冬至是中國傳統二十四節氣(the 24 traditional Chinese solar terms)中的第二十二個節氣,英文表達為Winter Solstice。冬至當天,太陽幾乎直射南回歸線(Tropic of Capricorn),北半球將經歷一年中最短的白天和最長的黑夜。自此以後,白晝的時間變得越來越長而夜晚則會越來越短。冬至也標誌著一年中最寒冷的季節的到來。
From then on, the days become longer and the nights become shorter. The Winter Solstice also marks the arrival of the coldest season in the year.
下面,咱們一起來了解更多關於「冬至」的知識吧。
「solstice[ˈsɒlstɪs]」這個詞我們不太看到,因為它的意思很特別,表示「the time of either the longest day in the year (about June 22) or the shortest day in the year (about December 22)」。
這麼看來,這個詞的用武之地似乎局限性很大了。基本上也就用在「Winter Solstice」(冬至)以及「Summer Solstice」(夏至)之處。
據歷史學者介紹,3000多年前,周朝以「日影」最長的一天作為新一年的開始。從這個意義上說,冬至就是曾經的年。所以中國有句古話說:「冬至大如年」。
早在周朝時期,人們會在冬至當日,也就是當時新年的第一天祭拜神靈。漢朝時,冬至成為了冬天的節日,朝廷會舉行正式的慶祝活動。這一天,百官和庶民都會停工歇息。在隨後的朝代,如唐、宋、元朝,冬至這天要進行祭神祭祖。至明清時期,冬至依舊長盛不衰,民間又有「肥冬瘦年」之說,可見這一節氣的重要。
As early as Zhou Dynasty, people worshipped the gods on the day of the Winter Solstice, which was also the first day of the new year. The Winter Solstice became a winter festival in Han Dynasty. The celebratory activities were officially organized. On this day, both officials and common people would have a rest.
另外,從中國傳統的「陰陽」學說來看,古時候人們普遍認為,過了這一天,白晝一天比一天長了,是一個節氣循環的開始,「陽」氣逐漸回升,因此也算是個吉利的日子。
The origins of this festival can be traced back to the yin and yang philosophy of balance and harmony in the cosmos [ˈkɒzmɒs] 宇宙;一個有序的整體. After this celebration, there will be days with longer daylight hours and therefore an increase in positive energy flowing in.
隆冬來臨,萬物運轉趨於停歇。在此期間,適當地吃點堅果,例如花生、核桃、慄子、榛子和杏仁,對身體有好處。傳統中醫學認為,堅果性溫,絕大多數堅果都有補腎、強心、健腦的功效。
Traditional Chinese medical science teaches that the quality of a nut is tepidity and most nuts have the function of nourishing the kidneys and strengthening the brain and heart.
「冬至到,吃水餃。」據說,冬至吃水餃的習俗是為紀念「醫聖」張仲景。行醫途中,他見沿途鄉民饑寒交迫,耳生凍瘡,便用羊肉等材料製成耳朵形狀的「嬌耳」,送給人們驅寒。這便是「餃子」的由來。
During Winter Solstice in North China, eating dumplings is essential to the festival. There is a saying that goes "Have dumplings on the day of Winter Solstice and noodles on the day of Summer Solstice."
在中國北方地區,吃餃子是冬至的關鍵活動。俗話說:「冬至餃子夏至面。」
除了大家所熟知的北方餃子,南方湯圓之外,在美食文化博大精深的中國領土上,這一天的食物還有更多的花樣。我們來看看下圖吧!你們的家鄉都在這一天吃什麼呢?
立春 The Beginning of Spring
雨水 Rain Water
驚蜇 The Waking of Insects
春分 The Spring Equinox
清明 Pure Brightness
穀雨 Grain Rain
立夏 The Beginning of Summer
小滿 Lesser Fullness of Grain
芒種 Grain in Beard
夏至 The Summer Solstice
小暑 Lesser Heat
大暑 Greater Heat
立秋 The Beginning of Autumn
處暑 The End of Heat
白露 White Dew
秋分 The Autumn Equinox
寒露 Cold Dew
霜降 Frost's Descent
立冬 The Beginning of Winter
小雪 Lesser Snow
大雪 Greater Snow
冬至 The Winter Solstice
小寒 Lesser Cold
大寒 Greater Cold
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文/中國日報雙語新聞 喜馬拉雅外語FM
排版/ GEC 王冰新
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