue surveillance system)定期調查向量的豐度與分布。
與此同時,這樣的監測系統需要專業人員收集、識別和報告在不同階段的感興趣 的病媒個體。此外,由於病媒很容易跨越各國及地區之間的地理邊界,監測系統必須通過國家間的信息交流和定期會議來完成跨國界的合作,從而共同協調幹預行動。例如,在歐洲,埃及伊蚊從上世紀70年代末進入南歐,目前已到達法國和德國的北部界限,歐洲疾病控制中心(ECDC)隨即展開了歐洲國家之間的合作。
蚊子入侵地圖,2019年1月
圖片來源:ECDC
良好的全球及國家級公共衛生防備系統可減少氣候變化對VBDs傳播的影響,防止氣候變化引發疫情。恰當的準備工作可以增強公共衛生系統對這些動態事件的應變能力。然而,如果公共衛生系統缺乏必要的儲備,氣候變化可能加重VBDs傳播,或造成其他不良後果。例如忽視了帶菌者進入人類對潛在疾病沒有免疫力的新地區會構成的威脅。在公共衛生系統的準備工作中應包括一項完善的計劃,以應對從無病媒、無病例,到已確定病媒群體、病例數上升,再到疫情出現、疫情結束等不同情況。
該計劃必須結合每一種潛在情況的多部門響應,包括1)決策鏈和協調機制;2)流行病學監測與診斷途徑的戰略,包括醫院設施在內的病例管理;3)病媒監測和控制戰略以及4)交流活動。在具體實施計劃部署時,還需要一個監測和評價體系來進行總結經驗教訓,在動態環境中不斷改進。參與不同活動的相關人員的接受和/或積極參與也至關重要,也應將其納入該計劃的支持政策中。
通過政策激勵和規劃,可加強VBDs傳播系統以及它們如何受氣候變化影響的知識和能力建設進一步改進預防準備工作。
TDR/IDRC的一個研究項目為以上措施的開展提供了範例。該項目研究了氣候變化對非洲旱地VBDs影響,注重政策制定者、研究人員和社區之間的對話。它為國家制定規劃推薦了新工具,從而能夠幫助這些人口建立適應能力,並為氣候變化做好更好的準備。
非洲南部乾旱地區的TDR項目
圖片來源:http://vbd-environment.org/
最後,我們不應該忘記我們生活在一個不斷變化的環境中。很多變化源於由物理、自然和環境因素,而有些變化則受人類活動影響而加速和/或改變。但在所有情況下,通過現有的、以及新的戰略和幹預措施,公共衛生系統和/或社區都需要對變化具備恢復力和適應性。
摘要:
Background
The climate variables that directly influence vector-borne diseases』 ecosystems are mainly temperature and rainfall. This is not only because the vectors bionomics are strongly dependent upon these variables, but also because most of the elements of the systems are impacted, such as the host behavior and development and the pathogen amplification. The impact of the climate changes on the transmission patterns of these diseases is not easily understood, since many confounding factors are acting together. Consequently, knowledge of these impacts is often based on hypothesis derived from mathematical models. Nevertheless, some direct evidences can be found for several vector-borne diseases.
Main body
Evidences of the impact of climate change are available for malaria, arbovirus diseases such as dengue, and many other parasitic and viral diseases such as Rift Valley Fever, Japanese encephalitis, human African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. The effect of temperature and rainfall change as well as extreme events, were found to be the main cause for outbreaks and are alarming the global community. Among the main driving factors, climate strongly influences the geographical distribution of insect vectors, which is rapidly changing due to climate change. Further, in both models and direct evidences, climate change is seen to be affecting vector-borne diseases more strikingly in fringe of different climatic areas often in the border of transmission zones, which were once free of these diseases with human populations less immune and more receptive. The impact of climate change is also more devastating because of the unpreparedness of Public Health systems to provide adequate response to the events, even when climatic warning is available. Although evidences are strong at the regional and local levels, the studies on impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases and health are producing contradictory results at the global level.
Conclusions
In this paper we discuss the current state of the results and draw on evidences from malaria, dengue and other vector-borne diseases to illustrate the state of current thinking and outline the need for further research to inform our predictions and response.
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期刊介紹:
Infectious Diseases of Poverty(https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/, 2.708 - 2-year Impact Factor, 3.126 - 5-year Impact Factor) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal publishing topic areas and methods that address essential public health questions relating to infectious diseases of poverty. These include various aspects of the biology of pathogens and vectors, diagnosis and detection, treatment and case management, epidemiology and modeling, zoonotic hosts and animal reservoirs, control strategies and implementation, new technologies and application. Transdisciplinary or multisectoral effects on health systems, ecohealth, environmental management, and innovative technology are also considered.
(來源:科學網)
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