來源：Freedom in Thought
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譯製：Liuzhe，Leon Yong
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在之前的視頻中我們討論過
in my last essay we discussed
批判性思維的重要性
the importance of critical thinking
現在是時候回答這個重要的問題了
now it's time to answer the trillion dollar question
如何成為一個批判性思考的人
how do you become a critical thinker
我應該重申一下，我所說的批判性思維
I should reiterate that I am talking about critical thinking
是一種人格特質，而不是一種技能
in the sense that it is a personality trait and not a skill
批判性地思考世界這一傾向
the tendency to think critically about the world
來自於恰當的性格特徵
emerges from having the proper character traits
我認為以下幾點特徵就是很好的開始
I think the following traits serve as a good starting point
開放和公平的思想，求知慾，靈活性
open and fair mindedness inquisitiveness flexibility
尋求理性的傾向，想要見多識廣的願望
a propensity to seek reason a desire to be well-informed
以及尊重並願意接受
and a respect for and willingness
不同的觀點
to entertain diverse viewpoints
艾米莉·賴·皮爾森這樣評估
Emily Lai Pearson assessments
成為一個批判性思考的人沒有捷徑可走
there is no quick hack to becoming a critical thinker
但是有一些習慣是可以養成的
but there are some habits that one can build
讓你改變自己的性格走上正確的方向
to alter their character in the right direction
第一種習慣是大量廣泛的閱讀
habit number one read a lot and read widely
讓自己接觸獨特的觀點是激發好奇心
exposing yourself to unique points of view is a good way
和保持開放心態的好方法
to spark constant curiosity and to stay open-minded
博覽群書的人知道看待問題
well-read people understand that there are multiple ways
有多種方法
to look at a problem
觀察世界的有很多種角度
and multiple lenses with which to view the world
習慣二不要過早下結論
habit number two don't jump to conclusions
一個好的批判性思考的人會養成
a good critical thinker has built up the habit of
不急於下結論的習慣
not jumping to conclusions
尤其是在缺乏數據的情況下
especially in the absence of data
只有當他們對一個主題進行了深入的研究
they only make a judgement once they have studied
並且能夠用合理的推理來證明自己的立場時
a topic in some depth and can justify their position
他們才會做出判斷
with sound reasoning
第三個習慣是建立系統而不是目標
habit number three create systems not goals
例如，創造一個習慣或慣例的系統
for example creating a system habit or ritual
來促進每天寫作
that promotes writing every day is more effective
遠比設定每周寫一篇文章的目標更有效
than setting the goal of writing an essay a week
一個系統可以被測量、細化和優化
a system can be measured refined and optimized
一個目標則不能
a goal cannot
我可以對系統的輸入進行操作
I can work on the inputs of my system
從而提高輸出的質量和數量
to create better quality and quantity of outputs
而一個目標則只關注輸出
a goal only focuses on the outputs
為了提高我的寫作質量
to improve the quality of my writing
我創建了一個在完成每一篇文章後
I created checklist that I can run through
可以快速檢查的清單
after completing each essay
每次我使用這一系統，我都能寫出更好的文章
every time I use my system I create better essays
每寫完一篇文章，我都會回顧並完善我的系統
with every essay I finish I go back and refine my system
這是一個可以衡量和改進的反饋循環
it's a feedback loop that can be measured and improve
習慣四 和自己爭論
habit number four argue with yourself
偉大的思想家習慣於機智地
great thinkers routinely and intelligently
嘗試反駁自己的觀點
try to counter their own arguments
他們不停地嘗試反駁
they go back and forth until
直到基於他們現有知識的
only the most rational and strongest argument exists
最理性和最有力的論點出現
based on the knowledge they have
這也是任何優秀科學家的使命
this is also the mission of any good scientists
科學家總是試圖證明他們是錯的而不是對的
the scientist tries to prove themselves wrong not right
當他們無法再證明自己的錯誤
when they continually fail to do so
很可能剩下的就是真理了
it's very likely that only the truth remains
習慣五 願意改變你的觀點
habit number five be willing to change your opinion
不依附於現有的信息
be unattached to information
在更好的數據面前
have the willingness to change an opinion
願意改變自己的觀點
in the face of better data
第六種習慣 寫作
habit number six write
寫作即思考
writing is thinking
我們越擅長寫作，就越擅長思考
the better we get at writing the better we get at thinking
寫作還能幫助我們把我們實際知道的東西
writing also helps us separate what we actually know
和我們自以為知道的東西分開
from what we think we know
習慣七 尋求逆境
habit number seven seek adversity
這個習慣是有爭議的，但我相信它是最強大的
this one is controversial but I believe it's the most powerful
學校沒有教會批判性思維的主要原因
the main reason schools fail to teach critical thinking
就是因為他們沒有創造最合適的環境
is because they don't create the optimal environment
來培養正確的性格特點
to foster the correct character trains
學校過於標準化和結構化
schools are overly standardized and structured
規則非常死板
the rules are very rigid
一旦學生理解了這些規則
once students understand the rules
學校就變成了一場遊戲
school becomes a game
一旦他們建立起有效的遊戲策略
once they've established a game strategy that works
他們就會非常消極地進行遊戲，得過且過
they can play the game very passively and get by
大多數學生很快就能學會得到一份工作
most students quickly learn the bare minimum
所需要的最低限度的努力
amount of effort required to get a job
然後他們就沒有動力
and then they have no incentive
再去努力工作和積極思考了
to work harder and to think actively
但如果你讓他們從遊戲中出局
but if you take them out of that game
如果你打破了這種沉浸感
if you break the immersion
他們就得被迫進行批判性思考
they are now forced to think critically
在逆境中，他們會學會創造新的規則
in adversity they learn to create new rules
打破舊的規則
and break old ones
他們必須這麼做，因為否則無法生存
they have to because it's either do or die
從被動的思考者向主動的思考者的轉變
the shift from a passive thinker to an active thinker
在表面上是很難察覺的
is very subtle on the surface
因為它發生在內部
because it happens internally
它需要內在的確信
it requires internal conviction
對自己的強大信念
a strong belief in oneself
不管我給一個人多少建議
regardless of how many tips I give someone
讓他們成為一個批判性思考的人
to become a critical thinker
它最終還是來自於內心深處的渴望
it ultimately has to come from a deep desire within
大多數偉人都經歷過逆境
most great women and men have gone through adversity
為什麼?
why
因為逆境會滋生很多內心的信念
because adversity generates a lot of internal conviction
這種內在的信念驅使著他們
this internal conviction drives them
並不斷地把他們轉換到積極的思維模式
and constantly shifts them into active modes of thinking
他們不再防禦性地生活
instead of living defensively
還是兇猛地主動出擊
they attack life with ferocity
他們知道自己總有一天會死去
they know they're gonna die one day
時間正在流逝，他們不知道那一天何時到來
time is running out they don't know when that day will come
所以他們主動出擊
so they attack life
他們與死亡賽跑
they race against death
因為他們有要實現的目標
because they have a purpose to fulfill
我喜歡把批判性思維看作一種意向，而不是一種技能
I like to think of critical thinking as a tendency and not a skill
偉大的思想家在日常生活中
great thinkers constantly tend towards critical thinking
也會傾向批判性思維
in their daily lives
如果學校不能教會學生批判性思維
if school doesn't teach students critical thinking
人們該在哪裡學習它呢
where are people learning it
生活、逆境、書本、網絡
life adversity books the Internet
這些人即使身處學校也會成為批判性思考的人
these people become critical thinkers despite school
而不是因為學校才成為
not because of it
他們學會批判性思維是因為他們不得不學會
they learn it because they have to
我相信有一天學校會創造出
I believe that one day schools will catch up into a better job
更適合的環境
of fostering this environment
但值得慶幸的是，我們總是有能力
but thankfully we always have the power
給自己找到合適的環境去學習
to put ourselves in a position to learn it
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