委婉語在英語中稱為euphemism,它源自希臘語euphēmizein 其中eu-含義是well,-phēmē意思是speaking,加起來的意思即「說好話」。委婉語是人們創造出來的一種文雅的語言表達形式,可以減少因為直截了當的措辭而產生的種種不愉快的聯想,使溝通更加順利。
委婉語源自於社會禁忌,當某一行為或事物為社會所禁忌,與之相關聯的詞彙也成為禁忌。比如在西方褻瀆神靈是大罪,基督教徒不準濫用上帝的名字或說對上帝不敬的話,為此人們發明了不少詞語來代替God,比如gosh/goodness。這一禁忌也延伸到了詛咒語上,例如人們為了避免用hell/damn而改用heck/darn
幾乎在所有文化中人們都忌諱直接談及「死亡」,因此大量與死亡相關的委婉語就應運而生。比如在漢語中可以說:溘然長逝、駕鶴西去、與世長辭、了結塵緣、長眠、仙逝等,在英語中則有pass away/breathe your last/go to heaven/rest in peace/go west 等說法。林肯在著名的《葛底斯堡演講》(The Gettysburg Address)中有這樣的句子:
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
這裡他用a final resting place來代替graveyard,用gave their lives來代替died,讀起來更加有感情,更能體現他對這些將士的尊敬。
除了死亡之外,年老和疾病也是人們忌諱的話題。人們會委婉地稱老年人為 senior citizens/the elderly/elderly people,如果某人罹患癌症可以委婉地說:He or She is terminally ill. 而不說:He or She has cancer.
委婉語的另外一個重要功能是體現禮貌和尊敬。比如英語中有不少關於容貌和身材的委婉語。形容一個人「胖」不說fat,而是說plump;形容一個人「瘦」也不說thin,而是說slim/slender;如果要形容一個人長得醜,人們也會儘量避免使用ugly,而是用plain/homely,比如:Mrs Cookson was a rather plain woman. 或者乾脆說:Mrs Cookson was not particularly good-looking.
對於一些比較底層的職業,人們有時候也會仿造一些高級職業的說法來稱呼它們,以此來提升這些職業的「檔次」。比如將hairdresser 稱為beautician,將plumber稱為heating engineer,將mechanic稱為automobile engineer。小布希在父親葬禮上的悼詞中有這樣一句話:
He was a tolerant man. After all, he was kind and neighborly to the women with whom he, mom and I shared a bathroom in our small duplex – even after he learned their profession – ladies of the night.
葬禮是一個莊嚴的場合,悼詞中出現prostitutes不合適,所以小布希用ladies of the night這一委婉語來代替。
除此之外,委婉語還可以起到掩飾作用。在外交場合以及新聞報導中,人們會使用一些看似積極的委婉語來掩蓋問題的存在。比如西方一些新聞媒體和政客將經濟危機稱為depression,而不是economic crisis,以此來讓問題顯得不那麼嚴重。又比如將poor areas稱為disadvantaged/underprivileged areas,將slum(貧民窟)改為更好聽的說法special areas/substandard housing;軍隊入侵別的國家不說invasion,而是說preemptive action,以增加行動的合法性。
丹布朗的書籍Origin中有這樣的片段:
「I have no idea how this man persuaded Ms. Vidal to abandon her security and run off with him, but Mr. Langdon is clearly a liability. Your mission is to find Ms. Vidal and bring her back, by force if necessary.」 「And if Langdon interferes?」 There was a heavy silence. 「Do your best to limit collateral damage,」 the caller replied, 「but this crisis is severe enough that Professor Langdon would be an acceptable casualty.」
西班牙皇室護衛接到上級命令要將王子的未婚妻Vidal帶回皇宮。當護衛問到如果蘭登教授幹預應該如何處理時,上級的回答是:Do your best to limit collateral damage. 這裡collateral damage是一個委婉語,用來代替deaths and injuries,這一用法在軍事報導中經常出現。Professor Langdon would be an acceptable casualty. 也是委婉語,相當於 You can kill Professor Langdon.
總結:
委婉語能夠體現禮貌和尊敬,讓交際更加順利地進行,同時它也能從側面反映出一個社會普遍接受的行為規範、思維方式以及人文習俗。對於英語中的委婉語我們在平時可以多加關注,熟悉它們的應用場景,這樣才能更加準確地理解和使用它們。
作者:魏劍峰
來源於:英文悅讀
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