在長達30年的職業生涯中,張大力的作品已經從當年的地下藝術變成現今各國前衛畫廊和藝術機構頻繁展出的作品,之後又出現於各大型國際美術館組織的重要的聯展,最近幾年又舉辦了多場大型個展,幾百件作品連成的線索亮相於美術館內巨大的空間。同等重要的是,世界上有20多個重量級美術館收藏了他的作品(中國國內有8家美術館),有的作品是通過收藏家的捐助,也有的是直接購買。
In a career spanning over thirty years, Zhang Dali’s works have leaped from underground art spaces to avant-garde galleries, later on to important group exhibitions in major international museums, and more recently to large scale retrospective solo shows occupying multi-story museums with hundreds of works. Equally important is also the fact that over 20 international museums have collected his works (and 8 museums in China), both through donations made by small and big collectors and direct purchases.
「變化」 法瓦宮美術館 博洛尼亞 義大利 2018
「Meta-morphosis」 Palazzo Fava Bologna Italy 2018
「加油中國 — 牆上的筆跡」 格羅寧根美術館 荷蘭 2008
「Go China!Writing on the Wall」 Groninger Museum Groningen Netherlands 2008
是什麼使張大力的藝術如此成功?
What makes Zhang’s art so successful in the West?
乍一看,張大力的作品以中國社會正在發生的巨變為素材來挑戰權力中心和人們的審美觀念,西方觀眾可以直接聯想這種挑戰後面的思想邏輯,因為中國的現狀是一個突出的例子,當然世界上大部分地區,包括許多歐美地區,也有同樣的發展矛盾和思想爭論。儘管他的關注點始終聚焦於中國當下的社會問題和精神困惑上,但其思想基礎與內容是全球共通的,雖然各地區的習慣不一樣,但當代藝術的表達方式,及語言早就同質化了。
At a first glance, Zhang Dali’s works are centered on the changes and challenges happening in China, but to which the western public can directly relate, because the Chinese circumstance is an example of the same issues deeply felt and debated on a large part of the globe, including in many western countries. While his attention remains focused on his social and spiritual environment, the content is universal and the means of expression, or the language, of contemporary art are also universal.
「繼續革命:中國新藝術」, 薩奇畫廊倫敦,英國 2008
「The Revolution Continues: New Art from China」 Saatchi Gallery London UK 2008
種族現場製作 2005
Chinese Offspring Casting Site 2005
幾十年來,張大力一直在作品的內容和表達形式之間詮釋了其間具有獨特密切的關係。在過往的多次採訪中,他解釋並強調了他對這種新表達形式的研究,並堅信每種內容都需要不同的材料和形式與主題配合。
Zhang Dali for decades has been creating a series of works that is unique in its bond between content and form. In several interviews he has explained his research of new modes of expression and his conviction that each content requires a different media.
以下是一些關鍵的例子:
Let’s take some examples.
「身體與靈魂」 海雅雕塑美術館 荷蘭 2017
「Body and Soul」 Beelden aan Zee The Hague Holland 2017
對話與拆 朝外神路街 北京 1998
Dialogue and Demolition Chaowai Shenlu Street Beijing 1998
《對話與拆》是他在即將拆除的牆上塗鴉的一系列照片,這個系列的作品如引燃了森林之火的火種,導致了中外媒體的廣泛關注和討論。伴隨著自上而下的城市轉型和整片傳統街區的拆毀,痛苦的是幾代人喪失了他們習慣的生活方式和特別的文明基礎,他們失去賴以生存的社會空間環境。比如幾世同堂的族群、同一胡同中的鄰裡鄉親、在重要節日中的饋贈、每日的噓寒問暖和拜訪互助。傳統的居民們被迫突然搬入新蓋的摩天大樓和巨大的小區裡,他們失去了習慣的生活方式又迷失在新生活的狀態中,在這些年裡,我們親眼目睹了新城市生活的問題,認識到城市規劃和民主的關係,當然這些問題不僅僅存在於中國。
Dialogue & Demolition, a series of photos of his graffiti on walls on the brink of demolition, was the spark that ignited a forest, starting a wide public debate on Chinese and international media. With a top down urban transformation, and dislocation of whole neighborhoods, came the pain for a lost social environment which was the foundation for a way of life - different generations of people lived together, families living in the same hutong used to exchange small gifts, greet and visit each other during festivals - a way of life now lost amongst the vast skyscraper’s and compounds, where people were forced to relocate.The issue of urban living was in those years central, not only in China, but crucially, related to the issue of community and democracy.
「2018秋季沙龍」 Brücken Fremder Flüsse MDR 電視臺 馬格德堡 德國
「HERBSTALON '18」 Brücken Fremder Flüsse MDR TV Station Magdeburg Germany
貝茨學院收藏 緬因州 美國
Bates Collage Collections Maine USA
布魯克林博物館收藏 紐約 美國
Brooklyn Museum Collections New York USA
另一個系列的重要作品是與民工有關,民工即是一種社會和經濟現象,又是一種人類的現實狀況。在這裡,張大力再次在《一百個中國人》和《種族》中描繪了翻制了中國農民工的身體,身體不僅代表了物質也表達著一種精神狀態。這些作品批判了中國的社會現狀,農民工是城市的二等公民,不被接受,也得不到城市居民所擁有的權利,他們不被一視同仁,孩子上不了學校,生病了得不到醫院的醫療保障,他們受到懷疑和鄙視,就如在歐洲和美國的移民和有色人種所受到的遭遇一樣。
Another important series of works is related to the migrant working class, not only portraying it as a socio-economical phenomenon but also a human condition. In One Hundred Chinese and in Chinese Offspring, Zhang Dali is portraying the bodies of the Chinese migrant workers as an expression of a spiritual condition. These works denounce a situation typical of China in those years. Migrant workers are citizens of second grade, without the fully recognized rights of the urban population, they don’t have the same access to services, schools and hospitals, they are treated with suspect and contempt, not unlike migrants and people of color in Europe and USA.
「踐踏身體」 澳大利亞雪梨白兔美術館 2016
「Vile Bodies」 White Rabbit Gallery Sidney Australia 2016
「大膽創造: 當代藝術家的敘述」 美國丹佛美術館 2016
「Audacious: Contemporary Artists Speak Out」 Denver Art Museum USA 2016
「變化」 法瓦宮美術館 博洛尼亞 義大利 2018
「Meta-morphosis」 Palazzo Fava Bologna Italy 2018
「身體與靈魂」 海雅雕塑美術館 荷蘭 2017
「Body and Soul」 Beelden aan Zee The Hague Holland 2017
後一個例子是在過去的二十年中,圖像在文化和社會敘事中的建構,以及爆炸式圖像修改處理中的重要性,這已被藝術圈群內外廣泛討論。從上世紀九十年代末期開始,張大力就一直研究和收藏被修改過的已出版的圖片,這些圖片成為藝術家自己的「攝影檔案」,該作品最終被稱為《第二歷史》。
The third and last example is related to the importance of image in the construction of cultural and social narrative and the explosion of image manipulation. These are largely discussed topics inside and outside art circles in the last two decades. From the early 2000 Zhang Dali has worked on a 「photography archive」 of published manipulated images, this work was eventually to be titled A Second History.
他充分了解圖像的理論背景,也很熟悉蘇珊·桑塔格和羅蘭·巴特的著作,通過讀米蘭·昆德拉《笑忘錄》一書的誘因獲得靈感,張大力開始了新的旅程。他深入各個檔案館,尋找可以調查到的,通過特殊技術處理來修改的記實攝影圖像。他在2009年偶遇了藍曬這個古老的攝影術,經過多年研究實驗,他將此技術變成了自己的創作工具,並表達了新的主題和精美的細節。
Fully understanding the theoretical background, familiar with the works of Sontag and Barthes, and through the inspiration that came by reading of Milan Kundera’s The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, Zhang Dali started a new journey searching for an image that could capture the moment and be resistant to subsequent manipulation. He came across the cyanotype technique in 2009, after many experiments he tailored his own technique, developing new themes and details of implementation.
作為一種文化和藝術現象,國際策展人對該主題非常敏感,曾在美國和歐洲舉辦的許多重要展覽中都展示了張大力的新作品。
International curators have been very sensitive to this topic, both as a cultural and artistic phenomenon, many important exhibitions have taken place in USA and Europe, and have included Zhang Dali’s works.
「新攝影2011」 現代美術館 紐約 美國
「New Photography 2011」 MoMA New York USA
「從新看亞洲」 世界文化宮 柏林 德國 2008
「Re-immagining Asia House」 of World Cultures Berlin Germany 2008
「變化」 法瓦宮美術館 博洛尼亞 義大利 2018
「Meta-morphosis」 Palazzo Fava Bologna Italy 2018
美術館和策展人會在展覽主題的範圍內,圍繞某個特定時刻,廣泛討論作品內容。而這些展覽敘述某個時期的藝術作品或者是某場藝術運動,以及某段時間內的主題,這些都有助於藝術史的組織和發展。
Museums and curators choose exhibitions around a topic largely discussed in a certain moment and exhibitions that can narrate a certain period or movement in art, or a theme in a certain time, all contributing to the organization of art history.
張大力藝術已經足夠成熟(不是衡量年齡,而是走過的道路),是中國當代藝術史的裡不可或缺的藝術家,與此同時,他仍然非常有創造力和充滿了對時代變化的敏感性,以至於可以捕捉到藝術中的新挑戰。以及當下的知識話語,以及在中國和國際環境中提出的新問題,並將所有這些轉化為新的活力四射的作品。
Zhang Dali is mature enough (not as measure of age but of his path of life) to be part of Chinese contemporary art history and at the same time being so creative and sensitive to changes that he can capture the new challenges in art and the intellectual discourse of the moment. He addresses new questions raised in China and in the international milieu, and can translate and transform these complex ideas into new vibrant art works.
新冠口號 純棉布紅曬 110X175cm 2020
Covid Slogan Cyanotype on Cotton 110X175cm 2020
呼吸 純棉布藍曬 115X168cm 2020
Breathing Cyanotype on Cotton 115X168cm 2020
蝗蟲 純棉布紅曬 172X116cm 2020
Locusts Cyanotype on Cotton 172X116cm 2020
呼吸 純棉布紅曬 170X110cm 2020-6
Breathing Cyanotype on Cotton 170X110cm 2020-6
藍曬現場製作 2020
Cyanotype in the making 2020