這兩天，有個熱點話題！！具體啥瓜請大家移步微博。
今天我們不是站在道德的高地來批判各方，而是想一想解決辦法，談一下對於寄生於網際網路平臺的粉絲文化，名人、粉絲、法律和相關社會力量該如何去規範它？
我給大家找了一篇非常棒的文章，選自2013年8月22日的Metro，很多觀點現在看起來依然發人警醒。文章結構完整，可以說是「網暴」、「社交媒體濫用文化」等相關話題的一個很完整的「作文」呈現。耐心讀下去，一定會收穫很多！
Are celebrities responsible for their fans』 behaviour online?
Lady Gaga has called for an end to cyber-bullying after an online feud with celebrity blogger Perez Hilton ended with him receiving death threats from her fans. One Direction have also stated that often some of their fans 『cross the line』 on social media.
A culture of anonymity and aggression has developed online, particularly around celebrities. On Twitter 『fans』 regularly send abusive messages and threats to the critics, rivals or love interests of their idols. When Liam Payne of One Direction attended an event recently with his girlfriend she received a torrent of online abuse. Any girl associated with Justin Beiber has suffered similar. While some of Lady Gaga’s 『little monsters』 made cruel jokes about Adele’s weight when the two singers were up for the same award.
段落三
When there is a history of cyber-bullying being perpetrated by fans, it is irresponsible of a star like Lady Gaga to do something that could be seen as inciting them. When she engages in a public war-of-words, accusing Perez Hilton of stalking her, it would be naive of her to expect no reaction. As a self-proclaimed role model she has a duty to set a positive example. There is no simple solution for changing the abusive culture of social media. Celebrities cannot be held accountable for the words and actions of their fans but they do have a responsibility to make a stand against bullying. Stars, particularly those with young and impressionable fans, should lead by example, not engage in public arguments and name-calling. Gaga has since spoken out against online bullying, saying 『using hateful or abusive language… on the internet is not supported by me』.
段落四
Social media users must be responsible for their own actions and understand the ramifications. The internet may seem like a place where you can say whatever you like with little consequence however this is rarely the case. It is worrying that many do not understand the damage they could be doing, not only to others but also to themselves. It is now relatively common practice for prospective employers to check candidate’s online profiles and people have lost their job because of tweets. The law is also catching up with online bullying; recently a 25-year-old man was arrested for abusive messages sent to the journalist Caroline Criado-Perez.
The Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, needs to drastically rethink his position on his policy of sex and relationship education in schools. He currently refuses to make it compulsory. Young people need to learn about how to deal with these issues in the digital age, including how people relate to each other online. We now have a generation who have grown up with social media, but the issues surrounding it are still not addressed in our education system. There is no simple solution for changing the abusive culture of social media. We need to find the right balance between legislation, education and role models who are prepared to speak out against all forms of bullying.
Are celebrities responsible for their fans』 behaviour online?
名人要為粉絲的網絡行為負責嗎?
celebrity表示a famous person。一般形容在公眾中有一定熱度的人。現在明星，網紅都可以用celebrity來表示。它是個可數名詞。
Lady Gaga has called for an end to cyber-bullying after an online feud with celebrity blogger Perez Hilton ended with him receiving death threats from her fans. One Direction have also stated that often some of their fans 『cross the line』 on social media.
就一篇完整的作文結構來說，第一段呈現了一個現象。以Lady Gaga粉絲維護愛豆，網暴他人，以及單向樂隊（One Direction）聲明粉絲在社媒上越界為例子，引入「粉絲文化中的社交媒體濫用」話題。
一般寫作文，首段設置為現像段，然後在最後一句明確引入話題，讓大家儘快進入文章本體，了解文章到底要寫的是什麼，不要拖泥帶水。
cyber-bullying這個詞一定要重視起來。去年因為網暴，韓國兩名年輕女明星相繼離世。每個人現在呆在虛擬網絡世界的時間都長於現實世界。因為責任成本低，很多人在社交媒體上蹦迪，說出一些無根據傷人的話，人言可畏，殊不知你的一句話就奪走了他人的性命。2019年日本有一部電視《三年A班》講的就是cyber-bullying話題的，菅田將暉主演的，評分挺高，可以去搜搜看。
咱們用cyber-bullying來造個句子吧，比如說，隨著社交媒體的普及，網絡上會有很多鍵盤俠對其它人實施網絡欺凌，這就可以說：Keyboard men tend to attack others online, thus imposing cyberbullying on the victim.
feud長期不和、世仇、夙怨。它與hostility, conflict, enmity等表示敵對關係的詞意思相近，但還強調這種敵對情緒已經持續了一段時間了。feud between…意思是……之間的爭端，比如the feuds between rival companies相互競爭的公司之間的爭端，feud over...意思是關於……的不和，比如feud over money為錢爭吵不休。常見的搭配還有a family feud家族世仇，a private feud私人恩怨。中美貿易戰其中一種表達方式就用到了feud，the trade feud。
state表示陳述、說明、聲明。我們來看看它的英文解釋，to formally write or say sth, especially in a careful and clear way。所以如果用state的話，說明是很正式地去說。
參考譯文：Lady Gaga在網上與名人博主佩雷斯·希爾頓發生爭執，佩雷斯·希爾頓收到Lady Gaga粉絲的死亡威脅，之後Lady Gaga呼籲結束網絡欺凌。單向樂隊也表示，他們的一些粉絲經常在社交媒體上「越界」。
A culture of anonymity and aggression has developed online, particularly around celebrities. On Twitter 『fans』 regularly send abusive messages and threats to the critics, rivals or love interests of their idols. When Liam Payne of One Direction attended an event recently with his girlfriend she received a torrent of online abuse. Any girl associated with Justin Beiber has suffered similar. While some of Lady Gaga’s 『little monsters』 made cruel jokes about Adele’s weight when the two singers were up for the same award.
接著按照寫作思路來。上一段用具體的例子現象，這一段由點及面，說明更廣泛的粉絲因為「愛護」愛豆，而在社交媒體上做出的不當行為的現象。第一句是一個中心論點，第二句是對中心論點的進一步解釋，第三、四、五句分別用「單向樂隊」、「賈斯丁比伯」、「Lady Gaga」的例子進一步論證中心論點。這是典型的組段方式，學習它。
anonymity /ˌænəˈnɪməti/ 表示the state of remaining unknown to most other people 匿名；不知姓名；名字不公開。比如，He agreed to give an interview on condition of anonymity. 他同意在不披露姓名的條件下接受採訪。
[拓展]表示「匿名」還可以這麼說。
1. remain anonymous/nameless。比如，Second, governments should maintain banks』 obligation to keep customer information private, so that the plumbing remains anonymous.其次，政府應該保持銀行對客戶信息保密的義務，這樣銀行的客戶信息管道才能保持匿名。
2. ask that one’s name be withheld。比如， one cab driver — who asked that his name be withheld 一名不願透露姓名的計程車司機。（這裡因為是ask引導的賓語從句，表示「命令」，所以從句要用(should)+動詞原形。）
3. 另外還有decline to give one’s name。
a culture has developed這裡關注一下develop，表示「形成」。再看一個類似的句子，A subculture has developed of young people who embrace daka as a lifestyle.年輕人將打卡作為一種生活方式，已經形成了一種亞文化。
這裡的develop表示「形成」，大家八成想不起來用。所以根據這兩個外刊原句，表示某種「文化/亞文化」的形成的時候，可以用develop。
love interest表示a character in a film / movie or story who has a romantic role, often as the main character's lover(電影或小說中的)戀愛角色(常為主角的情人)。但這裡擴展成為現實中的「情人，愛人」了。
a torrent of多麼眼熟的一個表達，先來看一下英文解釋，A torrent of abuse or questions is a lot of abuse or questions directed continuously at someone. 它特別表示的是「(謾罵、問題等的)連發，迸發」。看兩個例句，He turned round and directed a torrent of abuse at me.他轉過身來衝我劈頭蓋臉地罵了一通。&a £45,000 offer which prompted a torrent of criticism in the media.激起媒體一片指責的 4.5 萬英鎊的出價。
剛才說的是「通常」情況下a torrent of是用來修飾abuse，criticism或者problem的。擴展一下，也可以表示一般情況的a large amount of sth that comes suddenly and violently迸發。比如經濟學人有個句子用它來形容大量湧入的投資，Thanks to light regulation, independent courts and a torrent of money from China, Hong Kong has long been a global financial centre.得益於寬鬆的監管、獨立的法院以及來自中國大陸的大量資金，香港長期以來一直是全球金融中心。
最後一句開頭的while大家沒看蒙圈吧？來聽我說說。在這裡while意思是「然而」，表對比。注意，是個並列連詞，所以才可以像But一樣開啟一個句子。
雖然表的是對比，但是while則只是表示兩者的不同，不強調相反。比如，Fred gambled his money away while Julia spent hers all on dresses and bric-a-brac. 弗雷德把自己的錢賭博賭掉，朱麗亞則把錢花在衣服和擺設上。/ Geographically, the UK is on the periphery of Europe, while Paris is at the heart of the continent. 從地理上說，英國位於歐洲的邊沿，而巴黎則是在大陸的中心。
參考譯文：網絡上形成了一種匿名性和攻擊性的文化，尤其圍繞名人展開。在推特上，「粉絲」經常向他們偶像的批評者、競爭對手或愛人發送辱罵性信息和威脅。當單向樂隊的利亞姆·佩恩最近和他的女朋友一起參加一個活動時，她收到了大量的網上謾罵。任何與賈斯汀·比伯有關的女孩都有過類似的遭遇。而當Lady Gaga和Adele爭奪同一獎項時，Lady Gaga的一些「小怪獸」拿Adele的體重開很過分的玩笑。
以上兩段提出話題：粉絲文化中的社交媒體濫用，英文來說就是the abusive culture of social media by fans/users。既然有問題，就要想解決方案。這是個正常的邏輯。所以以下三段分別從名人、粉絲、社會力量、法律、教育上分別論述如何去應對。
本段是從名人角度來談解決方案的。
perpetrate / ˈpɜːrpətreɪt/ 它等於commit，都表示do something that is morally wrong or illegal做〔錯事〕; 犯〔罪〕。做的都是錯事，比如，to perpetrate a crime (a wrong)/ fraud / massacre 犯罪；行騙；進行屠殺。
incite也是個常用的詞，它的同義詞們也很常見，比如provoke, stir up, agitate for, egg on等。具體意思是to encourage sb to do sth violent, illegal or unpleasant, especially by making them angry or excited煽動；鼓動。常見的搭配有incite crime / racial hatred (resentment)/ violence (riot)教唆犯罪/煽動種族仇恨 / 暴力。
engage in sth意思是to take part in sth; to make sb take part in sth(使)從事，參加，比如，Even in prison, he continued to engage in criminal activities. 他甚至在監獄裡還繼續從事犯罪活動。
還可以是engage sb in sth的結構，表示「使xx從事xx」，比如She tried desperately to engage him in conversation. 她用盡辦法要他跟她談話。
本文engage in出現了兩次，今天一定要學會用它。
war-of-words表示「口水戰」，「口舌之戰」。現在飯圈與飯圈在微博上的互掐，就可以用war-of-words表示，比如，推特上的口水戰還在持續發酵，The war of words continued on Twitter.
accusing Perez Hilton of stalking her中accuse sb of sth表示指責某人做某事，還有一個同義表達是charge sb with sth。注意介詞搭配。
stalk及物動詞，意思是to illegally follow and watch sb over a long period of time, in a way that is annoying or frightening (非法)跟蹤，釘梢，比如，She claimed that he had been stalking her over a period of three years. 她聲稱，三年來他一直在釘她的梢。
跟蹤者是stalker。
self-proclaimed的意思是having given yourself a position or title without the approval or agreement of other people自稱的，自封的〔含貶義〕。
看一下經濟學人中的這句話加強一下理解，Both Shanghai and Beijing have unveiled urban plans that involve capping the size of their cities by 2020: Beijing at 23 million and Shanghai at 25 million (both cities are already close to their self-proclaimed optimal size).上海和北京都公布了城市規劃，預計到2020年限制城市規模為：北京將人口限制在2300萬內，上海限制在2500萬內（這兩個城市都已經接近自己宣稱的最佳規模）。
hold sb accountable for sth表示某人對XX負責，經常用作被動形式sb be held accountable for sth。也可以寫成be held responsible for sth，比如外刊上這句，She concludes that screens are often held responsible for the broader anxieties of parents living in a high-stress environment, without much evidence that they do great harm. 她的結論是，人們常常把在高壓環境中生活的父母的更普遍的焦慮歸咎於屏幕，而沒有太多證據證明它們造成了很大的損害。[表原因-歸咎於]
比如這次新冠疫情，新的武漢市委書記上任後要求各區要作出承諾，確保沒有居家的確診和疑似病人，「不能不當回事，人命關天，如果再發現一例，就拿區委書記、區長是問。」要確保2月20日前完成臨床確診病例、疑似患者、密切接觸者、發熱病人核酸檢測。這裡就拿區委書記、區長是問就可以表達成The top district officials will be held accountable.
make a stand against，也可以搭配動詞take/mount（發起）a stand against，表示a strong effort to defend yourself or to oppose something防禦; 反抗，抵抗，比如We have to take a stand against racism.我們必須堅決反對種族歧視。
impressionable表示Someone who is impressionable, usually a young person, is not very critical and is therefore easy to influence.(通常指年輕人)易受影響的,無主見的,無判斷力的，比如，The law is intended to protect young and impressionable viewers.該法律意圖保護那些年輕且無判斷力的電視觀眾。
lead by example表示「以身作則」，和本段前面的 set a positive example表達的是一個意思。
在這裡說一下本段出現的同義詞現象。本段出現了很多同義表達，比如榜樣，用了role model和example。抵抗，反抗，用了make a stand against, speak out against。有責任，有義務，have a duty to do, have a responsibility to do，以及負責，擔責be held accountable for。
在英語中總結同義詞是個很有意思的過程，也是英語學習很重要的一部分，一定要多多積累。
name-calling 不可數名詞，the act of using rude or insulting words about sb辱罵。
語言點解釋完了，我們再從這段提煉出一些解決方案。這段圍繞著Lady Gaga的一些正反做法來談如何杜絕粉絲或者用戶濫用社交媒體，主要從名人角度來說措施：
Celebrities cannot be held accountable for the words and actions of their fans but they do have a responsibility to make a stand against bullying. Stars, particularly those with young and impressionable fans, should lead by example, not engage in public arguments and name-calling.
總得來說兩部分：1、名人本人不要參與公眾論戰（not engage in public arguments and name-calling）；2. 名人有責任抵制網上霸凌，即使是自家粉絲的（have a responsibility to make a stand against bullying）。
建議這幾句話背下來。
參考譯文：當粉絲網絡霸凌這一行為一直存在的話，像Lady Gaga這樣的明星做一些可以被視為煽動他們的事情是不負責任的。當她公開發表論戰，指責佩雷斯·希爾頓(Perez Hilton)跟蹤她時，如果她認為不會有任何反應，那就太天真了。既然自詡為榜樣，她就有責任躬先表率。改變社交媒體濫用文化沒有簡單的解決方案。名人不能對他們粉絲的言行負責，但他們有責任站出來反對欺凌行為。明星們，尤其是那些擁有年輕且易受影響的粉絲的明星們，應該以身作則，而不是公開爭論或中傷他人。Gaga後來公開反對網絡欺凌，稱「我不支持在網上使用仇恨或侮辱性的語言」。
Social media users must be responsible for their own actions and understand the ramifications. The internet may seem like a place where you can say whatever you like with little consequence however this is rarely the case. It is worrying that many do not understand the damage they could be doing, not only to others but also to themselves. It is now relatively common practice for prospective employers to check candidate’s online profiles and people have lost their job because of tweets. The law is also catching up with online bullying; recently a 25-year-old man was arrested for abusive messages sent to the journalist Caroline Criado-Perez.這段從社交媒體用戶（粉絲）、社會力量（就業單位）、法律等方面來規範用戶或粉絲網絡上的不當行為。
ramification /ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ 可數名詞，one of the large number of complicated and unexpected results that follow an action or a decision(眾多複雜而又難以預料的)結果，後果，比如These changes are bound to have widespread social ramifications. 這些變化註定會造成許多難以預料的社會後果。
經常用複數形式，因為它表示的是眾多複雜而難以預料的結果。所以通過英文解釋，我們可以看出它和consequence的一個區別，consequence（a result of sth that has happened）可以指一種後果，而ramifications指的是多種後果，這在經濟學人中的一個句子裡體現得很鮮明：
In South Korea smartphone cases come with rings mounted on the back, to prevent clumsy owners from dropping them. This makes people look like they are literally married to their phones. In many of Seoul’s most Instagrammable coffee shops, couples on dates spend vastly more time looking at their screens than at each other. The ramifications go beyond the potentially dire consequences for romance.在韓國，智慧型手機套的背後都安有環狀物，以防止笨拙用戶將手機掉到地上。這讓人們看起來就像和手機結了婚一樣。在首爾許多最能在instagram上看到的咖啡店裡，情侶們在約會時盯著屏幕的時間要遠遠多於盯著對方的時間。這不僅會破壞他們之間的浪漫，而且還會帶來其他後果。
[寫作句型] It is now relatively common practice 請注意，中文習慣說成「XX通常會怎樣做」，而不是「XX的習慣做法是」。那麼看到「XX通常會怎樣做」的時候就要想著用it is common practice，這也算是個「無靈主語句」，符合英文喜用物做主語的習慣。
我們來造個句子吧，當看到別人有難的時候，善良的人們通常會選擇去幫助他們，It is common practice for kind-hearted people to help those in trouble. Countries that deploy supplies for China to contain the COVID-19 outbreak is the latest case in point.
prospective employers中prospective可以理解為potential。經常用在招聘術語中，比如潛在的僱員，有可能成為僱員的人就是prospective hires。潛在的客戶是prospective buyers。
online profiles字面意思就是網絡上的形象，本文指在網絡上的所作所為所言。關於profile，還有一個high-profile，表示高調的，比如金融時報上的這句話A decade ago, China launched a high-profile challenge to the dominance of the US dollar, projecting a greater role for the renminbi in the global financial system. 10年前，中國曾對美元的主導地位發起高調挑戰，尋求讓人民幣在全球金融體系中發揮更大的作用。
high-profile還可以用來形容一個人高調的、備受矚目的、著名的，比如經濟學人中形容董明珠的這句話，Although Gree has state roots, Ms Dong acts like a high-profile entrepreneur.雖然格力最初是國企，但是董小姐的行為做派卻像個高調的私營企業家。
catching up with online bullying中catch up with有我們都很熟悉的一個意思「趕上」。但這裡是個熟詞僻意，表示If something catches up with you, you are forced to deal with something unpleasant that happened or that you did in the past, which you have been able to avoid until now. 和…算舊帳；使…最終嘗到苦果。比如，Although he subsequently became a successful businessman, his criminal past caught up with him. 儘管後來他成了事業有成的生意人，以前的犯罪前科終究讓他嘗到了苦果。
這裡是說，即使你在網絡上的不當言論是以前年少無知的時候寫下的，但是只要有痕跡，法律依然會追查到底。所以一定要規範自己的網絡行為，文明上網。
我們來總結一下這部分的解決措施：
粉絲/網際網路用戶個人：Social media users must be responsible for their own actions and understand the ramifications.
用人單位/社會力量：It is now relatively common practice for prospective employers to check candidate’s online profiles and people have lost their job because of tweets.
法律：The law is also catching up with online bullying.
參考翻譯：社交媒體用戶必須對自己的行為負責，並了解後果。在網際網路上，你可以說任何你喜歡說的話，而無需承當過多代價，但情況並不是這樣的。令人擔憂的是，許多人不理解他們可能造成的傷害，不僅是對他人的傷害，也包括對自己的傷害。如今，潛在僱主查看求職者的網上資料是一種相對常見的做法，人們因為twitter帖子而失去了工作。法律也在打擊網絡欺凌；最近，一名25歲的男子因向記者卡羅琳·克裡亞多·佩雷斯發送辱罵性信息而被捕。
The Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, needs to drastically rethink his position on his policy of sex and relationship education in schools. He currently refuses tomake it compulsory. Young people need to learn about how to deal with these issues in the digital age, including how people relate to each other online. We now have a generation who have grown up with social media, but the issues surrounding it are still not addressed in our education system. There is no simple solution for changing the abusive culture of social media. We need to find the right balance between legislation, education and role models who are prepared to speak out against all forms of bullying.最後這段從學校教育方面談解決措施。結尾還做了一個總結。
drastically rethink 徹底反思。關於drastic以及drastically可以聚焦「大幅度的/地」這層意思，然後在不同的上下文裡衍生出其他類似意思。
make it compulsory中compulsory做的賓補，表示that must be done because of a law or a rule (因法律或規則而)必須做的，強制的，強迫的，義務教育就是compulsory schooling/education。
還有一個類似意思的詞是mandatory，比如垃圾強制分類就是mandatory garbage sorting，新冠期間國家強制帶口罩就是mandatory donning of face masks。
這段從教育向來提供解決方案，我們來理一下：
Policy-makers should drastically rethink their role in relationship education, and make related courses compulsory to instruct young people growing up with social media how to deal with issues in the digital age, and how to associate with each other online in the right and civilized way.
最後總結收尾，We need to find the right balance between legislation, education and role models who are prepared to speak out against all forms of bullying.
參考譯文：美國教育部長麥可·戈夫(Michael Gove)需要徹底反思自己在學校性與關係教育政策上的立場。他目前拒絕強制執行。年輕人需要學習如何在數字時代處理這些問題，包括人們如何在網上相互聯繫。我們這一代人是伴隨著社交媒體成長起來的，但圍繞社交媒體的問題在我們的教育體系中仍然沒有得到解決。改變社交媒體濫用文化沒有簡單的解決方案。我們需要在立法、教育和榜樣之間找到恰當的平衡，這些榜樣準備好了站出來反對一切形式的欺凌。今天的精讀部分就到此結束了。如果有時間，建議大家熟讀甚至背誦全文。
將本文無分組分享到朋友圈，寫上一句話評論，並截圖發送到公眾號後臺，即可獲得本篇原文和精讀筆記，非常值得收藏的一篇啊！
本次分享活動截止至2020年3月8日12:00
感謝大家的支持~
🎇3月「精讀班」和「語法班」報名進行中，千萬別錯過~