Hello! This is Emma from mmmEnglish. Back with another lesson on the mmEnglish Youtube channel.
嗨！我是 Emma 來自mmmEnglish。我帶著新一節課程回來了就在Youtube頻道：mmEnglish。
Now in English, we say "The school is on Bay Street." Not "The school is at Bay Street."
那麼在英語裡我們說：「這所學校在 (on) 海灣街。」而不是 「這所學校在 (at) 海灣街。」
"They live at 10 Park Road." Not "She lives in 10 Park Road."
「他們住在 (at) 公園路10號。」而不是 「她住在 (in) 公園路10號。」
"The museum is in the city." Not "The museum is on the city."
「這所博物館在 (in) 這個城市。」而不是 「這所博物館在 (on) 這個城市。」
"I live at 300 King Street, in an apartment, on the fourth floor." These little words can cause lots of headaches if English is not your first language.
「我住在國王街300號，在一棟公寓裡，四樓。」如果英語不是你的母語的話，這些小詞會讓你非常頭疼。
They're called prepositions and there are lots of them in English. In, on, at,
它們被稱為介詞，英語中有很多介詞。In，on，at，
by, with, for, over, under,
by，with，for，over，under，
of, to. They all help to give information about the time, location or direction in your English sentences.
of，to.它們幫助你在英語句子中給出時間、地點或方向的信息。
in, on, at and by; In this lesson, we'll take a closer look at these small but very common, very useful English words.
in，on，at and by；在本節課，我們會仔細學習這些小但是非常常見且非常有用的單詞。
And we'll concentrate on how you can use them to give information about the place or location of something. Now, the bad news is that there's no clear way of knowing which preposition you need to use.
而我們會專注於你如何用它們說明地點或者某物的位置。那麼，壞消息是這沒有明確的了解你需要用哪個介詞的方法。
In fact, different prepositions can be used with the same words but this can change the meaning of your sentence. Am I at the car?
實際上，不同的介詞可以搭配同一個單詞，但是這會改變你句子的含義。我在 (at) 車上嗎？
At the location of the car? Am I in the car?
在車的位置上？我在 (in) 車裡嗎？
Or am I on the car? All of these sentences are okay but the meaning is different in each question.
或者我在 (on) 車上嗎？所有這些句子都是對的，但是每個問題的意思不同。
Most of the time, you can't just guess the correct preposition. It's not really a good strategy to improve your English - unless you're a really lucky person!
大多數時候，你不能只是想正確的位置。這不是提高英語的好方法，除非你是一個非常幸運的人！
The worst way to try and learn prepositions is to translate them from your native language. This can cause lots of problems.
嘗試學習介詞最壞的方式就是把它們從你的母語中翻譯過來。這會導致很多問題。
Prepositions must be learned in chunks of words or called collocations. Groups of words that are often used together.
介詞必須在成組詞彙或者說搭配詞組中學習。常在一起使用的單詞詞組。
Like, "In the morning." "At night."
比如，「在早上。」「在晚上。」
"It depends on. . . (something)" "He's keen on football."
「這取決於… (某事)」「他痴迷於足球。」
Learning this way will help you to make fewer mistakes with prepositions. Instead, pay attention to how native speakers use these prepositions.
這種學習方法會幫助你在介詞上犯更少的錯誤。取而代之的是，注意英語母語者是如何用這些介詞的。
How are they used in the newspaper articles that you read or stories? What words are they used with?
它們被在你讀到的報紙文章或故事中是如何使用的？它們用於搭配什麼詞？
And pay close attention to the general rules that I'll teach you in this lesson, so that you can make the right choices when choosing prepositions of place. Let's get started with "in".
特別注意本節課我教你的一般規則，這樣你就可以在使用方位介詞時做出正確的選擇。我們從「in」開始。
Now the best way to think about the preposition, "in" is being within something inside the edges of something. So let's start really simply with containers or spaces that are enclosed.
那麼思考介詞最好的方法，「in」 是指在某物內部，在某範圍裡。所以我們非常簡單地先從容器或者是有範圍的地方開始。
I've got the key in my pocket. There's some milk in the fridge.
我已經在錢包裡找到了鑰匙。冰箱裡有一些牛奶。
She left it in the top drawer. There's nothing left in my cup.
她把它留在最頂層的抽屜裡了。我的杯子裡什麼都沒有。
Now, it's easy to think about all of these examples as being inside something because the edges are really clear. You can see inside them.
那麼，所有這些例子都可以被認為是表示在某物裡面，因為界線是非常清楚的。你可以在他們中發現。
There's a clear inside and an outside. Right? Take our earlier example, I'm in the car.
有明確的裡面和外面。對吧？以我們最早的例子來看，我在車裡。
The car has clear edges, I'm definitely inside the edges of the car. We can use "in" with buildings or rooms and places that can surround a person or an object on all sides.
車有明顯的界線，我毫無疑問在車的界線裡。我們可以用 "in" 搭配可以把一個人或物體全方位環繞的建築，房間或地點。
Can you take a seat in the waiting room please? I've left my bag in your office.
請您在等候室就坐好嗎？我把我的包落在你的辦公室裡了。
Why don't we have a picnic in the park? But there are lots of times when you need to use this preposition when the edges are less clear.
我們為什麼不再公園裡野餐呢？但是又有很多時候你需要在範圍不是那麼清楚時使用這個介詞。
So for example, with areas or regions or cities and towns. I'm filming this video in Spain.
比如，一個地區或城市或小鎮的區域內。我正在西班牙拍攝這個視頻。
I grew up in Melbourne. Holidaying in France is easy if you speak French!
我在墨爾本長大。如果你會說法語的話，在法國度假會很輕鬆！
Regolisa is a small village in the mountains. We're going for a drive in the country.
Regolisa 是一個在山區的小村子。我們打算開車在鄉下兜風。
Lots of people were swimming in the lake. Now, all of these nouns have borders or edges, even if they're not really obvious or clear.
很多人在湖裡遊泳。那麼所以這些名詞都有邊界或範圍，儘管有些不是特別明顯或清楚。
We can physically be located inside the edges of this space. Now when talking about groups of people, you can often use "in".
我們的身體可以在這個地區的範圍裡面。那麼當我們談論一群人的時候，你常常可以用 "in"。
She works in the finance team, surrounded by people. . . . . . .
她在這個財務小組工作，周圍都是人。
He got selected to play in the national team. But there's an exception for important high-level groups where members are often elected.
他被選進國家隊表演。但是對於成員需要被選舉的重要高層人群，這裡是有例外的。
He's on the board. Or they're on the committee, or on the council.
他在董事會裡。或他們在委員會裡，或者在理事會裡。
We can also use "in" with liquids and other substances to show what they contain. Careful! There's a lot of chilli in that sauce.
我們還可以用 "in" 修飾液體和其他物質來表述它們包含什麼。當心！這個醬汁裡有很多辣椒。
There's too much sugar in soft drinks. Do you have milk in your coffee?
蘇打飲料裡有很多糖。你喜歡在咖啡裡加牛奶嗎？
Now the preposition "on" is used to talk about the position of something on surfaces or things that can be thought-of as surfaces like walls or tables. My phone is on the table.
介詞 "on" 被用於談論某物位於表面上或者是可以被認作平面的事物如牆或者桌子。我的手機在桌子上。
You can see a painting on the wall behind me. We live on the fourth floor of the building.
你可以看到我身後的牆上有一幅畫。我們住在這棟樓的第四層。
Can you write it on that piece of paper? He's spilled ice cream on his new jumper!
你可以把它寫在這張紙上嗎？他把冰淇淋濺在新毛衣上了。
Now, keep thinking about this idea of flat surfaces because it includes roads and streets and rivers. The supermarket is on the corner of Martin Street.
那麼，繼續想一下平面的概念，因為它還包括道路，街道和河流。超市在馬丁街的拐角。
Nice is on the south coast of France. Now the idea of flat surfaces also includes water, so rivers, oceans, lakes.
尼斯在法國的南海岸。那麼平面的概念還包括水面，河面，海面，湖面。
What's that on the water? Floating on the water.
水面上是什麼？漂浮在水面上。
We'll take you out on the lake - in our boat. We'll be on the lake, in our boat.
我們會帶你到湖面上，坐我們的船。我們會在湖面上，乘著我們的船。
Okay, now let's talk about the preposition "at". It's used to talk about specific places or points in space.
好，我們接著講介詞 "at"。它用於談論在一個地區裡特殊的地點或目的地。
Sarah's still at school. I'll meet you at the bus stop.
Sarah 還在學校呢。我會在巴士站見你。
Turn left at the traffic light. Now it's also used with public places and shops.
在交通信號燈那裡左轉。它還可以用於搭配公共場所和商店。
For example, I studied design at college or school or university. Let's meet at the station.
例如，我在學院或者學校或者大學學習設計。我們在車站見面吧。
We have to stop at the supermarket on the way home. There was a crazy guy at the library today.
我們在回家的路上不得不在超市停一下。今天圖書館裡有一個瘋子。
We also use it with addresses. They live at 14 Eagle Road.
我們也用它搭配地址。他們住在老鷹街14號。
I'll meet you at the corner of Beach Street and Park Road. I had a coffee at Helen's house.
我會在沙灘路和公園路的拐角那見你。我在 Helen家喝了一杯咖啡。
At her house, right? Careful, not to confuse the preposition with another, "with".
在她家裡，對嗎？注意，不要把這個介詞和 "with" 弄混。
I had a cup of coffee with Helen. That means Helen, the person, not Helen's house.
我和 Helen 喝了一杯咖啡。這的意思是，Helen，這個人，而不是 Helen 的家。
We can use "at" with events. We met at a party.
我們用 "at" 加事件。我們在派對上遇見了。
He's speaking at a conference later this week. So in all of these examples, the preposition "at" is used to talk about specific places or points in space.
他本周晚些時候會在會議上發言。那麼在所有這些例子裡，介詞 "at" 被用於談論空間裡特殊的地點或標誌。
Okay, I went through quite a few examples there, but let's just stop and review the rules for a minute. "At" is one-dimensional.
好，我舉了好幾個例子，但我們先停一下，來用1分鐘回顧一下規則。"At" 表示單維的。
Think of a map. When you're looking at a map, you're referring to a specific place or position in space.
想想地圖。當你看一副地圖時，你指的是一個空間上特殊的地方或位置。
"On" is more two-dimensional. You have a flat surface and you're referring to the position of something or someone in relation to that surface.
"On" 是更二維的。你有一個平面，你指的是跟這個平面相關的某物或某人的位置。
So you're recognising the space around you a little more when you're using that preposition. Now "in" is the sort of three-dimensional preposition.
那麼你是在承認當你用這個介詞時，你是被這個空間有所環繞的。"in" 是有點三維的介詞。
So when you use it, you need to think about the position of something in relation to what surrounds it. Now of course, there are grey areas and many exceptions that will make you scratch your head and wonder, what? !
你在用它的時候，需要考慮某物相對其周圍的位置。當然，這有些灰色地帶，很多意外的情況會讓你抓狂疑惑，什麼啊？！
When you hear that expression, "grey areas" it means that something is unclear. It's not black and it's not white, it's somewhere in the middle but we don't know exactly where - it's unclear.
當你聽到這個表達，"grey areas" 時，它的意思是某事不清楚。既不是黑的，也不是白的，是某個中間的地方，但我們不知道確切在哪 - 它是不清楚的。
That's a very common expression. Now there are many grey areas for prepositions when you're talking about the place or the location of something.
這是一個非常常見的表達。那麼當你在談論某地點或某物的位置時，介詞有很多灰色地帶。
It's on the corner. Or it's at the corner.
它在 (on) 拐角處。或它在 (at) 拐角處。
These two examples mean almost the same thing. The museum is on the south side of the city.
這兩個例句說的幾乎是一個意思。博物館在城市的南邊。
So this expression, on the south side or on the right side or on the left side, it always uses the preposition "on". Your seat is on the left side.
這個表達，在城市的南邊，或是在右邊或在左邊，總是用介詞 "on"。你的座位在左邊。
Now I said before that Nice is on the south coast of France but Nice is also in the south of France. Now there is a difference here when we're referring to the flat surface and the region or the area.
我之前說，尼斯在法國的南部海岸，但是尼斯也在法國的南部。那麼當我們指平面和指區域或地區時，是有區別的。
So it's that spatial difference. On the south coast or in the south of France.
所以，這是空間上的區別。在海岸南部或者在法國南邊。
It's a little hard to get your head around, right? But France is a space that has edges.
弄清楚這個是有點難的，對吧？但是法國是一個有邊界的地區。
It's enclosed so we use "in". I'll see you at Melanie's house.
它是有範圍的，所以我們用 "in"。我會在Melanie家見你。
So that's the place right? But I'll meet you in the kitchen.
那麼這是一個地方對吧？但是我在廚房裡見你。
It's an enclosed room or enclosed space. I'll meet you at the corner of Beach Street and Park Road.
它是一個封閉的房間或者說一個封閉的空間。我會在海灘街道和公園路的拐角見你。
I saw it in the corner of the room. So that's an enclosed space, right?
我看見它在房間的角落。那麼這是一個封閉的空間，對吧？
How about this one? Write it: on the paper;
那這個呢？把它寫在：紙上；
in your notebook; at the top of the page;
筆記本裡；頁面上方；
or in the corner (of the page) . We say I'm in the car and I'm on the bus or the train.
或者是角落(頁面)。我們說我在汽車裡，我在公交車上或者火車上。
So there are also times when you can use two different prepositions and the meaning is actually really similar, especially between "at" and "on". Sarah's still in school.
所以有時候你是可以用兩個不同的介詞表達幾乎非常相近的意思，特別是在"at" 和 "on" 之間。Sarah 還在學校。
Or Sarah is still at school. Now these sentences mean almost exactly the same thing.
或者是Sarah還在學校。這些句子表達的幾乎是一個意思。
"In" school suggests that Sarah is inside the school buildings. She's a student, she's learning there.
"In" school 指 Sarah 在學校的建築裡面。她是一個學生，她在那學習。
"At" suggests that she's at the location of the school but she could be inside a building or outside and she's not necessarily a student either. She could be a parent visiting the school, for example.
"At" 指她在學校這個位置，但是她不能是在一個建築物裡或者是外面，而且她也不一定是一個學生。比如，她可能是一個參觀學校的家長。
I think they're at the beach. Or I think they're on the beach.
我覺得他們在沙灘。或者我認為他們在沙灘上。
"At the beach" is the place. "On the beach" means the sand.
"At the beach" 表示地點。"On the beach" 表示沙灘。
But you can't use "in". If you say "in" you need to use the water.
但是你不能用 "in"。如果你說 "in" 你需要用water。
You can be in the water. She's in the sea.
你可以是在 (in) 水裡。她在海裡。
She's in the lake. She's in the water.
她在湖裡。她在水裡。
One more two-lettered preposition to add to this lesson about place is "by". I'm waiting by the car.
本節課還有一個關於地點的兩個字母的介詞是"by"。我在車旁等著。
Put your bag by the door and sit down. Here, "by" is used to mean next to something or beside or near.
把你的包放在門邊，坐下。這裡，"by" 被用於表示挨著某物或者是在旁邊或靠近。
These are all prepositions that give us detail about the location of something. They live near the school.
這些是所有表示關於某物位置細節的介詞。他們住在學校附近。
They live next to the school. They live by the school.
他們住在學校旁邊。他們住在學校邊上。
So there are definitely a few confusing things about prepositions, right? To successfully learn to use prepositions really well, learn them with the words around them.
那麼這裡肯定會有寫關於介詞的疑惑，對吧？成功地學習正確使用這些介詞，用和他們搭配的詞學習它們。
Don't try and learn them on their own. The general rules that we talked about during this lesson, will help you to make better choices - most of the time!
不要只是通過它們本身學習它們。我們在本節課談論的基本規則會幫助你在大多數時候，做出更好的決斷！
Well I hope this lesson has helped to make a few things clearer for you. If you've got any questions at all, just pop them in the comments under this video.
那麼我希望本節課幫助你理解得更清楚了一些。如果你有任何問題，只需在視頻下方的評論區發言。
If you love this channel and you enjoy my lessons, then please make sure that you subscribe to my channel right here or here. And check out some of the other lessons that I've made in these playlists, right here.
如果你喜歡本頻道，你喜歡我的課程的話，請確保你訂閱了我的頻道就在這裡。還可以點擊查看其它課程，我把它們放在這個播放列表裡了，就在這。
See you next week and thanks for watching mmmEnglish. Bye for now!
下周再見，感謝觀看mmmEnglish。拜拜！