Feminist art is and has been both sculpting and reflecting on culture. But what is feminist art and who are some empowering and enlightening feminist artiststo follow?
女性主義藝術一直在塑造和反思文化。但什麼是女性主義藝術，有哪些具有重要意義和開創性的女性主義藝術家需要我們追隨的呢？
What Is Feminist Art?
什麼是女性主義藝術？
Feminist art first emerged in the late 1960s amongst anti-war demonstrations and civil and queer rights movements that had feminists itching to intervene through art. Feminist artist Suzanne Lacy has called described the goal of feminist art as an effort to "influence cultural attitudes and transform stereotypes."
女性主義藝術最早出現在20世紀60年代末的反戰示威和民權運動中，女權主義者渴望通過藝術進行幹預。女性主義藝術家蘇珊娜·萊西（Suzanne Lacy）稱，女性主義藝術的目標是「影響文化態度，改變成見」。
"First-wave feminism won political suffrage forwomen in the early 20th century; yet, impasses to full political participation,as well as systemic political and socioeconomic inequality, remained,"according to Artsy. "Inspired by the Civil Rights movement, feministleaders in the 1960s and 』70s took critical aim at both systems andinstitutions that sustained gender inequality. Championing the phrase 'the personalis political,' notable feminist voices of this so-called second wave of feminism like Betty Friedan (The Feminine Mystique, 1962) and journalist Gloria Steinem (who founded Ms. magazine in 1972) called for equality in the workplace and at home. The soon-to-be global movement succeeded inachieving longstanding societal and political changes, and feminist art developed as one cultural branch of second-wave feminism."
「第一波女權主義在20世紀初贏得了婦女的政治選舉權；然而，全面政治參與的僵局以及系統性的政治和社會經濟不平等仍然存在，」Artsy說在民權運動的鼓舞下，20世紀60年代和70年代的女權主義者領導人對維持兩性不平等的制度和機構都採取了批評的態度。支持「個人就是政治」這一說法的是第二次女權主義浪潮中著名的女權主義者的聲音，如貝蒂·弗裡丹（1962年的《女性的神秘》雜誌）和記者格洛麗亞·斯坦恩（1972年創辦《女士》雜誌）呼籲在工作場所和家庭中實現平等。即將到來的全球運動成功地實現了長期的社會和政治變革，女權主義藝術作為第二波女權主義的一個文化分支發展起來。」
Ultimately, feminist art creates a dialogue between the viewer and the artwork through a feminist perspective. And this artwork is not merely for aesthetic admiration; rather, it's intended to incite viewers to ask social and political questions that could create change toward equality.Feminist art is consciously created.
最終，女性主義藝術通過女權主義的視角創造了觀眾與作品之間的對話。這些藝術品不僅僅是為了審美欣賞，更是為了鼓勵觀眾提出社會和政治問題，從而創造向平等的轉變。女性主義藝術是有意識地創造出來的。
Feminist Artists You Should Know
你應該知道的女性主義藝術家
There are tons of female artists you should know, but not all female-created art is feminist art. With that said, here are 15 specifically feminist artists whose work you should know and follow. These women have been intentionally creating art that speaks to women's issues and women's rights throughout history.
你應該知道很多女性藝術家，但並非所有的女性創作的藝術都是女性主義藝術。這裡有15位真正意義上的女性主義藝術家的作品你應該知道和遵循。這些女藝術家在歷史上一直有意識地創造藝術，談論婦女問題和婦女權利。
1. Mary Beth Edelson
1，瑪麗·貝絲·埃德爾森
Mary Beth Edelson is most famous for using an image of Leonardo da Vinci's famous mural, on which she affixed heads of notable female artists in place of the original men. Her piece is arguably one of the most iconic of feminist art. Her work is a staple of 1960s feminist art.
瑪麗·貝絲·埃德爾森最著名的作品是用達文西著名的壁畫形象，她在壁畫上用著名的女藝術家的頭像代替原來的男性。她的作品可以說是女權主義藝術中最具代表性的作品之一。她的作品是20世紀60年代女性主義藝術的主要作品。
2. Judy Chicago
2，朱迪·芝加哥
Judy Chicago is famous for her installation Womnahousein 1972, which is a collaborative piece about women reclaiming the domestic space and challenging traditional female roles. She's also recognized for one of her most famous pieces, an installation called The Dinner Party,which resides in The Brooklyn Museum. Chicago also began the first-ever women'sart program.
朱迪·芝加哥以1972年的《女人之家》而聞名，這是一部關於女性重新獲得家庭空間和挑戰傳統女性角色的作品。她還因其最著名的作品《晚宴》的裝置而被熟知，這個裝置安置於布魯克林博物館，這也是芝加哥開始的有史以來的第一個女性主義藝術項目。
3. Suzanne Lacy
3，蘇珊娜·萊西
Suzanne Lacy is an American artist, educator and writer who has worked in a variety of media. She's worked in installation, video,performance, public art, photography and art books, always focusing on socialthemes and urban issues. She's perhaps best known, however, as one of the Los Angeles performance artists who became active in the 70s and shaped an emergentart of social engagement.
蘇珊娜·萊西是美國藝術家、教育家和作家，運用多種媒體進行創作。她的創作包括裝置、視頻、表演、公共藝術、攝影和藝術書籍等，她一直專注於社會主題和城市問題。然而，她也許是最出名的洛杉磯表演藝術家之一，70年代開始活躍起來，塑造了一種新興的社交藝術。
4. Lynda Benglis
4，琳達·本格裡斯
Lynda Benglis created a series of advertisements in 1974,including one called Art Forum Advertisement. These ads, placed in magazines, criticized traditional depictions of women in the media. Art Forum promoted her upcoming show at Paula Coope Gallery by posing nude, holding adouble-headed dildo. She reportedly paid $3,000 for the ad that'd assure that she'dbecome a prominent feminist legacy.
琳達·本格裡斯在1974年創作了一系列廣告，其中一個叫做藝術論壇廣告。這些刊登在雜誌上的廣告批評了媒體對女性的傳統描繪。ArtForum在Paula Coope畫廊推出了她即將推出的秀，她手持雙頭假陰莖，裸體造型。據報導，她為這則廣告支付了3000美元，這將確保她成為一位傑出的女權主義者。
5. Betty Tompkins
5，貝蒂·湯普金斯
Betty Tompkins was known for her giant genitaliapaintings, inspired by her husband's porn magazines. More recently, her Women Words project, in which she painted words used to describe women over 1,000 images of women, has made its way across the world.
貝蒂·湯普金斯以她巨大的生殖器畫而聞名，她的靈感來自她丈夫的色情雜誌。最近，她的女性詞彙項目（Women Words project）在世界各地開展，在該項目中，她繪製了超過1000幅女性形象的詞彙。
6. Lorna Simpson
6，勞娜·辛普遜
Lorna Simpson is an African-American photographer andmultimedia artist of the 80s and 90s. Her work explores themes such assexuality, identity and politics.
洛娜·辛普森是一位80年代和90年代的非裔美國攝影師和多媒體藝術家，她的作品探討了性、身份和政治等主題。
7. Valie Export
7，瓦莉·艾絲波爾
Valie Export work spans video installations to body performances. Ultimately, she uses performance art and film in order to explore the realities of women's bodies, rather than the fantasized depictions of women's bodies in society.
瓦莉·艾絲波爾的創作橫跨視頻裝置到身體表演。最終，她用表演藝術和電影來探索女性身體的現實，而不是對社會中女性身體的幻想性描繪。
8. Ana Mendieta
8，安娜·門迪埃塔
Ana Mendieta, a Cuban-American performance artist,painter, sculptor and video artist, is best known for her"earth-body" artwork. Perhaps one of her most recognized pieces is aphotograph depicting a rape scene in 1973, in response to the highly publicizedrape and murder of Sara Ann Otten.
美籍古巴表演藝術家、畫家、雕塑家和錄像藝術家安娜·門迪埃塔以她的「大地之軀」藝術品而聞名。也許她最受人認可的作品之一是一張描繪1973年強姦現場的照片，這是對薩拉·安·奧滕（Sara Ann Otten）被廣為宣傳的強姦和謀殺的回應。
9. Ewa Partum
9，伊娃·帕圖姆
Ewa Partum is a poet and artist whose work explores gender issues and female identity. Partum was involved in WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution, thanks to her work in the feminist movement in the 70s and80s.
伊瓦·帕圖姆是一位詩人和藝術家，其作品探討性別問題和女性身份。帕圖姆和怪胎有關！藝術與女權革命，多虧了她在70年代和80年代女權運動中的工作。
10. Jade Cowans
10，傑德·考文斯
Jade Cowans tells tales of empowerment and honesty through her body of work titled "Sister Series," which celebrates the narratives of sisterhood.
傑德·考文斯通過其名為「姐妹系列」的作品講述了賦予權力和誠實的故事，該作品頌揚姐妹情誼。
11. Frida Kahlo
11號，弗裡達·卡羅
Frida Kahlo is one of the most famous feminist artists,born in Mexico in 1907. She was a painter who primarily painted self-portraitsand paintings with surrealism, and she became politically active in the 20s when she joined the Young Communist League and the Mexican Communist party. Her artwork explores pregnancy, abortion, gender roles and sexuality.
弗裡達·卡洛是最著名的女性主義藝術家之一，1907年出生於墨西哥。她是一名畫家，主要用超現實主義繪畫自畫像和繪畫，20多歲時加入了青年共青團和墨西哥共產黨，成為政治活躍分子。她的作品探討懷孕、墮胎、性別角色和性行為。
12. Eva Hesse
12，伊娃·海瑟
Eva Hesse, a German-American sculptor, came to the United States during the rise of Nazism. She experimented with everyday materials as aminimalist artist who depicted abstract ideas full of sexual innuendos.
美籍德國雕塑家伊娃·海瑟是納粹主義興起時期來到美國的。作為一名極簡主義藝術家，她嘗試用日常材料描繪充滿性暗示的抽象思想。
13. The Guerrilla Girls
13，遊擊隊女孩
The Guerrilla Girls were a radical group ofintersectional feminist female artists who wore guerilla masks when they were out in public.They wanted the focus to be on their art and not their individual identities. Their motto: "Reinventing the 'F' Word:Feminism."
遊擊隊女孩是一個激進的交叉女性藝術家群體，她們在公共場合戴著遊擊隊面具。他們希望關注的是他們的藝術，而不是他們的個人身份。他們的座右銘是：「重塑『F』字：女權主義。」
14. Li Xinmo
14，李心沫
Li Xinmo is a controversial Chinese feminist artist who,in 2012, participated in the group exhibition Bald Girls, a platform for the promotion and development of feminist art and theory. Her performance art is based on personal experiences. She's known for her piece, Memory, in which she faces the experience of abortion by tearing off her dress, ripping it up into pieces and turning them into dolls.
李心沫是一位頗具爭議的中國女性主義藝術家，2012年參加了「禿頭女孩」團體展，這是女性主義藝術和理論的推廣和發展平臺。她的表演藝術是以個人經驗為基礎的。她以自己的作品《記憶》而聞名，在這部作品中，她面對墮胎的經歷，把衣服撕成碎片，變成人偶。
15. Regina José Galindo
15，裡賈納·何塞·加林多
Regina José Galindo is a performance artist from Guatemala who uses her body as the protagonist in her art that explores social injustices like gender and racial discrimination. In her work, Piedra,she painted her body gray and sat in a static rock position, allowing her audience to urinate on her to protest abuse and unequal power relations.
裡賈納·何塞·加林多（ReginaJoséGalindo）是一位來自瓜地馬拉的表演藝術家，她用自己的身體作為藝術的主角，探索性別和種族歧視等社會不公。在她的作品《皮埃德拉》中，她把自己的身體塗成灰色，坐在一個靜止的巖石位置上，讓觀眾向她撒尿，抗議虐待和不平等的權力關係。
More on the History of Feminist Art
再論女性主義藝術史
Before feminist art, female artists were largely left out of the public eye, denied exhibitions and gallery representation based on theirgender. Feminist artists began creating non-traditional alternative venues toshowcase their art.
在女性主義藝術出現之前，女性藝術家基本上被排除在公眾視線之外，因為她們的性別而被拒絕參加展覽和畫廊展覽。女性主義藝術家開始創造非傳統的另類場所來展示他們的藝術。
Artsy defines feminist art as "works created from the late 1960s through the early 』70s that focused on women’s lives andexperiences — primarily in domestic contexts — building on the so-called secondwave of feminism." It also notes that "the term encompasses a widerange of approaches, including installations and performance."
Artsy將女性主義藝術定義為「從20世紀60年代末到70年代初，主要是在家庭背景下，在所謂的第二次女權主義浪潮的基礎上，專注於女性生活和經歷的作品。」，包括協作安裝和性能。」
Art historian Linda Nochlin's essay, Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? , is touted for first sparking the debate when it was published in 1971. Since then, however, tons of feminist artists have emerged.
藝術史學家琳達·諾克林的文章《為什麼沒有偉大的女藝術家？》該書在1971年出版時首次引發了這場爭論。從那時起，大量的女權主義者出現了。
These artists grew in their activism, challenging the systems in place. For example, in New York City, feminists artists gathered tocreate art organizations like the Art Worker’s Coalition, Women Artists in Revolution (WAR) and the AIR Gallery, that specifically addressed feministartist rights and issues. And then they protested museums like The Museum of Modern Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art that didn't exhibit manywomen artists.
這些藝術家在她們的激進主義中成長，挑戰現有的制度。例如，在紐約市，女權主義者藝術家聚集在一起創建藝術組織，如藝術工作者聯盟、革命（戰爭）中的女藝術家和空中畫廊，專門處理女權主義者藝術家的權利和問題。然後他們抗議像現代藝術博物館和惠特尼美國藝術博物館這樣的博物館，這些博物館沒有展出很多女藝術家。
By 2008, feminist art was given its first major retrospective at The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles: WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution, which featured over 120 works from artists and art groups around the world.
到2008年，在洛杉磯當代藝術博物館舉辦了第一次女性主義藝術大型回顧展：怪人！藝術和女權主義革命，其中包括來自世界各地藝術家和藝術團體的120多件作品。
Today feminist artists tend to "rather daringly appropriate the work of earlier feminist artists, often with a heavy dose of irony and kitsch," according to Artsy. "It may seem counterproductiveto fuse feminism with kitsch, but kitsch assumes a mainstream, successfully established canon—testifying, perhaps, to feminism’s successful permeation of massmedia and culture."
如今，女性主義藝術家傾向於「非常恰當的早期女性主義藝術家的作品，往往帶有強烈的諷刺和媚俗，」根據Artsy把女權主義和媚俗融合起來似乎會適得其反，但媚俗假定了一個主流的、成功確立的經典，也許可以證明女權主義成功地滲透了大眾媒體和文化。」
Artsy also adds that "contemporary artists know their feminist history, and they understand that standards of taste, beauty,relevance and value have long been debated without women’s voices; yet, thosestandards remain powerful in the art world."
Artsy還補充說，「當代藝術家知道女權主義歷史，他們明白品味、美感、相關性和價值的標準長期以來一直沒有女性的聲音；然而，這些標準在藝術界仍然很強大。」
"If unattainable fantasies (such as impossible standards of beauty, passive female sexuality and all the dreams and values that upheld gender hierarchies) were the prime target of an earlier generationof feminist critique, contemporary feminist art extends its scope to address the complex political terrain of feminism in the 21st century," according to Artsy. "These examples willingly seduce with their visual allure, aquality historically associated with femininity and original sin. By simultaneously espousing and critiquing ideals of beauty and rapture, these artists draw you into the room, only to expose that room as warped and unstable, constructed with an outdated set of tools. Having fundamentally changed the way we understand what we thought we knew, contemporary feministart offers up its own version of history and representational space. As such,it may sometimes be wary of unattainable fantasies more broadly, and even those of feminism itself."
「如果無法實現的幻想（如不可能達到的美麗標準、消極的女性性行為以及所有支持性別等級的夢想和價值觀）是早期女性主義批評的主要目標，那麼當代女性主義藝術將其範圍擴大到解決21世紀女性主義的複雜政治地形，「根據阿特西的說法。」這些例子自願地用他們的視覺誘惑，一種歷史上與女性氣質和原罪相關的品質。這些藝術家同時推崇和批判美和狂喜的理想，把你吸引到這個房間裡，卻暴露出這個房間是扭曲和不穩定的，是用一套過時的工具建造的。當代女性主義藝術從根本上改變了我們理解自己所知的東西的方式，提供了自己的歷史版本和表現空間。因此，它有時可能會更廣泛地警惕那些無法實現的幻想，甚至是女權主義本身的幻想。」
Feminist art has taken on different issues over the years via new and innovative art forms. But the constant remains that feministartists are telling a story through an oft-missing voice: the female voice.
近年來，女性主義藝術通過新的、創新的藝術形式呈現出不同的問題。但一直以來，女權主義者們都在用一種經常被忽略的聲音講述一個故事：女性的聲音。
本文摘自：國際當代藝術研究中心
亞洲浪潮，博鰲視野
立足亞洲 面向世界
傳遞論壇最新動態 促進亞洲深度合作
全球重要對話的傳達者 亞洲共同發展的瞭望者