一、Redundant modifiers
修飾詞冗餘
1、明顯的多餘
例如：
advance forecasts
new innovations
mutual cooperation
residential housing
positive guidance
female businesswoman Liu Zhihua
a serious natural disaster
an unfortunate tragedy
financial revenue and expenditure
a family relative
①
that theory too is a valuable ideological treasure of the Party
that theory too is an ideological treasure of the Party
「財富」的定義就是「有價值的」
②
we shall approach the level of the economically developed countries
we shall approach the level of the developed countries
「發達國家」就是指經濟上的發達
③
Singapore will bar America's popular female pop star Madonna from staging a show in its territory
Singapore will bar America's pop star Madonna from staging a show in its territory
④
the Chinese government took all possible eventualities into account when it made this policy decision
the Chinese government took all eventualities into account when it made this policy decision
eventualities：可能發生的事
⑤
Chiang was able to complete the all-round encirclement of the ……
Chiang was able to complete the encirclement of the……
encirclement：包圍，環繞
2、時間副詞
通常動詞的時態已經發揮了時間副詞的作用
①
now the government is working hard to improve taxation
the government is working hard to improve taxation
②
previously we used to overemphasize the need for class struggle
we used to overemphasize the need for class struggle
3、「various」
中文中通常用「各種各樣的」來表示複數，但是在英語中是通過名詞加-s來表示複數，「various」通常是多餘的
①
more and more of our various construction projects require the efforts of the intellectuals
more and more of our construction projects require the efforts of the intellectuals
②
hundreds of transnational firms have started various businesses in China
hundreds of transnational firms have started businesses in China
4、其他例子
①
with the final completion of construction
with the completion of construction
②
imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this year
imports of automobiles have declined sharply this year
進口只能是外國商品
③
as long as China widely unites the Hong Kong people from all walks of life
as long as China unites the Hong Kong people from all walks of life
widely與all walks of life含義重複
④
they must also have some necessary knowledge about history
they must also know something about history
⑤
we should continue to take measures to further improve regular education
we should continue to improve regular education
continue to improve = further improve
take measures to屬於上一章講過的「清嗓子詞」
二、Self-evident modifiers
這類修飾詞表達的意思是理所當然的
①
the national economy
除非特別說明， the economy就是指the national economy
②
make a proper readjustment of
readjustment應該要proper，這是理所當然的
③
we should appropriately raise the purchasing prices of grain and cotton
通常我們做任何事情都應該「適當」
三、Intensifiers
強調成分
1、帶有微弱詞的強調成分
有時強調成分用來修飾一個微弱單詞以期望增加它的力量，在英語中，這是一個無經驗作者的標誌。一個有技巧的作者會嘗試從豐富的詞彙量中找出一個明確的單詞，來表達同樣的意思
①
the people have a strong aversion to
the people detest
②
I think there will definitely be
I am certain that there will be
③
I firmly believe that
I am convinced that
④
I can surely tell you that
I can assure you that
2、帶有有力詞的強調成分
比如一個單詞完全能夠明確表達作者的想法，強調成分完全沒有任何意義
①
serious chaos
serious disturbances
②
be firmly banned
be banned
③
be strongly demanded
be demanded
④
be totally abolished
be abolished
⑤
the broad masses for people
the masses
⑥
a tiny handful of
a handful of
3、一般多餘的強調成分
①active/actively
active efforts should be made
actively promate
②effective/effectively
an effective control
effectively protect
③actual（true, real）/actually（truly, really）
actual facts
actual situation
④successful/successfully
to successful complish
4、強調成分的作用
有時強調成分過度強調，但有時，它反而減弱了它所修飾詞語的力度，引起讀者懷疑
①
we are condifent that we shall assuredly surpass imperialism through peaceful competition
②
I am deeply convinced that the normalization of Sino-Japanese relations can certainly be realized
③
we cannot endure turmoil and whenever we encounter it later we will definitely enforce martial law
④
their speech is very dull and meaningless
⑤
the people's living standards are truly rising, the country is thriving, and China's international prestige is genuinely growing
5、專家建議
William Zinsser：大多數副詞都是沒有必要的。如果你選擇了一個能明確表達意思的動詞，又加上一個表達同樣意思的副詞，會使得句子混亂，讓讀者煩惱。
Claire Cook：你也許應該刪掉所有強調的副詞——very, really, truly, actually等等。如果你選擇了一個正確的單詞，加上very反而達不到你的目的；如果你沒能選擇正確的單詞，very也做不了什麼補償。
H.W.Fowler：一個強調的形容詞加上名詞的固定搭配反而不如一個單獨的名詞有力。
四、Qualifiers
有些副詞不是用來加強或減輕語氣，這就是限定語。但如果任意使用限定語，會給讀者留下一種猶豫、膽小的印象。
1、舉例
we have dozens of thousand of students studying abroad, and it is quite important to create suitable conditions for their work after they come back
Zhao's images are somewhat primitively aggressive
2、perhaps, maybe, possibly
即使它們使用合理，也常常是多餘的，可以簡單地替換為may, might
perhaps it will take a decade to accomplish this
it may take a decade to accomplish this
3、專家意見
Gowers：「unduly」，「relatively」，「comparatively」只有當提到某事時，有個對照標準，才能被適當使用
Strunk and White：如果把散文比作池塘，那麼像「rather」，「a little」這些限定詞就是池塘裡的水蛭，吸取單詞的血液
五、Cliches
陳詞濫調
1、舉例
ardulous tasks
painstaking efforts
correct understanding
firm and effective measures
vigorously promote
energetically develop
carry out unswervingly
study conscientiously
resolute enforce
overwelming majority
scientific analysis
appropriate readjustment
clearly defined
basically accomplished
gradually improve
further reform
properly combine
firmly forbid
2、重複的影響
中文比英文對形容詞和副詞有更多的包容，如果將它們逐字翻譯成英文，會導致過猶不及。
另一方面，過度使用修飾語會使其失去說服力，當應該適當使用它們的時候，卻已經沒有作用了。
3、避免重複
最簡單的方法就是在英文譯文中省去陳詞濫調的修飾語，但有時，刪掉單詞會丟失原文信息的時候，可以用一個新鮮的花樣來避免單調。
arduous task → demanding
vigorous development → intensive
further efforts → renewed
resolute measures → determined
簡單來說，要控制無意義修飾語的使用