怎樣在閱讀中分析篇章結構
一、科普類文章
1．引出中心內容的方法
(1)A but B。
這個時候B是文章的中心。為了不讓文章顯得太突兀，一般會先講A，即普通的內容(科普類文章一般介紹的是我們不太熟悉的內容)。另外，A也有可能是一種欲揚先抑的寫作手法，與B的意思正好相反。
Most animals have little connection with animals of adifferent kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership (夥伴關係) which does good to both of them. You may havenoticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep. This is not because they wanta ride, but because they find easy food in the parasites (寄生蟲) on sheep. The sheep allow the birds to do so becausethey remove the cause of discomfort. So although they can manage without eachother, they do better together.
The idea of fighting a noise by making more noisesounds strange, but that’s exactlywhat motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries.
(2) 用熟悉的事物作類比。
這是一種我們可以借鑑的寫作方法。
Decision-thinking isnot unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think, but also whatothers think you think and what you think they think you think. The mentalprocess is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerableinterest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.
2．說明中心內容的方法
(高考文章以說明為主，在高級閱讀考試中經常出現的議論文在高考中比較少見)
(1) 舉例說明。這是最常見的方法，除了我們熟悉的for example, for instance, such as以外，更主要的是在內容上的抽象程度的不同。例子總是說得很具體，比如說有數字，具體的人物、事件等。有的時候，在事實和例子中間，還有一個具體說明的中間層次。
(2) 講原理
Car-maker’s research and development laboratories havealready proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers canreduce the unwanted noise.
(3) 講好處(advantage)
Another good thing about theuses of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, whichnot only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oiland work better.
(4) 講問題(disadvantage)
Some engineers believe that the noise-killing systemwill be used in most cars in 1996. Butthe carmakers haven’t decided if they will put it into production because itwould add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars.
(5)講應用(application)
(6)分類說明：中心的兩個方面
There are two types of fat: externalfat (fat under skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining therelationship between health and fatness, have found that the 「pears」 have lessinternal fat, but the 「apples」 have more internal fatthan external fat. This seems to be whatcauses the health problems.
(7)強對比說明
One mistaken idea about business is that it can betreated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itselfare games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Businessdecisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors which wouldeven puzzle best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable toadmit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that theyare playing chess, not poker.
二、社會觀點類文章
這一類文章比較高級,所以在高考中出現得很少。
Computer people talk a lot about the needfor other people to become 「computer-literate.」 But not all experts (專家) agree that this is a good idea.
One pioneer,in particular, who disagrees is David Tebbutt, the founder of Computertown UK.Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer tothe computer, David does not see it that way. He says that Computertown UK wasformed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them「people-literate.」
David Tebbuttthinks Computertowns are most successful when tied to a computer club but heinsists there is an important difference between the two. The clubs are forpeople who have some computer knowledge already. This frightens awaynon-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computersfor them to experiment on, with experts to encourage them and answer anyquestions they have. They are not told what to do, they find out. The computerexperts have to learn not to tell people about computers, but have to be ableto answer all questions people ask. People don’t have to learn computer terms (術語) , but the experts have to explain in plain language.The computers are becoming」 people-literate.」
三、社會問題類文章
1．引出問題：某一部作品中的觀點
Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called Firstand Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of differentmen and of strange civilizations, broken up by long 『dark ages』 in between. Inhis view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in humanhistory and we are just he First Men. In 2,000 million years now there will bethe Eighteenth or Last Men.
However, most of our ideas about the future are reallyvery short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years.But the next hundred? The next thousand? The next million? That’s much moredifficult.
2．解決問題的重要性
So why bother even to try imagining lifefar in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how shortour own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to thinkour own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make theearth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy or quarrelsome,our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.
Second, by trying to escape from presentinterests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite freshideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the futuremen may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set your imaginationfree when you think about the future.
3．解決問題
Many cities around the world today areheavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demandfor environment(環境)friendly products have contributed to thepollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper,plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get ridof.
However, today, more and more consumers arechoosing 「green」 and demanding that the products they buy should be safe forthe environment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these:「Will this shampoo damage the environment?」 「Can this metal container be reusedor can it only be used once?」
A recent study showed that two out of fiveadults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it.This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell theirproducts to make sure that they are "green," that is, friendly to theenvironment.
Only a few years ago, it was impossible tofind green products in Supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Somesupermarket product cop labels (標籤) to showthat the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing (生產) of clean and safe products their main selling pointand emphasize it in their advertising.
四、社會現象類文章
1．社會現象的引出：具體的例子，話語，奇特之處，A影響B。
Allan goes everywhere with BirgittaAnderson, a 54-year-old secretary. He moves around her office at work and goesshopping with her. "Most people don't seen to mind Allan," says Birgitta,who thinks he is wonderful. "He's my fourth child," she says. She maythink of him and treat him that way, buying his food, paying his health billsand his taxes, but in fact Allan is a dog.
Birgitta and Allan live in Swede, a countywhere everyone is expected to lead an orderly life according to rules laid downby the government, which also provides (提供) a highlevel of care for its people. This level of care costs money./
Betty and Harold have been married for Mrs.But one thing still puzzles (困擾) old Harold. How is it that he can leaveBetty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame,come back three and a half hours later, and they' re still sitting on the sofa?Talking?
What in the world, Harold wonders, do theyhave to talk about?
Betty shrugs. Talk? We’re friends.
Researching this matter called friendship,psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years, interviewing more than two hundredwomen and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results werecompletely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference inthe con-tent and the quality of those friendships is "marked andunmistakable.」/
Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it bestwhen she said to her father, "But, Dad, you can't be healthy if you’redead."
Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark sohe could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt-a mistake 75% ofthe US population make every day. The big question is why./
When a group of children politely stop aconversation with you, saying: "We have to go to work now," you'releft feeling surprised and certainly uneasy. After all, this is the 1990s andthe idea of children working is just unthinkable. That is, until you are toldthat they are all pupils of stage schools, and that the "work" theygo off to is to go on the stage in a theatre./
America is growing older. Fifty years ago,only 4 out of every 100 people in the United States were 65 or older. Today, 10out of every 100 Americans are over 65. The aging of the population will affect(影響) American society in many ways -education, medicine, and business. Quietly, the graying of America has made usa very different society - one in which people have a quite differentidea of what kind of behavior (行為) is suitable (合適) at various ages.
2．說明的方法
(1) 舉例
As prices and building costs keep rising,the "do-it-yourself" (DIY) trend (趨勢) in theU. S. continues to grow.
"We needed furniture (家具) for our living room," says John Ross, "andwe just didn't have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a fewtables and chairs." John got married six months ago, and like many youngpeople these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the costof living is very high. The Rosses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a nightschool. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.
Jim Hatfield…
(2) 中心的一個側面
…That is, until you are told that they areall pupils of stage schools, and that the "work" they go off to is togo on the stage in a theatre.
Stageschools often act as agencies (代理機構) to supply children for stage andtelevision work...
A visit tosuch schools will leave you in no doubt that the children enjoy themselves…/
Researching this matter called friendship,psychologist Lillian Rubin …the difference in the content and the quality ofthose friendships is "marked and unmistakable.」
More than two-thirds of the single menRubin interviewed could not name a best friend...
「In general,」 writes Rubin in her new book,「women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, butmen’s relationships are marked by shared activities.」
"Even when a man is said to be a bestfriend," Rubin writes, "the two share litt1e about their innermostfeelings…
(3) 解釋原因
…The big question is why.
There have been many myths about safetybelts ever since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago. Thefollowing are three of the most common.
Myth Number One…
(4) 評價
While most people use little white lies tomake life easier, the majority of Americans care about honesty in both publicand personal life. They say that people today are less honest than they wereten years ago. Although it is believed that things are getting worse, lyingseems to be an age-old human problem. French philosopher (哲學家) Vauvenarges, writing in the eighteenth century,touched on the truth when he wrote, "All men are born truthful and dieliars (說謊者) ."
(5) 存在的問題
The schools themselves admit that not allchildren will be successful in the profession for which they are being trained.So what happens to those who don't make it? While all the leading schools saythey place great importance on children getting good study results, the factsseem to suggest this is not always the case.
(6) 排比說明
A person's age no longer tells you anythingabout his/her social position, marriage or health. There's no longer aparticular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married orstarts a family. The social clock that kept us on time and told us when to goto school. It doesn't surprise us to hear of a 29-year-old university presidentor a 35-year-old grandmother, or a 70-year-old man who has become a father forthe first time. Public ideas are changing.
五、事件類文章
(包括歷史事件，日常事件，災禍，軼事)。關鍵是找時間點。沒有時間點的找最特殊的地方。
The report came to the British on May 21,1941. German battleship Bismarck, the most powerful warship in the world, wasmoving out into the Atlantic Ocean. Her task: to destroy the ships carryingsupplies from the United States to war-torn England.
The British had feared such a task. Nowarship they had could match the Bismarck in speed or in firepower. TheBismarck had eight 15-inch guns and 81 smaller guns. She could move at 30nautical miles (海裡) an hour. She was believed to beunsinkable.
However, the British had to sink her. Theysent out a task force headed by their best battleship Hood to hunt down theBismarck. On May 24, the Hood found the Bismarck.
It was a meeting that the German commanderLuetjens did not want to see. His orders were to destroy the British ships thatwere carrying supplies, but to stay away from a fight with British warships.
The battle didn't last long. The Bismarck'sfirst torpedo (魚雷) hit the Hood, which went down taking allbut three of her 1, 419 men with her.
But in the fight, the Bismarck was slightlydamaged (損壞). Her commander decided to run for repairsto France, which had at that time been taken by the Germans. The British forcefollowed her. However, because of the Bismarck's speed and the heavy fog, theylost sight of her.
For two days, every British ship in theAtlantic tried to find the Bismarck, but with no success. Finally, she wassighted by a plane from Ireland. Trying to slow the Bismarck down so that theirships could catch up with her, the British fired at her from the air. TheBismarck was hit.
On the morning of May 27, the last battlewas fought. Four British ships fired on the Bismarck, and she was finally sunk.
We walked in so quietly that the nurse atthe desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair bythe door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open insurprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walkedquietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed themop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, "Verydirty floors."
"Yes, I'm glad they've finally decidedto clean them," the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said,"But aren't you working late?"
Mum just pushed harder, each swipe (拖一下) of the mop taking her farther and farther down thehall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back towriting in the big book.
After a long time Mum came back. Her eyeswere shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to goout of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, "Thankyou."
Outside, Mum told me:" Dagmar is fine.No fever."
"You saw her, Mum?"
" Of course. I told her about thehospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stopworrying as well. It’s a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. Youneed a brush."
六、事物類文章
1.舊事物：注意與現在事物的不同之處
In 19th century England people liked to goto the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men worebathing suits…
2.新事物
(1)引出新事物
Excused from recycling because you live ina high rise with a rubbish chute? You won’t be for long. Miami’s Mark Shantzishas made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute andrecycle too./
Holidaymakers who are bored with bakingbeaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo. Swedish businessmanNile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel, the world’s first igloo hotel.
(2)結構或原理(怎麼造的)
Six workmen spent more than eight weekspiling 1,000 tons of snow onto a wooden base; when the snow froze, the base wasremoved.
(3)優勢(advantage)
The popularity of the igloo is beyonddoubt: it is now attracting tourists from all over the world.
3.事物的起源：找時間點，注意轉折之處。
Today, roller skating is easy and fun. Buta long time ago, it wasn’t easy at all. Before 1750, the idea of skating didn’texist. That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlin’s work wasmaking musical instruments. In his spare time be liked to play the violin.Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams. People called him a dreamer.
One day Merlin received an invitation toattend a fancy dress ball (化裝舞會) . He was very pleased and a littleexcited. As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make agrand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot ofattention if he could skate into the room.
Merlin tried different ways to make himselfroll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were thefirst roller skates. Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed ofarriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.
On the night of the party Merlin rolledinto the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There wasjust one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on andon. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fellthe mirror, breaking to piece. Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a longtime.
七、新聞報導類文章：抓住報導主體，文章中心：「頭重腳輕」，從整體到細節。
JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students -18 boysand 2 girls-had a thousand reasons to be proud of themselves. They had justclimbed their way to the top rung (階梯) out of4 million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Gup MathematicsContest (競賽) on Tuesday evening.
The 20 goldmedal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14.「Mary of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure themout. It is just unbelievable!」 said a teacher from Guangdong province.
Named afterChina’s most famous mathematician, Hua Luogeng, the contest started in 1986,one year after his death. In less than 10 years, it has been recognised by theState Education Commission (國家教委) as the country’s biggest and best contestof its kind.