There are two types of mindset we can cultivate. One that embraces problems as opportunities to learn, and one that avoids them often out of fear to fail. People that avoid conflicts can be described as having a fixed mindset. Those who see problems as interesting challenges have a growth mindset. Sometimes we like to switch from one to the other.
我們可以培養兩種思維，第一種思維擁抱問題，視之為學習機會；另一種思維逃避問題，通常是出於害怕失敗的心理。那些逃避衝突的人，可被稱為具有固定型思維；把問題視為有趣挑戰的人，則具有成長型思維。有時候，我們想從一種思維切換至另一種思維。
People have a fixed mindset because they believe the basic qualities like intelligence or talents are fixed traits, and that these traits are responsible for success. They often like to document past achievements.
有固定型思維的人相信：智力或才能之類的特質是固定不變的，這些特質左右成功與否，他們通常喜歡記錄以往的成就。
With a growth mindset people believe that new abilities can be developed through practice. This view creates the love for learning the most great leaders and artists having common. For them life becomes an exciting journey, with endless opportunity to figure out new things and advanced.
具有成長型思維的人相信：可以通過練習來發展出新能力。最傑出的領導人及藝術家，普遍因這種觀點，傾向熱愛學習；他們覺得生命是一趟有趣的旅程，有無限的機會去了解新事物、進步。
To develop a growth mindset, Dr. Carol Dweck, the Stanford University professor who coined the term, advises leaders, teachers and parents to celebrate trying. Teachers should applaud students for any grade if they studied hard. Parents should encourage their children to develop any new skill they are interested in. Doing this will make them learn the skill of learning, which will also help them back in the classroom.
為發展出成長型思維，提出這一概念的史丹佛大學教授卡蘿·德魏克博士建議領導人、教師、及父母應該大膽嘗試：只要學生用功學習，不論成績如何，教師都應該讚美；父母應該鼓勵孩子去發展他們感興趣的任何新技能，這麼做將可以使他們學到學習的技巧，也可以幫助他們重返教室。
To illustrate the difference in everyday life, let's observe two imaginary kids.
為例示日常生活中的差別，讓我們來觀察兩個假想出的孩子：
Jay thinks you've either got it or you haven't.
Ann knows that she can learn anything if she wants it enough.
喬伊認為，你要不就學得來，要不就學不來。
安知道，若她欲望夠強，她能學會任何東西。
At physical exercise Jay avoid challenges, when it's time to jump over the vaulting horse, he's afraid to look stupid and being laughed at.
Ann embraces any challenge. It's exciting. It's fun.
she knows that failing is part of learning. And if she tries hard, at the end nobody will laugh at her.
體育課時，在跳躍鞍馬項目，喬伊逃避挑戰，他害怕自己顯得笨拙，被嘲笑。
安擁抱任何挑戰，感到很興奮，覺得很有趣，她知道，失敗是學習過程中的一部分，若她努力嘗試，最終不會有人嘲笑她。
Jay avoids feedback. If the teacher tells him how to improve an assignment has been working on, he takes it personally.
Ann knows that to improve, she needs to listen to constructive criticism
She also understands that it's not her that is being assessed but the results of her work on that one day.
喬伊逃避反饋意見，若老師告訴他如何改進他正在做的一項作業，他會覺得是在批評他。
安知道，為了改進，她需要聽建設性的批評，她也了解，這些批評並不是在判定她，而是在判定她這一天的作業成果。
Jay always take the easy road. For example, he likes escalators and hates to take the stairs. When he is practicing the guitar, he stops the moment he is getting stuck.
Ann usually doesn't even take escalators. She jumps up the stairs, count every step in her head, and enjoys feeling the blood rushing through her veins. She practices the drums every morning for 15 minutes, not that she always enjoys it, but she knows that effort is part of a journey to a more fun life.
喬伊總是走容易的路，例如，他喜歡搭電扶梯，討厭走樓梯；練習吉他時，一卡住，他就停止不練了。
安通常不會搭電扶梯，她跳走樓梯，並在腦海裡數著步數，享受著血液流動的快感，她每天早上練習打鼓十五分鐘，並不總是樂在其中，但她知道，努力是通往更有趣生活的過程中必經的一部分。
Ann like to see others succeed. It inspires her. She knows that if she motivates her friends to get better, she herself is likely to grow too.
If his friends try new things and succeed, Jay feels threatened. He's afraid that their success will put pressure on him to do more with his life too.
安喜歡看到別人成功，這會鼓舞她，她知道，若她鼓勵她的朋友求進步，她本身可能也會跟著成長。
若喬伊的朋友嘗試新東西，並且成功，傑伊就會感覺受到威脅，他擔心他們的成功是種壓力，會迫使他得做更多。
Modern companies look for employees with the growth mindset, because they solve problems and persist despite obstacles. To spot the right ones, some asked during the interview whether the job applicant believes if managers are born or if management is a skill learned.
Jay thinks that managers are born. Ann gets the job.
現代的公司尋求具有成長心態的員工，因為這種員工謀求解決問題，就算遭遇阻難，也會堅持下去。為辨識這種員工，一些公司在面試員工時詢問應徵者：經理人是天生的，還是一種學而習得的技巧？喬伊認為經理人是天生的，安被錄用了。
Neuroscientist support the idea. They confirm that the brain grows like any other muscle in the body with training. Studies show that adopted twins tend to have higher intelligence compared to their siblings who stayed with their biological parents. The difference appears to come from the higher educational levels of adoptive parents, and shows that nurture is more important than nature.
神經學家支持這一概念。他們佐證，大腦就像身體的其他肌肉，會隨著鍛鍊而成長。研究顯示，被收養的雙胞胎之一往往具有較高的智力，高於留在親生父母身邊的兄弟或姊妹，這種差異顯然是因為收養父母的教育程度較高，這表明後天教養比先天素質來得重要。
A simple switch in how a person views a situation can mean the world of difference, not just the outcome of that situation, the outcome of that person's place in life.
一個人對一個境況的看法，只消一個簡單的改變，就可能造成大不同。不僅僅是這境況的結果將大不相同，此人的人生成就也會大不相同。
As the late poet Samuel back at once said: ever tried, ever failed, no matter, try again, fail again, fail better. What do you think about the concept? Is it overly simplistic? And if you buy the idea, do you believe it is possible to make a permanent switch from a fixed to a growth mindset? Please share your thoughts in the comment section below.
誠如已故詩人薩謬爾·貝克特所言：嘗試過，失敗過，沒關係，再嘗試，再失敗，比以前更進步的失敗。你認為這觀念如何呢？覺得它太簡單化嗎？若你認同這觀念，你相信這樣能夠慢慢從固定型思維轉變為成長型思維嗎？請在下方的評論留言欄分享你的看法吧。