A road rage incident occurring in Kunshan, Jiangsu province, has become a trending topic on Chinese social media this week, when the driver of a BMW pulled a knife to attack a man riding anelectric bicycle. Unexpectedly, it was the BMW driver who turned out to be a victim of his own violence. Is this a case of 「justifiable defence」 or 「undue defence」?
本周,江蘇崑山發生的一起路怒事件在中國社交媒體上引發軒然大波,一名寶馬車司機拔刀砍傷了一名騎電動車男子。結果情況發生了逆轉,寶馬司機由於自己的暴力行兇而被對方殺死(編者註:寶馬司機在持刀砍傷騎車男子時,長刀掉落被騎車男子撿起,騎車男子持刀還擊將寶馬司機殺死)。這起事件到底是「正當防衛」還是「防衛過當」?
這個問題引發了網友的熱烈討論。那麼,何謂「正當防衛」?「正當防衛」「防衛過當」等法律術語如何用英文表達?Yee君為大家提供《中華人民共和國刑法》(Criminal Law Of The People’s Republic Of China)中涉及到這些術語的中英文對照內容,以供學習參考:
第二十條
Article 20
為了使國家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財產和其他權利免受正在進行的不法侵害,而採取的制止不法侵害的行為,對不法侵害人造成損害的,屬於正當防衛,不負刑事責任。
An act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the State and the public, or his own or other person's rights of the person, property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement, thus harming the perpetrator, is justifiable defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.
justifiable defence 正當防衛
infringement n.侵犯;違反
infringe upon sth是固定搭配,表示侵害/侵犯權利、利益等;
on-going 正在進行的
perpetrator 作惡者、行兇者、犯罪者
「shall」在法律或半法律文件中,含有「本條款具有法律規定的指令性或強制性之意」。尤其是在經貿法律文本中,「shall」的譯法種類繁多,通常被譯為「須」「應」,有時被譯成「應當」,也有時譯成「要」「將」「可」,還有被譯成「必須」。
正當防衛明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的,應當負刑事責任,但是應當減輕或者免除處罰。
If a person's act of justifiable defence obviously exceeds the limits of necessity and causes serious damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility; however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.
criminal responsibility 刑事責任
mitigate 緩和;減輕
be exempted from 獲豁免
對正在進行行兇、殺人、搶劫、強姦、綁架以及其他嚴重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪,採取防衛行為,造成不法侵害人傷亡的,不屬於防衛過當,不負刑事責任。
If a person acts in defence against an on-going assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnap or any other crime of violence that seriously endangers his personal safety, thus causing injury or death to the perpetrator of the unlawful act, it is not undue defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.
undue defence 防衛過當
crime of violence 暴力犯罪
endanger v. 危及;使遭到危險
unlawful act 不法行為;違法行為
防衛過當(undue defence)在百度百科中是這樣定義的:
防衛過當,是指防衛行為明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的應當負刑事責任的犯罪行為。所謂防衛過當是指正當防衛行為超越了法律規定的防衛尺度,因而應當負刑事責任的情況。
防衛過當的概念在《中華人民共和國刑法》中並未被單獨提出,而是隨著正當防衛的歷史發展而提出來的。
人民法院 People’s Court
中級人民法院(區、市級) the Intermediate People’s Court
高級人民法院(省級) the Higher People’s Court
最高人民法院 the Supreme People’s Court
人民檢察院 the People’s Procuratorate
公安部 Ministry of Public Security
司法部 Ministry of Justice
犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect
控告人 accuser, complainant
原告 plaintiff
法官 judges
法警 bailiff; court police
律師 lawyer, attorney, counsel
(lawyer用得最為廣泛,凡經過專業訓練獲得開業資格的無論哪種律師都可以稱lawyer。由於lawyer一詞使用太多,加上西方社會對律師時有譏諷和誹聞,這個詞多少帶有貶義,因此律師一般自稱attorney。
attorney指由當事人授權處理法律事物的律師。
counsel是指給當事人出主意並代當事人在法庭說話的法律顧問或辯護律師,在法庭上,法官稱呼參與審訊的律師也用counsel。)
辯護人 defender
辯護律師 defence attorney/lawyer
民事案件 civil case
民事訴訟 civil litigation
刑事案件 criminal case
刑事訴訟 criminal litigation
判決 judgement(用於民事、行政案件), determination(用於終審),sentence(用於刑事案),verdict(由陪審團作出)
上訴案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case
申請人 petitioner, claimant
申訴案件 appeal case
申訴人(仲裁) claimant, plaintiff
受害人 victim
訴訟 litigation; action; lawsuit
開庭 in session
休庭 adjourn the court; in recess
宣判 pronounce judgement; determination
一審案件 case of trial of first instance
二審 second instance
仲裁 arbitration
裁定 order; determination (指最終裁定)
無罪判決 acquittal, finding of 「not guilty」
無罪 innocence
有罪判決 sentence, finding of 「guilty」
監禁 imprisonment
失職瀆職 misconduct, dereliction of duty, malfeasance
部分內容來源自Whatsonweibo、《中華人民共和國刑法》中英版等
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