「Alphabet,」 From Ancient Greece to Google 「字母表」,從古希臘到谷歌
When Google announced this week that it was creating a parent company called Alphabet, tech and business observers were left scratching their heads. Why would such a distinctive brand subsume itself under a rubric as generic-sounding as 「Alphabet」?
Google chief executive Larry Page shared the news by explaining, 「We liked the name Alphabet because it means a collection of letters that represent language, one of humanity's most important innovations, and is the core of how we index with Google search!」 Beyond that, the name has a hidden meaning for potential investors. 「We also like that it means alpha-bet (Alpha is investment return above benchmark), which we strive for,」 Mr. Page added.
By betting on 「Alphabet,」 Google is relying on a word that we all learn as children but has only existed in English for about five centuries. In Old English, if you wanted to refer to the alphabet, you would use a word formed from the first four letters: 「a-be-ce-de.」 In Middle English this was shortened to「a-be-ce,」 or as we would now spell it, 「ABC.」
Around 1500, when classical scholarship was all the rage, English borrowed the Latin「alphabetum,」 which in turn came from the Greek 「alphabetos,」 derived from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet,「alpha」 and 「beta.」
Those names can trace their lineage back to the ancient Phoenician writing system. The「alpha」 equivalent was shaped like a cow's head, named after the Phoenician word for 「ox.」 Similarly, 「beta」 meant 「house」 and was shaped like one. In the alphabetic system,those characters came to stand for the initial sounds of the pictured words.
As 「alphabet」 shed its Greek classical sound in English, 「alpha」 and 「beta」 developed their own particular meanings as 「primary」 and 「secondary」 in order of importance. Astronomers, for instance, use the letter names for the brightest and second-brightest stars in a constellation.
In the late 1930s, zoologists began talking of 「alpha」 and 「beta」 animals, referring to the first- and second-ranked individuals in a community, typically males. The words have been applied more wryly to professional hierarchies, such as Silicon Valley types getting categorized as 「alpha」 or 「beta」 geeks.
The most common use of the letters in tech circles is in software testing. Initial in-house 「alpha testing」 of a product is followed by more public 「beta testing」 of a 「beta version.」 Google, notoriously, likes to keep many of its products in 「perpetual beta,」continually tinkering with them.
Mr. Page's allusion to Google's 「alpha-bet」illustrates a new business-minded trajectory for the letter names among quantitative financial analysts, or 「quants.」 As Journal reporter Scott Patterson wrote in his 2010 book 「The Quants,」 「alpha」 signifies a return on investment that outperforms a benchmark index,while 「beta」 is 「shorthand for plain-vanilla market returns anyone with half a brain can achieve.」
Achieving 「alpha,」 Mr. Patterson explains, carries the 「ephemeral promise of vast riches.」 Google has, of course, reaped more-than-ephemeral riches for its investors so far, and the alpha geeks are betting that their latest 「alpha-bet」 will continue to pay off.
本周,當谷歌宣布將成立一家名為「字母表」的母公司時,科技界和商業界的觀察家們都感到百思不得其解。如此有特色的一個品牌,為什麼要屈尊於「字母表」這麼一個聽上去普普通通的名號呢?
谷歌的執行長拉裡·佩奇在宣布這個消息時解釋說:「我們喜歡『字母表』這個名字,是因為它的意思是字母的集合,而字母代表了人類最重要的發明之一——語言,而且字母表是我們谷歌搜索進行索引的核心所在!」除此之外,這個名字對於有意向的投資者來說還有一層隱含的意思。佩奇接著說:「我們喜歡它還因為它意為優等投注(阿爾法是指高於基準收益的投資回報),那正是我們努力想達到的。」
通過下注於「字母表」,谷歌把希望寄托在一個我們從小就學過、但存在於英語才約5個世紀的詞語上。在古英語中,如果你想指字母表,就要用一個由頭四個字母組成的詞:a-be-ce-de。在中世紀英語中,它被簡寫為a-be-ce,或者如我們現在拼寫的ABC。
1500年左右古典學問風靡一時之際,英語借用了拉丁語的「alphabetum」一詞,後者出自希臘語「alphabetos」,該詞源於希臘字母表中頭兩個字母的名稱:阿爾法和貝塔。
它們的名稱可以追溯到古代腓尼基書寫系統。與阿爾法對應的符號形狀像一個牛頭,取自腓尼基文「公牛」一詞。同樣,貝塔的意思是「房子」,形狀像一所房子。在字母體系中,那些符號最終代表了這些圖形文字的首音。
隨著英語中「字母表」一詞丟掉了其希臘語的古音,阿爾法和貝塔也派生出它們自己獨特的含義,意為重要性程度上的「首要」和「次要」。例如,天文學家用這兩個字母指代星座中最亮和第二亮的恆星。
20世紀30年代末期,動物學家開始提到動物界中的「阿爾法」和「貝塔」,指一個種群中排名第一和第二的個體,通常為雄性。更讓人哭笑不得的是這兩個詞還被用於指職業層級,如矽谷人被分為阿爾法極客或貝塔極客。
科技圈最常用到這兩個字母的是在軟體測試領域。一個產品完成最初的內部「阿爾法測試」後就是「貝塔版」更公開的「貝塔測試」。眾所周知,谷歌喜歡把它的許多產品定為「永久的貝塔版」,不斷在修修補補。
佩奇暗示谷歌在進行「優等投注」的說法說明,在定量金融分析師即「寬客」中,這兩個字母的名稱有了新的商業化演變。正如《華爾街日報》記者斯科特·帕特森在2010年出版的《寬客》一書中所寫,「阿爾法」表示業績跑贏基準指數的投資回報,「貝塔」則「代指基本的市場回報,但凡有點腦子的人都能做到」。
帕特森先生解釋說,實現「阿爾法」回報「有望在短時間內獲得巨大財富」。當然到目前為止,谷歌為其投資者們所創造的財富豈止是短時間內的,而且這些阿爾法極客們斷定,他們的最新「優等投注」將繼續帶來回報。(塗頎譯自美國《華爾街日報》網站8月13日文章)
點擊查看下一頁