Psychologists studied 5,000 genius kids for 45 years —here are their 6 key takeaways
心理學家對5000個天才少年追蹤調查45年,這是6個重大發現
Follow thousands of superbright kids for four and a half decades, and you learn a thing or two about how to raise a high-achiever.
追蹤了這些天才少年45年,在如何培養一名成功人士方面你肯定能學到一兩招。
One of the biggest takeaways: Even kids with genius-level IQs need teachers to help them reach their full potential.
最重要的建議之一:即便是高智商的孩子,都需要老師幫助他發揮最大的潛力。
Since it began in 1971, the "Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth," or SMPY, has tracked 5,000 of the smartest the children in America — the top 1%, 0.1%, and even 0.01% of all students. It is the longest-running study of gifted children in history.
「天才數學少年的研究」簡稱SMPY,始於1971年,它在美國追蹤了5000名最聰明的孩子—他們是那個最頂尖的1%,0.1%,甚至是0.01%的學生。這也是歷史上研究有天賦的孩子的持續時間最長的一次。
Here's what the study found.
研究發現了以下這些內容。
The top 1%, 0.1%, and 0.01% of kids lead exceptional lives.
這些佔1%,0.1%,或0.01%的孩子過著非凡的生活。
SMPY (pronounced "simpy") initially tested kids' intelligence using the SAT, university entrance exams, and other IQ tests. Researchers later began looking at additional factors like college enrollment and career paths later in life.
SMPY(發音是simpy)首先用SAT,大學入學考試和其他智力測驗來檢測孩子們的智力,研究者們在他們的以後生活中關注他們的其他表現如大學入學考試和入職測試。
What they found was the most-gifted kids went on to earn doctorates and graduate degrees, and hold patents at rates far above less-gifted children. Most sit among the top 5% of income earners.
他們發現這些天才兒童都具有博士學位和碩士學位,並且素質遠遠高於那些天賦較弱的孩子。他們的大多數都屬於收入最高的5%的人群之一。
"Whether we like it or not, these people really do control our society," Jonathan Wai, a psychologist at the Duke University Talent Identification Program, recently told Nature.
「不管你喜不喜歡,這些人控制著我們的社會,」Jonathan Wai最近告訴Nature說,他是杜克大學人才識別項目的心理醫生。
Genius kids don't get enough attention.
天才少年們沒有受到重視。
The trouble is that genius kids often receive too little attention from their teachers, who may be inclined to write off bright students as having already met their potential.
麻煩的是這些天才少年經常得不到他們的老師的重視,他們傾向於忽視這些孩子因為他們已經發揮了潛力。
When SMPY researchers looked at how much attention teachers gave to these gifted children, they found that the overwhelming majority of class time was spent helping low-achieving students get to the middle.
當SMPY的研究者們觀察這些天才少年在老師那裡得到多少關注時,他們發現絕大多數的課堂時間是用來幫助落後的學生達到中等水平的。
SMPY suggests that teachers should avoid teaching a one-size-fits-all curriculum and instead focus on doing the best they can to create individualized lesson plans for students.
SMPY建議老師避免使用統一的教材,而是專注於盡最大努力為每個學生定製專門的學習計劃。
Skipping a grade works.
跳級是可行的。
To help kids reach their potential, teachers and parents should consider moving a gifted child up a grade, SMPY suggests.
SMPY建議,為了幫助孩子發揮潛力,老師和家長應該考慮讓孩子向上跳一級。
When researchers compared a control group of gifted students who didn't skip a grade with those who did, the grade-skippers were 60% more likely to earn patents and doctorates — and more than twice as likely to get a doctorate in a field related to science, technology, engineering, or math.
當研究者們把一組沒有跳級的天才少年和一組已經跳級的相比較時,跳級的那組比不跳的那組的擁有專利和博士的比率高出60%--且在科學、技術、工程、或數學領域的,更高出兩倍。
Intelligence is highly varied.
智力變化很大。
Being smart doesn't just mean having an ability to memorize facts or recall names and dates. SMPY has repeatedly found, throughout multiple follow-up analyses, that some of the smartest kids possess a great capacity for spatial reasoning.
聰明並不是指意味著記住東西的能力或記住名字和日期等等。SMPY在貫穿各種不同的分析過程中多次發現,一些最聰明孩子具有超常的空間推理能力。
These kids have a talent for visualizing systems, such as the human circulatory system or the anatomy of a Honda. In 2013, follow-up surveys found a strong connection between spatial-reasoning skills and the number of patents filed and peer-reviewed papers published.
這些孩子的空間想像能力很強,比如人體循環系統或解剖本田汽車的結構。2013年,追蹤的調查發現,他們在空間推理能力、專利申請數量、以及同行評審的論文發表數量方面都有見長。
Standardized tests aren't always a waste of time.
標準化的考試並不總是在浪費時間
Standardized tests — the SAT among the famous of them — can't measure everythingteachers and parents need to know about a child.
標準化的考試---SAT就是這些著名的考試之一---並不能幫助老師和家長想了解衡量一個孩子的全部能力。
But SMPY's data suggests that the SAT and other standardized measures of intelligence do hold some predictive power — while still accounting for factors like socioeconomic status and level of practice.
但是SMPY的數據說明SAT和其它的智力測試確有一定預知能力 - 也同時考慮了社會經濟地位和實踐水平等因素。
Camilla Benbow, one of the researchers studying SMPY, said these tests were best used to figure out what kids are good at so that teachers can focus their attention on different areas.
Camilla Benbow是研究SMPY的一員,說這些測驗可以測試出孩子在什麼方面突出,以便老師能集中精力放在每個孩子不同的領域。
Grit doesn't overshadow early cognitive ability.
早期的認知能力不會被後期的堅持所掩蓋
The psychologist Carol Dweck has found that successful people tend to keep what's known as a "growth mindset" as opposed to a "fixed mindset." They view themselves as fluid, changing beings that can adapt and grow — they are not static.
心理學家CarolDweck發現那些成功的人士傾向於「發展的思維模式」而非「固化的思維模式」。他們把自己看做是有適應、發展能力的液體,---他們並非靜止不變的。
SMPY agrees with that assessment, but it also has found that the earliest signs of cognitive ability in kids can predict how well they'll do later in life, ignoring all the practice that may or may not come in between.
SMPY同意這一認識,但也發現孩子的最早期的認知能力的跡象能預知他們在未來可能達到某個高度,無論中間是否發生了或者沒有發生什麼。
With that kind of future on the line, it's up to parents and teachers to recognize abilities early on and nurture them as much as possible.
有了那樣的未來,家長和老師就能儘早的認識到孩子們的潛力,並儘可能多的培養他們。
重點單詞彙總
genius:天才; 天賦; 天才人物;
gifted :有天賦的; 有才華的;
one-size-fits-all curriculum: 一刀切課程
skip a grade: 跳級;跳班;
spatial reasoning: 空間推理;
grit: 剛毅,堅韌;
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