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我們能預見下一次大規模的疾病爆發嗎？在伊波拉病毒爆發之前阻止它？在這篇關於前沿科學研究的演講中，生態學家丹尼爾·斯特雷克帶我們來到秘魯的亞馬遜雨林，他在那裡追蹤吸血蝙蝠的活動，以便預測和預防狂犬病爆發。通過研究這些疾病模式，斯特雷克向我們展示了如何從源頭上切斷下一次大流行。
演講者：Daniel Streicker
演講題目：What vaccinating vampire bats can teach us about pandemics
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中英文對照翻譯
The story that I'm going to tell you today, for me, began back in 2006. That was when I first heard about an outbreak of mysterious illness that was happening in the Amazon rainforest of Peru. The people that were getting sick from this illness, they had horrifying symptoms, nightmarish. They had unbelievable headaches, they couldn't eat or drink. Some of them were even hallucinating -- confused and aggressive. The most tragic part of all was that many of the victims were children.
今天我要講的故事對於我來說，始於2006 年。那是我第一次聽到秘魯亞馬遜雨林正在上演一場神秘疾病的大爆發。因為這個疾病，人們開始感到不適。他們出現了噩夢般的可怕症狀；經歷著難以忍受的的頭痛，難以喝水進食。他們有的甚至產生了幻覺——變得困惑與激進。最讓人心碎的是，大部分的病患是兒童。
And of all of those that got sick, none survived. It turned out that what was killing people was a virus, but it wasn't Ebola, it wasn't Zika, it wasn't even some new virus never before seen by science. These people were dying of an ancient killer, one that we've known about for centuries. They were dying of rabies. And what all of them had in common was that as they slept, they'd all been bitten by the only mammal that lives exclusively on a diet of blood: the vampire bat.
而且所有這些病患，無人倖存。最後事實證明是一種病毒殺害了那些人，但不是伊波拉，也不是寨卡，它甚至不是科學家前所未聞的新病毒。這些病患的離去是由一種古老的殺手造成的，一種在幾百年前就知曉的的病毒。病患們死於狂犬病。他們的一個共同點是，在睡覺時，都被一種僅以嗜血為生的哺乳動物給咬了：吸血蝠。
These sorts of outbreaks that jump from bats into people, they've become more and more common in the last couple of decades. In 2003, it was SARS. It showed up in Chinese animal markets and spread globally. That virus, like the one from Peru, was eventually traced back to bats, which have probably harbored it, undetected, for centuries. Then, 10 years later, we see Ebola showing up in West Africa, and that surprised just about everybody because, according to the science at the time, Ebola wasn't really supposed to be in West Africa. That ended up causing the largest and most widespread Ebola outbreak in history.
這類疾病的大爆發從蝙蝠轉移到了人，在過去幾十年中已經變得越發普遍。在2003年，是非典。它首現於中國動物市場，並肆虐全球。那病毒，就像是秘魯的那個一樣，最終被追溯到蝙蝠，它們可能已經藏匿該病毒長達幾百年，卻從未被發現。10年後，我們看到伊波拉出現在西非，這震驚了所有人，因為根據當時的科學表明，伊波拉不應該出現在西非。但它卻導致了史上 傳播最廣，規模最大的伊波拉病毒爆發。
So there's a disturbing trend here, right? Deadly viruses are appearing in places where we can't really expect them, and as a global health community, we're caught on our heels. We're constantly chasing after the next viral emergency in this perpetual cycle, always trying to extinguish epidemics after they've already started. So with new diseases appearing every year, now is really the time that we need to start thinking about what we can do about it. If we just wait for the next Ebola to happen, we might not be so lucky next time. We might face a different virus, one that's more deadly, one that spreads better among people, or maybe one that just completely outwits our vaccines, leaving us defenseless.
這是一個令人不安的趨勢，對吧？致命的病毒正出現於我們無法真正預期的地方。而作為全球健康社區，我們一直在忙於應對。我們一直在追逐下一個病毒帶來的緊急情況，總是在疫情已經開始蔓延後，努力消滅它們。隨著每年新疾病的出現，現在，真的是需要開始思考我們能為之做什麼的時候了。如果我們僅僅等著下一個伊波拉的出現，那時，我們可能就不會這麼幸運了。我們可能面對著一個不同的病毒，一個更加致命的病毒，一個人類間傳播能力更強的病毒，或可能是效力完全勝於疫苗，讓我們束手無策的病毒。
So can we anticipate pandemics? Can we stop them? Those are really hard questions to answer, and the reason is that the pandemics -- the ones that spread globally, the ones that we really want to anticipate -- they're actually really rare events. And for us as a species that is a good thing -- that's why we're all here. But from a scientific standpoint, it's a little bit of a problem. That's because if something happens just once or twice, that's really not enough to find any patterns. Patterns that could tell us when or where the next pandemic might strike. So what do we do?
那麼我們可以預測疾病大流行嗎？我們能夠阻止它們嗎？這些是非常難以回答的問題，而其中的原因是大流行——那些傳播於全球的流行病，那些我們非常想要去預測的流行病——它們實際上是罕見事件。對於我們，作為一個物種，是一件好事——這就是為何我們都在這裡。但從科學角度來看，這是有一些問題的。因為一件事如果只發生一兩次，那就真的不足以發現任何規律，可以告訴我們何時或何地下一場流行病毒可能發生的規律。那麼我們該怎麼做？
Well, I think one of the solutions we may have is to study some viruses that routinely jump from wild animals into people, or into our pets, or our livestock, even if they're not the same viruses that we think are going to cause pandemics. If we can use those everyday killer viruses to work out some of the patterns of what drives that initial, crucial jump from one species to the next, and, potentially, how we might stop it, then we're going to end up better prepared for those viruses that jump between species more rarely but pose a greater threat of pandemics.
我認為其中一個解決方案就是，我們可能可以研究一些常規性從野生動物傳播到人身上的病毒，或到我們寵物、牲畜的病毒，即使它們和我們認為造成大流行的病毒不同，如果我們可以利用那些日常殺手病毒來找到一些規律，例如是什麼驅動了最初的病毒的物種間轉移，以及，我們可能如何阻止轉移的發生，這樣為應對未來更小概率的物種間轉移，但對大流行造成更大威脅的病毒，我們將做出更加充分的準備。
Now, rabies, as terrible as it is, turns out to be a pretty nice virus in this case. You see, rabies is a scary, deadly virus. It has 100 percent fatality. That means if you get infected with rabies and you don't get treated early, there's nothing that can be done. There is no cure. You will die. And rabies is not just a problem of the past either. Even today, rabies still kills 50 to 60,000 people every year. Just put that number in some perspective. Imagine the whole West African Ebola outbreak -- about two-and-a-half years; you condense all the people that died in that outbreak into just a single year. That's pretty bad. But then, you multiply it by four, and that's what happens with rabies every single year.
然而如此可怕的狂犬病毒，事實證明已經是比較「友善」的了。大家都知道，狂犬病毒多麼令人聞聲色變，它是致命的，且具有百分百的死亡率。這意味著如果你被它感染，而且沒儘早接受治療，那你就會走投無路。無藥可治，你必死無疑。此外，狂犬病毒不僅是一個歷史問題。甚至在今天，該病毒每年仍能殺死5 - 6萬人。換個角度看看這個數字。想像整個西非的伊波拉疫情爆發——持續了大約2年至2年半，把所有在疫情爆發中死亡的人數壓縮到一年。這聽起來蠻糟糕的。但你再把這數字乘以4，就是每一年狂犬病疫情的情況。
So what sets rabies apart from a virus like Ebola is that when people get it, they tend not to spread it onward. That means that every single time a person gets rabies, it's because they were bitten by a rabid animal, and usually, that's a dog or a bat. But it also means that those jumps between species, which are so important to understand, but so rare for most viruses, for rabies, they're actually happening by the thousands.
讓狂犬病毒有別於伊波拉病毒的是，當人們被病毒感染時，往往不會繼續傳播給其他人。這意味著每次當一個人接觸到狂犬病病毒，都是因為他們被攜帶狂犬病的動物咬了，通常是狗或蝙蝠。但這也意味著我們對於那些物種間傳播的病毒的理解認知是如此重要，但對大部分病毒來說卻又如此罕見。然而對狂犬病毒來說，物種間傳播是非常頻繁的。
So in a way, rabies is almost like the fruit fly or the lab mouse of deadly viruses. This is a virus that we can use and study to find patterns and potentially test out new solutions. And so, when I first heard about that outbreak of rabies in the Peruvian Amazon, it struck me as something potentially powerful because this was a virus that was jumping from bats into other animals often enough that we might be able to anticipate it ... Maybe even stop it.
所以從某種程度上，狂犬病毒就好比果蠅，或是攜帶致命病毒的實驗室老鼠。這是一種我們可以用來研究以找尋規律的病毒，有可能幫助我們找到新的解決方案。所以，當我第一次聽到秘魯亞馬遜的狂犬病大爆發，我驚訝於這潛在的、如此強大的威力，因為這是個能夠從蝙蝠轉移到其它動物身上的病毒，通常我們可能足以預見它……甚至可能阻止它。
So as a first-year graduate student with a vague memory of my high school Spanish class, I jumped onto a plane and flew off to Peru, looking for vampire bats. And the first couple of years of this project were really tough. I had no shortage of ambitious plans to rid Latin America of rabies, but at the same time, there seemed to be an equally endless supply of mudslides and flat tires, power outages, stomach bugs all stopping me. But that was kind of par for the course, working in South America, and to me, it was part of the adventure. But what kept me going was the knowledge that for the first time, the work that I was doing might actually have some real impact on people's lives in the short term.
因此作為一個研一學生，帶著自己模糊的高中西語課記憶，我跳上了飛機，飛往秘魯，尋找吸血蝠。這個項目的最初幾年真的很艱難。我不乏消滅拉丁美洲狂犬病毒的雄心壯志，但與此同時，我還不斷遇到無止盡的泥石流和爆胎，停電以及胃病，都在阻礙我的進程。但這在南美洲都是意料之中的，與我而言，也是探險的一部分。讓我堅持下去的是第一次知道自己手頭的工作也許確實能在短期對人們的生活產生實際影響。
And that struck me the most when we actually went out to the Amazon and were trying to catch vampire bats. You see, all we had to do was show up at a village and ask around. "Who's been getting bitten by a bat lately?" And people raised their hands, because in these communities, getting bitten by a bat is an everyday occurrence, happens every day. And so all we had to do was go to the right house, open up a net and show up at night, and wait until the bats tried to fly in and feed on human blood. So to me, seeing a child with a bite wound on his head or blood stains on his sheets, that was more than enough motivation to get past whatever logistical or physical headache I happened to be feeling on that day.
令我最震驚的是，我們真正步入亞馬遜並親自嘗試著抓捕吸血蝠。我們要做的就是去往村莊，四處詢問。「誰最近被蝙蝠咬了？」之後人們舉起他們的手，因為在這個社區，被蝙蝠咬是家常便飯，每天都在發生。所以我們要做的是去正確的家庭，布網，夜間拜訪，並等待蝙蝠前來準備吸人血。對我而言，看著一個孩子頭被咬傷，或他床單上的血跡，就是能讓我忘卻任何路途困難與身體不適的動力，繼續工作。那天碰巧是這樣。
Since we were working all night long, though, I had plenty of time to think about how I might actually solve this problem, and it stood out to me that there were two burning questions. The first was that we know that people are bitten all the time, but rabies outbreaks aren't happening all the time -- every couple of years, maybe even every decade, you get a rabies outbreak. So if we could somehow anticipate when and where the next outbreak would be, that would be a real opportunity, meaning we could vaccinate people ahead of time, before anybody starts dying.
儘管我們經常整夜都在工作，我仍然會抽時間思考要如何解決這個問題，然而在我看來，尚有兩個亟待解決的問題。第一個是我們知道人們總是被咬，但是狂犬病並非總是爆發——每隔幾年，甚至可能每隔十年，爆發一次。因此，如果我們能夠預測下一次爆發的時間地點，那將會是一個極佳的機會，意味著我們可以在任何人受到疫情折磨前，給大家注射疫苗。
But the other side of that coin is that vaccination is really just a Band-Aid. It's kind of a strategy of damage control. Of course it's lifesaving and important and we have to do it, but at the end of the day, no matter how many cows, how many people we vaccinate, we're still going to have exactly the same amount of rabies up there in the bats. The actual risk of getting bitten hasn't changed at all. So my second question was this: Could we somehow cut the virus off at its source? If we could somehow reduce the amount of rabies in the bats themselves, then that would be a real game changer.
但是同時，疫苗是否只能充當一張創可貼，作為一種控制傷害的策略。當然，這能挽救生命，也很重要，我們要做這件事，但歸根結底，不論我們給多少頭牛、多少個人接種疫苗，蝙蝠身上始終將攜帶同樣數量的狂犬病毒。被蝙蝠咬傷的實際風險並沒有任何改變。所以，我的第二個問題就是：我們能否從源頭消滅這些病毒？如果我們多少能降低蝙蝠自身攜帶狂犬病毒的數量，這將會真正逆轉現狀。
We'd been talking about shifting from a strategy of damage control to one based on prevention. So, how do we begin to do that? Well, the first thing we needed to understand was how this virus actually works in its natural host -- in the bats. And that is a tall order for any infectious disease, particularly one in a reclusive species like bats, but we had to start somewhere.
我們一直在說要從傷害控制轉變成預防的策略。那麼，我們如何開始做這件事？第一件我們需要了解這個病毒是如何在它的天然宿主——即蝙蝠體內生存的。這對於任何傳染病來說都是一項艱巨的任務，尤其是對於蝙蝠這樣的隱居物種，但我們必須找到入手點。
So the way we started was looking at some historical data. When and where had these outbreaks happened in the past? And it became clear that rabies was a virus that just had to be on the move. It couldn't sit still. The virus might circulate in one area for a year, maybe two, but unless it found a new group of bats to infect somewhere else, it was pretty much bound to go extinct. So with that, we solved one key part of the rabies transmission challenge. We knew we were dealing with a virus on the move, but we still couldn't say where it was going.
於是我們最先查看了一些歷史數據：這些大爆發曾經發生在何時何地？我們也逐漸明確了狂犬病毒必須要不斷轉移宿主，它們無法保持不動。病毒可能在一個地區傳播一年，或兩年，除非它能找到新蝙蝠群，傳播到別的地方，否則就會自然滅絕。根據這點，我們解決了一個狂犬病毒傳播挑戰的關鍵部分。我們知道我們在與不斷轉移的病毒打交道，但我們仍舊不知道它會傳播到哪裡去。
Essentially, what I wanted was more of a Google Maps-style prediction, which is, "What's the destination of the virus? What's the route it's going to take to get there? How fast will it move?" To do that, I turned to the genomes of rabies. You see, rabies, like many other viruses, has a tiny little genome, but one that evolves really, really quickly. So quickly that by the time the virus has moved from one point to the next, it's going to have picked up a couple of new mutations. And so all we have to do is kind of connect the dots across an evolutionary tree, and that's going to tell us where the virus has been in the past and how it spread across the landscape. So, I went out and I collected cow brains, because that's where you get rabies viruses. And from genome sequences that we got from the viruses in those cow brains, I was able to work out that this is a virus that spreads between 10 and 20 miles each year.
我想要一個類似谷歌地圖的預測圖，能告訴我 「病毒的目的地在哪裡？它們去目的地的路徑是什麼？速度有多快？」 於是我轉去研究狂犬病毒基因組。狂犬病毒和許多其他病毒一樣，有一個很小的基因組，但是它進化得非常非常快。快到在病毒從一個地點轉移到另一個的時候，它就會經歷幾次新突變。因此，我們要做的就是連結那些進化樹上的點，這會告訴我們這個病毒曾經去過哪裡，又是如何傳播的。所以我出門收集了牛腦，因為這是你能找到狂犬病毒的地方。從牛腦病毒中獲取的基因序列中，我發現這是一個每年能夠傳播10-20英裡的病毒。
OK, so that means we do now have the speed limit of the virus, but still missing that other key part of where is it going in the first place. For that, I needed to think a little bit more like a bat, because rabies is a virus -- it doesn't move by itself, it has to be moved around by its bat host, so I needed to think about how far to fly and how often to fly. My imagination didn't get me all that far with this and neither did little digital trackers that we first tried putting on bats. We just couldn't get the information we needed.
所以這說明我們現在有了病毒的傳播限速，但依舊缺失其他關鍵部分，例如它們首先向什麼地方傳播。要解決這個問題，我需要用蝙蝠的思維來思考，因為狂犬病毒是一個病毒——不依靠自身傳播，必須圍繞在蝙蝠宿主身邊，所以我需要思考這個病毒傳播的距離和頻率。我的想像力不夠回答這些問題，我們第一次嘗試安裝在蝙蝠上的小型數字追蹤器也沒有答案。我們就是無法獲取所需信息。
So instead, we turned to the mating patterns of bats. We could look at certain parts of the bat genome, and they were telling us that some groups of bats were mating with each other and others were more isolated. And the virus was basically following the trail laid out by the bat genomes. Yet one of those trails stood out as being a little bit surprising -- hard to believe. That was one that seemed to cross straight over the Peruvian Andes, crossing from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, and that was kind of hard to believe, as I said, because the Andes are really tall -- about 22,000 feet, and that's way too high for a vampire to fly. Yet --
於是，我們轉向蝙蝠交配模式的研究。我們觀察蝙蝠基因組的特定片段，知道了有些蝙蝠群會相互交配，但是有的比較孤立。狂犬病毒基本上遵循了蝙蝠基因組的蹤跡。但其中的一個蹤跡與眾不同，令人驚訝且難以置信。那個蹤跡似乎徑直跨越了秘魯安第斯山脈，從亞馬遜穿越到太平洋海岸，這就是我說的難以置信，因為安第斯山脈海拔很高——大約6700米，是吸血蝠幾乎不可能飛越的高度。但是——
when we looked more closely, we saw, in the northern part of Peru, a network of valley systems that was not quite too tall for the bats on either side to be mating with each other. And we looked a little bit more closely -- sure enough, there's rabies spreading through those valleys, just about 10 miles each year. Basically, exactly as our evolutionary models had predicated it would be.
當我們仔細觀察後，我們看到對於河岸兩邊想要互相交配的蝙蝠來說，秘魯北部的一系列峽谷流域海拔還不算太高。我們又觀察得更加仔細了一點——沒錯，所有那些流域都有狂犬病毒的傳播，每年10英裡。基本上正如我們的進化模型預測的那樣。
What I didn't tell you is that that's actually kind of an important thing because rabies had never been seen before on the western slopes of the Andes, or on the whole Pacific coast of South America, so we were actually witnessing, in real time, a historical first invasion into a pretty big part of South America, which raises the key question: "What are we going to do about that?"
我沒有告訴你們的是這件事的重要性，因為狂犬病從未在安第斯山脈的西坡出現，或是整個南非的太平洋海岸，所以我們實際上在親眼目睹一場實時的，歷史首現的入侵，對相當大面積南美洲的入侵。這就引出了一個關鍵問題： 「我們應該做什麼來應對入侵？」
Well, the obvious short-term thing we can do is tell people: you need to vaccinate yourselves, vaccinate your animals; rabies is coming. But in the longer term, it would be even more powerful if we could use that new information to stop the virus from arriving altogether. Of course, we can't just tell bats, "Don't fly today," but maybe we could stop the virus from hitching a ride along with the bat.
我們在短期明確可以做的就是告訴大家：你需要給自己接種疫苗，以及你的寵物也是，狂犬病毒馬上要傳播到這裡了。但是長遠來說，如果能夠利用新的研究成果來阻止病毒入侵，這會使我們變得更加強大。當然，我們不能和蝙蝠說：「今天不要飛。」但我們或許可以阻止病毒在蝙蝠身上的搭便車行為。
And that brings us to the key lesson that we have learned from rabies-management programs all around the world, whether it's dogs, foxes, skunks, raccoons, North America, Africa, Europe. It's that vaccinating the animal source is the only thing that stops rabies.
我們從全球狂犬病毒管理項目中所學到的最重要的一堂課，就是不論狗、狐狸、臭鼬還是浣熊，在北美，非洲還是歐洲，動物源的疫苗接種都是唯一能夠消除狂犬病毒的方法。
So, can we vaccinate bats? You hear about vaccinating dogs and cats all the time, but you don't hear too much about vaccinating bats. It might sound like a crazy question, but the good news is that we actually already have edible rabies vaccines that are specially designed for bats. And what's even better is that these vaccines can actually spread from bat to bat. All you have to do is smear it on one and let the bats' habit of grooming each other take care of the rest of the work for you. So that means, at the very least, we don't have to be out there vaccinating millions of bats one by one with tiny little syringes.
那麼，我們能給蝙蝠接種疫苗嗎？你們都聽說過給貓狗接種疫苗，但是肯定沒怎麼聽過給蝙蝠接種疫苗。這問題可能聽起來有點瘋狂，但有一個好消息，我們已經有專門為蝙蝠設計的可食用狂犬病疫苗。更妙的是，這些疫苗可以阻止病毒在蝙蝠間傳播。你所要做的就是將疫苗塗抹在一隻蝙蝠上，之後讓它們相互梳理絨毛的習慣幫助你完成剩下的工作。所以這意味著，至少我們不需要用小小的注射器去外面把上百萬隻蝙蝠一隻只抓來接種疫苗。
But just because we have that tool doesn't mean we know how to use it. Now we have a whole laundry list of questions. How many bats do we need to vaccinate? What time of the year do we need to be vaccinating? How many times a year do we need to be vaccinating? All of these are questions that are really fundamental to rolling out any sort of vaccination campaign, but they're questions that we can't answer in the laboratory. So instead, we're taking a slightly more colorful approach. We're using real wild bats, but fake vaccines.
但工具的存在並不代表我們知道如何使用它。現在我們有一籮筐的問題。我們需要給多少蝙蝠接種疫苗？一年中的什麼時候，我們需要開始接種？一年總共需要接種幾次？所有的這些問題都是開展任何預防接種運動最基本的問題，但這些恰恰是我們在實驗室中無法解答的問題。於是，我們正在嘗試一個稍許更加有趣的方法。使用真正的野生蝙蝠，但接種的是假疫苗。
We use edible gels that make bat hair glow and UV powders that spread between bats when they bump into each other, and that's letting us study how well a real vaccine might spread in these wild colonies of bats. We're still in the earliest phases of this work, but our results so far are incredibly encouraging. They're suggesting that using the vaccines that we already have, we could potentially drastically reduce the size of rabies outbreaks.
我們用可食用凝膠使蝙蝠毛髮發光，以及蝙蝠在彼此碰撞時能得以傳播的紫外光粉末，這使我們能夠研究真正的疫苗在這些野生蝙蝠群體中的潛在的傳播有效性。我們依舊處於這個項目的初期階段，可至今我們的成果非常鼓舞人心。結果表明，使用我們已經擁有的疫苗，很有可能可以極大地縮減狂犬病爆發的規模。
And that matters, because as you remember, rabies is a virus that always has to be on the move, and so every time we reduce the size of an outbreak, we're also reducing the chance that the virus makes it onto the next colony. We're breaking a link in the chain of transmission. And so every time we do that, we're bringing the virus one step closer to extinction. And so the thought, for me, of a world in the not-too-distant future where we're actually talking about getting rid of rabies altogether, that is incredibly encouraging and exciting.
這很重要，因為就如剛才所說，狂犬病毒是一種經常需要變換宿主的病毒，所以我們每一次對爆發規模的削弱，都在降低病毒入侵下一個種群的可能性，都在打破傳播鏈的一個環節。因此每一次，我們都讓該病毒距離滅亡更進一步。不遠的將來，世界將會 永遠免於任何狂犬病毒侵擾的想法，對我來說是極其鼓舞人心且令人激動的。
So let me return to the original question. Can we prevent pandemics? Well, there is no silver-bullet solution to this problem, but my experiences with rabies have left me pretty optimistic about it. I think we're not too far from a future where we're going to have genomics to forecast outbreaks and we're going to have clever new technologies, like edible, self-spreading vaccines, that can get rid of these viruses at their source before they have a chance to jump into people.
那麼讓我回到最初的問題。我們能夠預防疾病大流行嗎？這個問題沒有徹底且完美的解決方案，但是我對於狂犬病毒的經驗讓我對這個問題持樂觀態度。我認為我們離那個未來不是太遠，一個利用基因組學預測疫情爆發和擁有智能新技術的未來，例如可食用，可自行傳播的疫苗，能夠在這些病毒有機會傳播到人類前，從根源消滅它們的疫苗。
So when it comes to fighting pandemics, the holy grail is just to get one step ahead. And if you ask me, I think one of the ways that we can do that is using some of the problems that we already have now, like rabies -- sort of the way an astronaut might use a flight simulator, figuring out what works and what doesn't, and building up our tool set so that when the stakes are high, we're not flying blind. Thank you.
所以當說到對抗疾病大流行，我們離勝利也就一步之遙。如果你問我，我認為其中一個能實現這一目標的方法就是，利用一些現在我們已經知道的問題，比如狂犬病毒——好比太空人會用飛行模擬器，來摸索什麼能起作用，而什麼不行，並且構建我們自己的工具集，這樣當我們面臨危難時，我們不會盲目飛行。謝謝。
轉載自：TED英語演說優選。視頻、演講稿均來源於TED官網