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People remember emotionally charged events more easily than they recall the quotidian. A sexual encounter trumps doing the grocery shopping. A mugging trumps a journey to work. Witnessing a massacre trumps pretty well anything you can imagine.
That is hardly surprising. Rare events that might have an impact on an individual's survival or reproduction should have a special fast lane into the memory bank-and they do. It is called the α2b-adrenoceptor, and it is found in the amygdala, a part of the brain involved in processing strong emotions such as fear. The role of the α2b-adrenoceptor is to promote memory formation—but only if it is stimulated by adrenaline. Since emotionally charged events are often accompanied by adrenaline secretion, the α2b-adrenoceptor acts as a gatekeeper that decides what will be remembered and what discarded.
However, the gene that encodes this receptor comes in two varieties. That led Dominique de Quervain, of the University of Zurich, to wonder if people with one variant would have better emotional memories than those with the other. The short answer, just published in Nature Neuroscience, is that they do. Moreover, since the frequencies of the two variants are different in different groups of people, whole populations may have different mixtures of emotional memory.
The reason Dr de Quervain suspected the variants might work differently is that the rarer one looks like the commoner one when the latter has a memory-enhancing drug called yohimbine attached to it. His prediction, therefore, was that better emotional memory would be associated with the rarer version.
And that did, indeed, turn out to be the case in his first experiment. This involved showing students photographs of positive scenes such as families playing together, negative scenes such as car accidents, and neutral ones, such as people on the phone. Those students with at least one gene for the rarer version of the protein ( everyone has two such genes, one from his father and one from his mother ) were twice as good at remembering details of emotionally charged scenes than were those with only the common version. When phone-caller were the subject, there was no difference in the quality of recall.
That is an interesting result, but some of Dr de Quervain's colleagues at the University of Konstanz, in Germany, were able to take it further in a second experiment. In fact, they took it all the way along a dusty road in Uganda, to the Nakivale refugee camp. This camp is home to hundreds of refugees of the Rwandan civil war of 1994.
In this second experiment the researchers were not asking about photographs. With the help of specially trained interviewers, they recorded how often people in the camp suffered flashbacks and nightmares about their wartime experiences.They then compared those results with the α2b-adrenoceptor genes in their volunteers. As predicted, those with the rare version had significantly more flashbacks than those with only the common one.
( 選自 The Economist )
1. What does "quotidian" (line 2, paragraph 1) mean?
A. danger
B. trivial
C. routine
D. custom
2. Why do people remember emotionally charged events more easily than they racall the quotidian?
A. Because there are two varieties in the gene that encodes the receptor.
B. Because the emotionally charged events are more special than the quotidian.
C. Because of the special fast lane called α2b-adrenoceptor which is found in the amygdale.
D. Because whole populations may have different mixtures of emotional memory.
3. If you show a negative scene to an adult who has one rarer version, what result can we know?
A. His quality of recall is the same as other common people.
B. He has better emotional memories than those with the common version.
C. The frequencies of the two variants are different in different groups of people.
D. Better emotional memory would be associated with the common version.
4. According to Dominique de Quervain, which of the following statements is true?
A. The whole populations may have different mixtures of emotional memory.
B. Better emotional memory would be associated with the rarer version.
C. Worse emotional memory would be associated with the common version.
D. The second experiment did by Dr. de Quervain and his colleagues is as successful as the first one.
5. What's the main idea of this article?
A. Dr. de Quervain and his colleagues proved their prediction by two experiments.
B. Better emotional memory would be associated with the rarer version of variants.
C. The gene that encodes the receptor comes in two varieties.
D. The author gives us a detailed explanation of α2b-adrenoceptor.
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（上下滑動查看單詞）
witness [ˈwɪtnəs]
n. 證人, 目擊者, 證據
vt. 目擊，為……作證，證明
accompany [əˈkʌmpəni]
vt. 陪伴, 伴奏
adrenalin [əˈdrenəlɪn]
n. [生化] 腎上腺素
impact [ˈɪmpækt]
n. 碰撞, 衝擊, 影響, 效果
vt. 擠入，撞擊，壓緊，對……發生
discard [dɪsˈkɑ:d]
vt. 丟棄，拋棄
variety [vəˈraɪəti]
n. 變化, 多樣性, 品種, 種類
amygdala [ə'mɪɡdələ]
n. [解] 扁桃形結構，如扁桃體
mixture [ˈmɪkstʃə(r)]
n. 混合, 混合物, 混合劑
processing [prəʊˈsesɪŋ]
n. 處理
charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]
n. 費用，主管
vt. 裝滿，控訴，責令，加罪於，收費
suspect [səˈspekt]
n. 嫌疑犯
adj. 令人懷疑的，可疑的
vt. 懷疑，猜想
enhance [ɪnˈhɑ:ns]
vt. 提高，增強
refugee [ˌrefjuˈdʒi:]
n. 難民，流亡者
yohimbine [jəʊ'hɪmbi:n]
n. 壯陽鹼
attached [əˈtætʃt]
adj. 附上. 的
neutral [ˈnju:trəl]
n. 中立者，中立國
adj. 中立的，中立國的，中性的
commoner [ˈkɒmənə(r)]
n. 平民，自費學生，有共用權者
recall [rɪˈkɔ:l]
vt. 回憶，回想，記起，取消
n. 召回
flashback [ˈflæʃbæk]
n. 急轉，閃回，倒敘
dusty [ˈdʌsti]
adj. 滿是灰塵的，積滿灰塵的，粉末狀的，含糊的
1. Rare events that might have an impact on an individual's survival or reproduction should have a special fast lane into the memory bank-and they do.
結構分析：本句是一個複合句。主句是Rare events should have... they do；that一個定語從句，來修飾Rare events。
參考譯文：對於那些可能影響個體生存和繁衍的不尋常事件，它們理應有一個能夠優先進入人的記憶庫的快速通道。
2. Since emotionally charged events are often accompanied by adrenaline secretion, the α2b-adrenoceptor acts as a gatekeeper that decides what will be remembered and what discarded.
結構分析：本句是一個複合句。主句是the α2b-adrenoceptor acts as a gatekeeper；Since引導的是一個原因狀語從句，同時又是一個被動句，由are often accompanied by可以看出；that引導一個定語從句，來修飾 a gatekeeper；最後出現了兩個what引導的賓語從句，並列作decides的賓語；前一個賓語從句是一個被動句。
參考譯文：由於引起情緒很大波動的事件通常伴隨著腎上腺素的分泌，α2b腎上腺素受體就像看門人一樣要決定記住哪些事而捨棄哪些事。
3. The reason Dr de Quervain suspected the variants might work differently is that the rarer one looks like the commoner one when the latter has a memory-enhancing drug called yohimbine attached to it.
結構分析：本句是一個複合句。主句是The reason is；Dr de Quervain suspected... differently是一個省略連接詞的定語從句，來修飾The reason；the variants... differently是一個省略連接詞的賓語從句，來作suspected的定語；that引導一個表語從句，來作is的表語；when引導的是一個時間狀語從句；called yohimbine是過去分詞短語作後置定語，來修飾drug；attached to it 是過去分詞短語作 has 的賓語補足語。
參考譯文：德凱爾萬博士之所以懷疑不同的變體有不同的作用是有一定的依據的。這兩種變體中，一種是較少見的變體，另一種是較常見的變體；而後者與一種叫做育亨賓可增強記憶的藥物相結合時，其作用與較少見的變體表現得一樣。
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