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The placenta plays a very important role in pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus for its growth and development, and at the same time removes carbon dioxide and other waste products. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone secreted by the placenta are essential for maintenance of pregnancy and preparation of delivery.
A normal placenta is composed of three parts: placental disc, extraplacental membranes, and three-vessel umbilical cord, the main link between the fetus and the placenta. The disc has two surfaces. One is maternal and the other is fetal. The umbilical cord is typically attached to the center of the fetal surface. On average, weight and thickness of a placental at full term are respectively 470g and 2.5 centimeters.
It is a routine prenatal test to examine placental's location and its relationship with the internal cervical os by sonography.
placenta previa
pic source:http://mommiesdaily.com/2016/02/23/plasenta-previa-tidak-bisa-melahirkan-secara-normal/
Common placental abnormalities include placental abruption, placental accreta, placenta previa, bilobed placenta, and battledore placenta. Placenta abruption means during pregnancy the placenta detaches from the uterine wall, either partially or completely, and this is believed to be the most common placenta disorder. It is one of the culprits behind premature delivery, fetal growth restriction and fetal death. Placental accreta, increta and percreta are conditions in which the placenta attached too deeply into the uterine wall and they may result in server postpartum hemorrhage or uterine inversion. Placenta previa is defined as a complication where placenta lie low in the uterus and partially or completely covers the cervix. Woman with placenta previa has elevated risk of cesarean section. Bilobed placenta refers to a placenta consisting of two roughly equal-sized lobes separated by a membrane. This unusual structure can be associated with first-trimester bleeding, polyhydramnios, abruption and retained placenta. Battledore placenta is a condition where the umbilical cord is attached to the placenta margin and the placenta bears a resemblance to battledore racket. Battledore placenta are linked to preterm labor and fetal distress.
Battledore
pic source:http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Battledore-Shuttlecock.htm
重點詞彙
extraplacental 胎盤外的
internal cervical os 子宮內宮頸口
placental abruption 胎盤早剝
placental accreta 粘連性胎盤植入
placenta previa 前置胎盤
bilobed placenta 雙葉胎盤
polyhydramnios 羊水過多
battledore placenta 球拍狀胎盤，battledore，板羽球，類似羽毛球的運動
detach 脫離
placenta increta 嵌入性胎盤植入
placenta percreta 穿透性胎盤植入
參考譯文
胎盤在孕期中發揮了非常重要的作用，為胎兒甚至發育提供氧氣和營養物質，同時排出二氧化碳和其他廢物。胎盤分泌的雌激素和孕激素對於妊娠維持和分娩準備非常關鍵。
正常胎盤由三部分組成：胎盤體、胎盤膜，含三根血管的臍帶，臍帶是胎兒和胎盤之間的主要紐帶。胎盤體兩面分為母體面和子體面。臍帶通常附著於子體面的中心處。足月胎盤的重量和厚度平均為470g和2.5釐米。
產前檢查時常規做法是通過超聲查看胎盤位置及其和子宮內宮頸口的位置關係。
常見的胎盤異常情況包括胎盤早剝、胎盤植入、前置胎盤、雙葉胎盤和球拍狀胎盤。胎盤早剝是孕期胎盤從子宮壁部分或全部剝離，是最為常見的胎盤異常情況，是導致早產、胎兒生長受限及胎兒死亡的幕後元兇之一。胎盤植入的三種類型，粘連性、嵌入性、穿透性、是指胎盤植入子宮壁過深，可能導致嚴重產後出血和子宮脫出。胎盤前置是指胎盤位於子宮下段，部分或全部遮蓋了子宮頸。胎盤前置導致剖宮產風險上升。雙葉胎盤是指胎盤由兩個尺寸大概相當的兩葉構成，兩葉由一層膜分開。這種非常規的結構可能與孕早期出血、羊水過多、早剝以及胎盤滯留有關。球拍狀胎盤是指臍帶附著於胎盤的邊緣，形狀與球拍相似，這種胎盤結構與早產和胎兒窘迫的風險相關。
參考資料:
1. Williams Obstetrics, 25th Edition, by F. Gary Cunningham , Kenneth J. Leveno , Steven L. Bloom , Catherine Y. Spong , Jodi S. Dashe, Barbara L. Hoffman , Brian M. Casey. McGraw-Hill Education / Medical; 25 edition (April 12, 2018)
2 Placenta, Abnormalities by Kimberly M. Rathbun; Jason P. Hildebrand. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459355/#article-27263.s5
相關連結
婦產醫學英語系列(8)-排卵和著床
婦產醫學英語系列(7)-孕期泌尿系統變化
婦產醫學英語系列(6)-孕期代謝的變化
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