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限制性定語從句
一、理解概念
在複合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的後面,由關係代詞或關係副詞引出。
根據定語從句與先行詞的關係,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句為先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語從句,若去掉,被修飾的主句的內容就不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句的關係十分密切,書寫時不可用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間用逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如果省去,意思仍然完整。
二、語法規則
(一)關係代詞的用法
關係
代詞
指代
在從句中充當的成分
人
物
句子
主語
賓語
表語
定語
who
√
√
√
whom
√
√
that
√
√
√
√
√
which
√
√
√
√
√
whose
√
√
√
as
√
√
√
√
√
√
1.that和which的用法
which指物,that既可指人也可指物;它們在從句中作主語、賓語或表語,which和that在從句中作賓語時可以省略。
The dishes (that/which) I cooked were Mom's favourite.
我做的菜是媽媽最喜歡的。
The man (that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
我們剛剛看到的那個人是一位著名的作家。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是過去的那座城市了。
Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
桂林是我見過的最美麗的城市。
He is the very person that they are looking for.
他正是他們在找的人。
They talked about the things and persons that they could remember in the school.
他們談論著他們能記起的學校的那些事和人。
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
一些專家認為閱讀是學校教育所依賴的基本技能。
2.who和whom的用法
who和whom指人,who在從句中可作主語和賓語,whom在從句中作賓語。
He is the man (who/whom) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見到的那個人。
Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognising their own strengths.
快樂和成功經常會眷顧那些善于欣賞自己優點的人。
3.whose的用法
whose既可指人也可指物,在從句中修飾名詞作定語。「whose+名詞」可以轉化為「the+名詞+of which/whom」和「of which/whom+the+名詞」的形式。
I live next door to a couple whose children(=the children of whom) often make a lot of noise.
我隔壁住著一對夫妻,他們的孩子經常製造很多噪聲。
Please pass me the book whose cover ( = the cover of which) is green.
請遞給我那本綠色封面的書。
4.as的用法
as引導限制性定語從句僅限於先行詞前面有such,the same等修飾時,as既可指人又可指物,在定語從句中充當主語、賓語等。
She is such a nice girl as we all like.
她是一個我們大家都喜歡的好女孩。
I bought the same dictionary as you borrowed.
我買了一本和你借的一樣的詞典。(同一類的兩本詞典)
I met the same person as/that I saw yesterday.
我遇見了昨天我看到的那個人。(同一個人)
(二)關係副詞的用法
關係副詞
指代
先行詞
在從句中充當的成分
when(=介詞+which)
時間
時間名詞
時間狀語
where(=介詞+which)
地點
地點名詞或抽象名詞(situation, point, activity, case, stage等)
地點狀語
why(=for+which)
原因
reason
原因狀語
(三)「介詞+關係代詞」引導的定語從句
在「介詞+關係代詞」引導的定語從句中,關係代詞只用whom(指人)或which(指物),不可用that。
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
這是一個我們可能長時間爭論的話題。
This is the worker with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
這就是和我哥哥一起工作了十年的那位工人。
(四)判斷關係代詞與關係副詞
方法一:用關係代詞,還是關係副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要求用關係代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關係副詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
這是我去年待過的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永遠不會忘記與你共事的日子。
判斷對錯:
(×)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(×)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(√)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(√)I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關係副詞 where, when聯繫在一起。此兩題錯在關係詞的誤用上。
方法二:準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關係代詞/關係副詞。
例1.Is this museum you visited a few days ago?
A.where B.that
C.on which D.the one
例2.Is this the museum the exhibition was held?
A.where B.that
C.on which D.the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1變為肯定句:This museum is you visited a few days ago.
例2變為肯定句:This is the museum the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既作主句的表語,又作從句的賓語,關係代詞可以省略,所以應選D。
在句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語,表地點,可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用「介詞in+which」引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。
關係詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中作主語、定語、賓語時,選擇關係代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中作狀語時,應選擇關係副詞 (where 地點狀語,when時間狀語,why原因狀語)。
即時檢測
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
用正確的關係代詞填空
1. The trees ________ stand by the river were planted by us.
2. She never gives in to those ________ have money.
3. This is the best film ________ has been shown so far in the city.
4. February is the only month ________ has fewer than 30 days.
5. My son made notes of everything ________ he read.
6. Yesterday I met the teacher ________ once taught us maths.
7. Will you show me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang?
8. The tall girl ________ is standing there is a friend of my elder sister’s.
9. The foreigner _____ visited our class yesterday is from Canada.
10. Please pass me the book _____is lying on the table.
11. ---- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you.
---- We will. Miss Chen.
12. ----Is this the new dictionary_______ you got yesterday?
----Yes. Now it's very convenient for me to look up words.
13.--Do you know the student _______got an A in the English exam?
---Of course. She is my deskmate, Li Hong
14. I really like the family photo _____ we took on my grandpa’s 80th birthday.
15. My grandparents like stories ________ endings are happy.
16. Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search to develop 「sea rice」.
17. The teacher _______I like best often encourages me to fight for my dream.
18. Jack likes being with the classmates __________are outgoing and kind.
19. A kind of shared bike _____is called bluegogo is getting more and more popular in Chengdu.
20. Tu Youyou is the woman _______ used the plant’s special power to save millions of lives.
21. His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____ family was poor.
22. It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all.
23. Can you remember the scientist and his theory _____ we have learned?
24. Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, _____ is quite unexpected.
25. _____ is reported, the number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
26. Yesterday Mr. Green went to his hometown and visited the old house in ______ he was born.
27. The man, from______ I learned the news, is an engineer.
28. — Do you like the weekly talk show The Readers on CCTV?
— Sure. It』 s a great TV program ______ purpose is to bring the habit of reading back into the public.
29. Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
30. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision.
Ⅱ.單句改錯
1.She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons which none of us has ever heard of.
2.Tibet is such a place that all the people all over the world are dreaming of visiting.
3.The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written.
4.The student in that all of the teachers took great pride was admitted into Beijing University last year.
5.We will always remember the days when we spent together.
參考答案
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1. that/which 2. who 3. that
4. that 5. that 6. who/that
7. whose 8. who/that 9. who /that
10. which/that 11. Who 12. that/which
13. who/that 14. that/which 15. whose
16. who/that 17. who/whom/that 18. who/that
19. that/which 20. who/that 21. whose
22. which 23. that 24. which
25. As 26. which 27. whom
28. whose 29. whose 30. which
Ⅱ.單句改錯
1.which→that 2. that→as
3. 去掉borrowed後的 it
4. that→whom 5. when→that
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