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俗話說「日有所思，夜有所夢」，幾乎人人都做夢，尤其是幾種常見的夢境，比如被人追趕、考試、趕不上火車/飛機、找廁所、掉牙、墜落、飛行等等。可是你知道你為什麼會做夢嗎？你做的夢有什麼含義嗎？
As the saying goes, 「Thinking about it in daytime and dreaming about at night」, almost everyone has dreams, especially several common ones, such as being chased, taking an exam, missing a train/plane, finding a toilet, losing a tooth, falling, flying, and so on. But do you know why you dream? Do the dreams have mean anything?
作為一種神秘的現象，人類對夢的思索從古至今就沒有停過。早在5000年前，美索不達米亞的蘇美爾人就開始用夢境來佔卜了。公元前兩千年的古埃及人也認為夢是某種神諭，可以傳遞來自神明的信息，他們的神廟甚至還有特殊的「夢床」用來接收神明的指導。古希臘人神話中還有專門司掌夢境的神明摩爾甫斯，他們相信神明會從鑰匙孔潛入夢境，傳遞完神諭之後再從鑰匙孔離開。
As a mysterious phenomenon, human beings have been thinking about dreams since ancient times. As early as 5,000 years ago, the Sumerians in Mesopotamia began to use dreams for divination. The ancient Egyptians in the second millennium B.C. also believed that dreams were some kind of oracle that could deliver messages from the gods, and their temples even had special "dream beds" used to receive guidance from the gods. In ancient Greek mythology, there were also special gods in charge of the dream world, Morpheus, they believed that the gods would sneak into the dream world through the keyhole, and then leave through the keyhole after delivering the oracle.
在中國古代，人們認為夢有預兆的功能，所以誕生了《周公解夢》這樣的夢佔手冊，夢中的元素都產生了和現實生活相關的含義。民間信仰中，夢成為了鬼神與人類溝通的方式，人們相信神佛可以託夢以示吉兇，枉死的冤魂可以託夢叫屈甚至提供證據。在《西遊記》中就有一個經典情節，烏雞國國王的魂魄通過託夢的方式向唐僧求助。
In ancient China, it was believed that dreams had the function of omens, which produced dream-accounting handbooks such as "The Interpretation of Dreams by the Duke of Zhou", in which the elements of dreams all produced meanings related to real life. In folk beliefs, dreams became a way for ghosts and gods to communicate with humans, and people believed that gods and Buddhas could entrust dreams to show good fortune and bad luck, and unjust ghosts who died in vain could entrust dreams to complain and even provide evidence. In "Journey to the West", there is a classic episode in which the ghost of the king of Wuji kingdom asks the Tang monk for help by a dream.
2 今人說夢 Modern Dream Interpretation說夢之前，得先說一說睡眠。從神經科學的角度來觀察，人和很多動物的睡眠都不是均勻的，而是分為快速眼動睡眠與非快速眼動睡眠。顧名思義，快速眼動睡眠期間，眼球會快速運動，同時身體肌肉也放鬆下來，準確地說肌肉會進入麻痺狀態，但是大腦的活動卻和清醒狀態有些類似，而我們的夢境也就發生在這一階段的睡眠中。這兩種睡眠大約以90分鐘為周期交替出現，每天晚上快速眼動睡眠大約有2小時左右。這也就是說我們的一生大約有整整6年的時候是在夢境中度過，雖然多數夢境我們都沒有任何印象了。
Before we talk about dreams, we have to talk about sleep. From a neuroscientific point of view, the sleep of humans and many animals is not uniform, but divided into rapid eye movement sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep. As the name implies, during REM sleep, the eyes move rapidly and the body muscles relax, to be precise the muscles go into a state of paralysis, but the brain activity is somewhat similar to the waking state, and our dreams occur during this stage of sleep. These two types of sleep alternate in cycles of about 90 minutes, and there are about 2 hours of REM sleep each night. This means that we spend about 6 full years of our lives in dreams, although most of them we have no memory of.
說起對夢的研究，就不得不提到19世紀末著名的精神分析師弗洛伊德，他的《夢的解析》幾乎家喻戶曉。弗洛伊德認為夢反映的主要是無意識欲望的滿足，通常是與童年的記憶和經驗相關。他將夢分為了「顯夢」和「隱夢」，「顯夢」的內容流於表面而意義不大，「隱夢」則是將白天壓抑的欲望扭曲地、掩飾地表達出來。夢的功用則是守護睡眠的連續性，讓睡眠中產生的生理衝動在夢境中得到滿足，這樣做夢的人就不會醒來。為了解釋夢境， 弗洛伊德定義了一系列的象徵物，頗有些類似近代版《周公解夢》，人的意識也被解構成了機械化的程序。
When it comes to the study of dreams, one has to mention the famous late 19th century psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, whose "The Analysis of Dreams" is a well-known book. Freud believed that dreams reflected mainly the satisfaction of unconscious desires, usually related to childhood memories and experiences. He divided dreams into "manifest dreams", which are superficial and of little significance, and 「latent dreams The "manifest dreams" are superficial and of little significance, while the 「latent dreams" are a distorted and disguised expression of the desires repressed during the day. The function of dreams is to guard the continuity of sleep, so that the physiological impulses generated during sleep are satisfied in the dream state, so that the dreamer does not wake up. In order to explain dreams, Freud defined a series of symbols, quite similar as a recent version of the "The Interpretation of Dreams by the Duke of Zhou", and the human consciousness was deconstructed into a mechanized program.
另一位精神分析大師榮格則不贊同弗洛伊德的觀點。榮格承認夢是潛意識的反映，但是他認為夢反映的是更深層的信仰與態度，不僅僅是那些被自我壓抑的欲望。通過對夢境的挖掘，可以幫助人們解決情緒上或信仰上的問題以及深層的恐懼。所以榮格並不贊同弗洛伊德對夢中象徵物的解釋，他認為這種象徵物是我們的潛意識想要表達一個未知事物時候的表現方式，它的含義是由做夢者的個體經驗塑造的，並非是普適的。也就是說，夢境的產生是和整個意識、體驗、感知的大網緊緊纏繞在一起的。說白了，就是想要分析一個夢，必須先分析做夢的人。
Jung, another master of psychoanalysis, disagreed with Freud's view. Jung acknowledged that dreams are a reflection of the subconscious mind, but he believed that dreams reflect deeper beliefs and attitudes than just those desires that have been repressed by the ego. By tapping into dreams, people can be helped to resolve emotional or belief problems and deep-seated fears. Therefore, Jung did not agree with Freud's interpretation of dream symbols, which he considered as the way our subconscious mind expresses when it wants to express an unknown thing, and its meaning is shaped by the dreamer's individual experience and is not universal. In other words, the generation of dreams is tightly entwined with the whole web of consciousness, experience, and perception. To put it bluntly, it means that in order to analyze a dream, one must first analyze the person who dreamed it.
3 高山寺的夢僧 The Dream Monk of Takayama Temple精神分析師光是分析眼前患者的夢境就已經足夠困難，而有一位榮格學派的精神分析師竟然試著去分析一位千年前古代僧人的夢境。這位僧人是公元12世紀日本高山寺的明惠和尚，他從19歲開始記錄自己的夢境一直到圓寂的頭一年，所以留下了大量可供分析的材料。這位分析師是河合隼雄，是一位專業的精神治療師。為了分析明惠和尚的夢，作者參閱了明惠和尚的生平以及大量佛教哲學，輔之以其他文化、宗教中的意象解讀。
It was difficult enough for psychoanalysts to analyze the dreams of their patients, but one Jungian psychoanalyst tried to analyze the dreams of an ancient monk from a thousand years ago. This monk was the Monk Akie of Takayama Temple in Japan in the 12th century A.D. He started recording his dreams from the age of 19 until the first year of his death, so he left behind a large amount of material for analysis. This analyst was Hayao Kawai, a professional psychotherapist. In order to analyze Monk Akie's dreams, the author consulted his life and a great deal of Buddhist philosophy, supplemented by interpretations of imagery from other cultures and religions.
斯人已逝，千年前的古人也無法說明河合隼雄的解讀是否正確，但是從這本書中，我們可以清楚地看到榮格精神分析方法是如何去解讀夢境中出現的那些意象的，是如何窺探出明惠和尚的心靈狀態的，也讓我們了解到了榮格的精神分析體系中使用到的種種原型。
The Monk has passed away, the ancient people of a thousand years ago could not say whether the interpretation of Hayao Kawai was correct or not. But from this book, we can clearly see how the Jungian psychoanalytic method interpreted the imagery that appeared in the dream, how the psychic state of Monk Akie was revealed, and how the archetypes used in the Jungian psychoanalytic system were introduced to us.
一般來說，有一定禪修境界的禪師們留下的心要對於普通人來說都顯得晦澀難懂，明惠和尚卻將他的修行體驗與境界都反映在了夢境中。藉由現代精神分析師的解讀，我們也得以一同體驗一下禪修的歷程。
Generally speaking, the mindful records left behind by Zen masters with a certain level of meditation practice seems obscure to ordinary people, but Monk Akie reflects his practice experience and realm in dreams. Through the interpretation of modern psychoanalyst, we are able to experience the journey of meditation together.
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