考點解讀
1、不定式知識點綜述
2、不定式重難點講解
重難點1：動詞不定式的時態語態
動詞不定式(infinitive)兩種形式：一種是「to + 動詞原形」構成（to- infinitive）；另一種是不帶to的不定式,即動詞原形(bare- infinitive)。動詞不定式有一般式、進行式、完成式、完成進行式四種時態變化形式，一般式和完成式有被動語態變化形式。
a. 不定式的時態是以句中謂語動詞的時間為依據的：
（1）一般式表示的動作或狀態通常發生在謂語動詞之後或同時發生。
例：They made plans to live in Paris.他們計劃住在巴黎。（to live 發生在 made plans之後）
（2）進行式表示其動作正在進行，與謂語動詞發生的動作同時進行。
例：He pretended to be listeningto me carefully. 他假裝認真地聽我講。
（3）不定式的完成式所表示的動作或狀態發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。
例：I am sorryto have kept you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。
（to have kept發生在I am sorry所表示的時間之前）
（4）不定式的完成進行式表示動作在謂語動詞之前發生，而且一直進行著。
例：He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高興一直跟他叔叔住在一起。
b. 不定式的語態
不定式的時態是以邏輯主語為依據的：
例：The sports meeting on the weekend has to be put off. 周末的運動會被迫推遲。
注意：意義上被動形式上主動的不定式
在「名詞（代詞）＋ be easy(difficult, fit等形容詞) ＋ 不定式」結構中，有時儘管主語是動作的承受者，不定式在意義上是被動，形式上卻是主動，這時可以看成省略了動詞邏輯主語for us, for me , for you 等。
例：The book is difficult to read. 這本書很難讀懂。
重難點2：動詞不定式作主語
不定式及不定式短語作主語時，為了平衡句子結構，可用it作形式主語，而把真正的不定式後置。在下列情況下只宜採用it作形式主語
（1）當句中謂語動詞不是be, seem, appear等連繫動詞時。
例：It took us 20 minutes to get to the station.趕到車站花了我們20分鐘。
（2） 在「it +be + adj. + of/for + sb. +不定式」結構中。如果句中的形容詞表示人物特徵或品質，常同of搭配構成「It is + 形容詞＋of＋代詞（名詞）＋不定式」句型。如： bold ，brave, careful, careless, considerate, cruel, rude, generous, :right，wrong, kind，nice，good，polite，clever，wise， foolish, silly等；表示事物性質的形容詞如easy, difficult, hard, important, impossible, possible, safe, dangerous, necessary常同for 搭配。
例：It's very nice of you to help me with my work.幫我的工作，你真是太好了。
重難點3：動詞不定式作賓語
（1）有些及物動詞常跟不定式作賓語，如agree, afford, arrange, ask, begin , decide, forget, hope, like , start , want, wish, threaten, pretend, promise, plan等。也可用來作形容詞的賓語，如able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, eager, foolish, free, glad, inclined, likely, pleased, prepared, ready, slow, sure, sorry, willing等。
例：The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to swim. 孩子們渴望學會遊泳。
（2）不定式作賓語時，句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語，與不定式動詞的關係是主動關係，但有時不定式和主語卻是動賓關係。
例：English is not difficult to learn.英語不難學。
（3）feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider等動詞後如果是不定式作賓語，後面有賓語補足語時，將真正的賓語不定式放在補足語的後面，而將形式賓語it放在補語之前。
例：I thinkit our duty to support the elder.我認為贍養老人是我們的義務。
(5) 關係詞+動詞不定式
動詞不定式可以和疑問代詞：who, what, which 及疑問副詞：when, where, how, why等連用，構成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等成份。如：
例：He showed mehow to use a computer. 他向我示範了一下怎樣使用計算機。（賓語）
重難點4：動詞不定式作定語
不定式作定語時，需放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之後。它與所修飾的名詞或代詞有下列關係：
（1）「the last/next/first...」 後常接不定式作定語
例：He is always the first to come and last to leave.他總是第一個來，最後一個走。
（2）常用不定式作定語的名詞opportunity, desire, promise, permission, chance, option, decision, plan, attempt, ambition, ability, obligation, tendency等。
例：The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops. 農民們想出保護莊稼的辦法。
重難點5：動詞不定式作狀語
不定式作狀語時，常表示目的、結果、原因、條件等，通常放在它所修飾的動詞之後。常考不定式作目的和結果狀語。
（1）表目的
不定式作目的狀語時，其動作發生在謂語動詞之後，一般放在句子後部。但如要表示強調，也可以位於句首，前面可加in order,不定式作目的狀語時其否定必須用in order not +不定式，或so as not ＋不定式。in order to 引出的不定式可置於句首或句中，so as not＋不定式不能放在句首，只能放在句中。
例：We often listen to English broadcasts to/in order to/so as to get listening training.
（2）表示結果
a. 形容詞如right, polite, crazy, generous, good, greedy, kind, selfish, silly, splendid, nice, unselfish, unkind等對人進行表揚或批評，後接不定式表示結果，不定式的邏輯主語也就是句子主語。
例：He is very polite to show us the way.他很有禮貌給我們指路。
b. 不定式和only連用，表示未預料到的結果。
例：The thief broke into the house only to find it empty. 小偷闖進屋子，卻發現是空的。
c.在so… as to, such …as to, enough to等結構中的不定式皆表示結果。
例：He is too young to join the army. 他太年輕了，不能參軍。
d. 「too …to」表示結果意為：太……而不能……，但有時不含否定意義。
例：He is too excited to sleep. 他太激動了，不能入睡。（否定）
We are only too pleased to work together with you.我們同你一起工作，真是太高興了。（肯定）
除此之外還有一些固定結構：
to be brief 簡而言之、to be exact 精確的說、to be frank with you老實對你說 、to be plain 老實說 、to put it straight直截了當、to bring the story short長話短說、to return to my subject言歸正傳、to change the subject換一個話題、to use his own words用自己的話說、to make matter worse更糟的是、to give him his due公正地說、strange to say奇怪地說、to say nothing of姑且不講、to conclude總之、to crown all更好（壞）的是、to be honest直率地說、to start /begin with首先、to do him justice說句公道話、to sum up總之，總而言之等。這些短語大都位於句首，偶爾位於句中或句尾，需要用逗號和其他成份隔開。但表示「更不用說」的幾個短語一般要放在句尾，如to say nothing of, not to say, not to mention, not to speak of, let alone, much less, much more 等。
重難點6：動詞不定式作賓語補足語
動詞believe, consider, declare, find, prove, suppose, feel, think等後面常跟to be 不定式作賓補。有時to be 可以省略。這類不定式改為被動語態後就變成了主語補足語。感官動詞如feel, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 等以及使役動詞make, have, let 等在跟不定式作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to。但在轉換成被動語態時要加上to。
例：He was heard to sing next door.有人聽見他在隔壁唱過歌。
She made the boy go to bed early.她讓那個男孩早睡覺。
重難點7：動詞不定式的省略
不定式除了與助動詞（be going to, be to 等除外）、情態動詞（ought to, used to等除外）連用時不帶to外，下面幾種情況通常也不帶to：
(1) 當兩個或兩個以上的不定式具有同等功能時，往往由and，or，than等連接，只用在第一個不定式前，第二個(之後的)不定式可以省略to。
例：It is easier to praise people than criticize them.表揚人比批評人容易。
（2）在had better, had best, would rather… than, rather than, would sooner, would sooner… than, cannot but, cannot help but等結構中後面不用to
例：He would rather die than give in.他寧死不屈。
（4）Why(not)後不能帶to
這種結構的肯定式表示不滿或委婉的批評，否定句則表示指責。
例：Why not think of something you can do.為什麼不想個你能幹的事呢?
（5）在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch等感官司動詞後，have, make, let等使役動詞後作賓語補足語時，不定式不帶to。如：
例：He notices a thief slip into the house. 他注意到一個小偷溜進了房子。
（6）在某些介詞後
介詞except， but，besides之後跟不定式作賓語時，如果介詞前有動詞do及其變化形式時，不定式省略to（前有do後省to）。
例：I'll do anything but help the boy with his lessons.除了幫那孩子做功課外，我什麼都幹。
典型例題
The students are looking forward to having an opportunity(explore) society for real-life experience. (2013年上海英語高考)
【答案】to explore
【解析】此處是考察不定式作定語，常用不定式作定語的名詞opportunity,desire, promise,permission,chance,option,decision,plan,attempt,ambition,ability,obligation,tendency等。
As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn't allowed(go) into the sports club. (2012年上海英語高考)
【答案】to go
【解析】此處考察非謂語動詞作賓語補足語，後接不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有advise/allow/admit/permit/forbid/consider/recommend（為了方便記憶可以用首字母縮寫FaPaCaR），這幾個動詞後接動名詞做賓語。本題考察allow sb. to do, 變成被動語態sb. be allowed to do。
Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ______(lose) the art of communicating face-to-face. (2011年上海英語高考)
【答案】to be losing
【解析】系動詞後用不定式做表語，此題的難點是要考慮不定式的時態和語態。根據句意『因為有了聊天，簡訊，面對面交流的藝術逐漸開始衰退』可知此處用不定式的進行比較恰當。
Thai is the only way we can imagine (reduce) the overuse of water in students' bathrooms. (2010年上海英語高考)
【答案】to reduce
【解析】分析句子結構可知we can imagine為定語從句，在解題時可以省略不看，根據句意可知本處考查不定式做目的狀語。本題的易錯點在於，學生看到imagine會認為考查動名詞做賓語，因此會誤填reducing，一定要引導學生進行正確的句子結構分析。
David threatened ______
(report)
his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.
(2009年上海英語高考)
【答案】to report
【解析】此處考察非謂語動詞作賓語，後接不定式作賓語的動詞有agree, afford, arrange, ask, begin , decide, forget, hope, like , start , want, wish, threaten, pretend, promise, plan等。
學法點睛
1、專題特點和學習方法
不定式是高考中常考的一種語法形式，通常出現在語法新題型中和翻譯中，常考作主語、賓語、賓語補足語和狀語的語法功能。在學習時要了解不定式詞的形式：to do, to be done, to be doing; to have done, to have been done，對各種形式的用法要清楚；注意跟其他兩種非謂語形式進行區分，如動名詞和不定式作賓語的區別等，重點要對一些不定式作賓語的動詞、定語、賓語補足語的動詞進行識記。
2、解題技巧
理解不定式的幾種基本形式的用法和區別，學會根據不同的語境選擇適當的形式，主要從時態和語態兩方面判斷，語態找邏輯主語（不定式作賓語和狀語時邏輯主語為句子主語；作賓語補足語時為賓語；作定語時為所修飾的詞），時態比較跟謂語動詞的先後順序（先於謂語動詞用完成式；同時用進行式；在謂語之後發生用一般式表示將來）；
過關檢測
鞏固測試（高考真題改編）
1. If there's a lot of work______(do), I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished. (2008)
2. There is nothing more I can try ______ (persuade) you to stay, so I wish you good luck. (2007)
3. The mother felt herself __________ (grow) cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield. (2006)
4. Energy drinks are not allowed __________ (make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. (2006)
5. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ (have) a look at the sports stars. (2005)
6. The flu is believed _______ (cause) by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (2004)
7. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered (issue) clear warnings before firing any shots. (2003)
8. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving __________ (make) their products more competitive. (2002)
9. With a lot of difficult problems (settle), the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (2002春)
10. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _____ (tell) everything. (2001)
11. There are five pairs _______ (choose from), but I’m at a loss which to buy. (1999)
12. --- Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?
---_______ (Get) enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (1999)
13. A computer does only what thinking people have it ________ (do). (1999)
提升測試：(近三年模擬題單選改編)
1. I』d like to see your problem ________ (solve) before the end of this term. (2013年一模)
2. Mercedes is the first team ________ (win) the race this year, following Button’s victory in Australia last year. (2013年一模)
3. A reporter’s task is to inform readers of the events that happened, ________(draw) conclusions. (2013年一模)
4. A total of 264,302 people in the country were reported ________(infect) with HIV by the end of last September. (2013年一模)
5. The government will come up with more volunteer projects just ________(promote) the volunteer industry. (2013年一模)
6. The students expected there _________(be) more reviewing classes before the final exams. (2013年一模)
7. A red light is a warning to drivers and staff that another train is dangerously close and that adjustments need _________ (make). (2012年一模)
8. Many farmers in the countryside have gone to cities to look for work and left their children behind ______ (raise) by their grandparents. (2012年一模)
9. I have tried everything I can _____ (persuade) him to stay, but without success, so I wish him good luck. (2012年一模)
10. After finishing the lecture, I started to listen to my student _______（discuss）the social problems mentioned in my lecture. (2012年一模)
11. ______ (prevent) global temperature rising, the UN Climate Change Conference was held in Cancun, Mexico last year. (2012年一模)
12. Having lived all by herself for many years, the old lady is sometimes very difficult______(get) along with. (2011年二模)
13. The first black president of the United States of America, Barack Obama, won the election in the end, but it remains, of course, _________(see) whether he can overcome the present difficulties. (2011年二模)
14. It is the duty of a teacher _____ (stimulate) the interest of students and pass on knowledge to them. （2012年二模）
15. What people learned from China Got Talented was that there were so many talented people out there waiting ______(discover). （2012年二模）
【參考答案】
鞏固測試：
to do, to persuade, grow, to be made, to have, to be cause, to issue, to make, to settle, to be told, to choose from, to get, do
提升測試：
to win, to cope with, not to draw, to have been infected, to promote, to be, to be made, to be raised, to persuade, discuss, to prevent, to get, to be seen, to stimulate, to be discovered