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1、鹿特丹規則的規定
【英文】
CHAPTER 16. VALIDITY OF CONTRACTUAL TERMS
Article 79. General provisions
1. Unless otherwise provided in this Convention, any term in acontract of carriage is void to the extent that it:
(a) Directly or indirectly excludes or limits the obligations of thecarrier or a maritime performing party under this Convention;
(b) Directly or indirectly excludes or limits the liability of thecarrier or a maritime performing party for breach of an obligation under thisConvention; or
(c) Assigns a benefit of insurance of the goods in favour of thecarrier or a person referred to in article 18.
2. Unless otherwise provided in this Convention, any term in acontract of carriage is void to the extent that it:
(a) Directly or indirectly excludes, limits or increases theobligations under this Convention of the shipper, consignee, controlling party,holder or documentary shipper; or
(b) Directly or indirectly excludes, limits or increases theliability of the shipper, consignee, controlling party, holder or documentaryshipper for breach of any of its obligations under this Convention.
【中文】
第七十九條 一般規定
一、除非本公約另有規定,運輸合同中的條款,凡有下列情形之一的,一概無效:
㈠直接或間接,排除或限制承運人或海運履約方在本公約下所承擔的義務;
㈡直接或間接,排除或限制承運人或海運履約方對違反本公約下的義務所負的賠償責任;或
㈢將貨物的保險利益轉讓給承運人或第十八條述及的人。
二、除非本公約另有規定,運輸合同中的條款,凡有下列情形之一的,一概無效:
㈠直接或間接,排除、限制或增加託運人、收貨人、控制方、持有人或單證託運人在本公約下所承擔的義務;或
㈡直接或間接,排除、限制或增加託運人、收貨人、控制方、持有人或單證託運人對違反本公約下任何義務所負的賠償責任。
2、解讀
相較海牙維斯比規則而言,該條有三大主要改變:
1、範圍有所擴大
2、不僅約束承運人,還增加了約束託運人的規定
3、託運人、收貨人、控制方、持有人或單證託運人在本公約下所承擔的義務既不能排除、限制,也不能增加,相比承運人的義務來說,設立了雙重限制。
海牙維斯比的規定:
【英文】
Article III Responsibilitiesand Liabilities
8. Any clause, covenant or agreement in a contract of carriagerelieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to or inconnection with goods arising from negligence, fault or failure in the dutiesand obligations provided in this Article or lessening such liability otherwisethan as provided in these Rules, shall be null and void and of no effect.
A benefit of insurance or similar clause shall be deemed to be aclause relieving the carrier from liability.
【中文】
第三條責任和義務
8.運輸合同中的任何條款、約定或協議,凡是解除承運人或船舶對由於疏忽、過失或未履行本條規定的責任和義務,因而引起貨物或關於貨物的滅失或損害的責任的,或以下同於本公約的規定減輕這種責任的,則一律無效。有利於承運人的保險利益或類似的條款,應視為屬於免除承運人責任的條款。
4、我國海商法的規定
【英文】
Article 44
Any stipulation in a contract of carriage of goods by sea or a billof lading or other similar documents evidencing such contract that derogatesfrom the provisions of this Chapter shall be null and void. However, suchnullity and voidness shall not affect the validity of other provisions of thecontract or the bill of lading or other similar documents. A clause assigningthe benefit of insurance of the goods in favour of the carrier or any similarclause shall be null and void.
Article 45
The provisions of Article 44 of this Code shall not prejudice theincrease of duties and obligations by the carrier besides those set out in thisChapter.
【中文】
第四十四條 海上貨物運輸合同和作為合同憑證的提單或者其他運輸單證中的條款,違反本章規定的,無效。此類條款的無效,不影響該合同和提單或者其他運輸單證中其他條款的效力。將貨物的保險利益轉讓給承運人的條款或者類似條款,無效。
第四十五條 本法第四十四條的規定不影響承運人在本章規定的承運人責任和義務之外,增加其責任和義務。
可以看出,以上條款/法律都不禁止承運人增加其責任和義務。
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