原文地址：【連結】http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/risk-of-supervolcano-eruption-big-enough-to-affect-the-world-far-greater-than-thought-say-scientists-9040073.html
正文翻譯：
Risk of supervolcano eruption big enough to 'affect the world' far greater than thought, scientists say
科學家們說超級火山噴發對"影響世界"的風險比想像中更大
Scientists have analysed the molten rock within the dormant supervolcano beneath Yellowstone National Park and found that eruption is possible without any external trigger 科
學家們分析了黃石國家公園底下休眠的超級火山內的熔巖，並發現即使沒有外部觸發，火山噴發也是可能的。
The eruption of a "supervolcano" hundreds of times more powerful than conventional volcanoes – with the potential to wipe out civilisation as we know it – is more likely than previously thought, a study has found.
一項研究發現，超級火山噴發比普通的火山強大數百倍----我們知道它具有摧毀整個文明的潛力----遠遠超出以前的想像。
An analysis of the molten rock within the dormant supervolcano beneath Yellowstone National Park in the United States has revealed that an eruption is possible without any external trigger, scientists said.
科學家們說，通過對美國黃石公園地下的超級火山內的熔巖的分析，他們發現不經外界觸發，火山噴發也是可能的。
Scientists previously believed many supervolcanic eruptions needed earthquakes to break open the Earth's crust so magma could escape. But new research suggests that this can happen as a result of the build-up of pressure.
科學家們以前相信很多超級火山噴發需要地震或者打開地殼，然後巖漿才能噴發出來。不過，最新的研究表明積聚的壓力也能使超級火山噴發。
* var cpro_id = "u1180999"; Supervolcanoes represent the second most globally cataclysmic event – next to an asteroid strike – and they have been responsible in the past for mass extinctions, long-term changes to the climate and shorter-term "volcanic winters" caused by volcanic ash cutting out the sunlight.
超級火山是第二大的全球性災難事件----前一個是小行星撞擊----它們很可能造成物種大滅絕，長期氣候變化，以及由火山灰形成的遮天蔽日的短期"火山冬天"。
The last known supervolcanic eruption was believed to have occurred about 70,000 years ago at the site today of Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. It caused a volcanic winter that blocked out the sun for between six to eight years, and resulted in a period of global cooling lasting a thousand years.
最近一次超級火山噴發發生在七萬年前，位於今天印度尼西亞蘇門答臘島上的多巴湖。它導致了一次火山冬天，遮蔽陽光六到八年，並造成持續千年的全球冷化。
A supervolcano under Yellowstone Park in Wyoming last erupted about 600,000 years ago, sending more than 1,000 cubic kilometres of ash and lava into the atmosphere – about 100 times more than the Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines in 1982, which caused a noticeable period of global cooling.
大約60萬年前，黃石公園底下的超級火山噴發，將超過一千立方千米的火山灰和火山巖送往大氣層----這比1982年菲律賓皮納圖博火山噴發強大近一百倍，那次造成了一段顯著的全球變冷。
Following Pinatubo's eruption, the global average temperature fell by about 0.4C for several months. Scientists predict that a supervolcanic eruption would cause average global temperatures to fall by about 10C for a decade – changing life on earth.
皮納圖博火山噴發之後，數月內全球平均氣溫降低0.4度。科學家們預測一次超級火山噴發會導致十年內全球平均氣溫降低10度，最終改變地球上的生物。
Scientists have analysed magma from the Yellowstone caldera, a 55-mile-wide underground cavern containing between 200 and 600 cubic kilometres of molten rock, to see how it responds to changes in pressure and temperature.
科學家們分析了來自黃石火山的巖漿，觀察隨著溫度和壓力的改變，這個55英裡寬的地下洞穴內的兩百至六百平方公裡的熔巖會如何變化。
Using a powerful X-ray source at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, the researchers found that the density of the magma decreased significantly at the high temperatures and pressures experienced underground.
運用位於法國格勒諾布爾的歐洲同步輻射實驗室的一個強大的X射線源，研究員們發現在高溫高壓下，巖漿的密度顯著降低。
Density variations between magma and the rock surrounding it means that the lava within the supervolcano's caldera can produce big enough forces to break through the earth's crust, allowing the molten rock and ash to erupt from the surface, the scientists said.
科學家們說，巖漿及其周圍石頭之間的密度差異意味著超級火山火山口內的巖漿能夠產生足夠大的力量衝破地殼，並將熔巖和火山灰從表面噴發出去。
"The difference in density between the molten magma in the caldera and the surrounding rock is big enough to drive the magma from the chamber to the surface," said Jean-Philippe Perrillat of the National Centre for Scientific Research in Grenoble.
"火山口的熔巖巖漿及其周圍石頭之間的密度不同足夠將熔巖從內部推至表面，"來自格勒諾布爾市國家科學研究中心的Jean-Philippe Perrillat說道。
"The effect is like the extra buoyancy of a football when it is filled with air underwater, which forces it to the surface because of the denser water around it," Dr Perrillat said.
"這種效應就像一個充滿了空氣的氣球，具有足夠的浮力，當它在水下的時候，就會被周圍密集的水推到水面上，"Perrillat博士說道。
"If the volume of magma is big enough, it should come to the surface and explode like a champagne bottle being uncorked."
"如果巖漿的體積足夠大，那麼它就會衝到表面，並像被拔掉塞子的香檳酒瓶一樣炸開。"
The study, published in the journal Nature Geoscience, was possible because the X-ray machine at Grenoble was able to take accurate density measurements at temperatures of up to 1,700C and pressures 36,000 times greater than normal atmospheric pressure.
這項研究發布在《自然地球科學》雜誌上。格勒諾布爾市的X射線機器起了很大的作用，因為它能夠準確衡量高達1700攝氏度，壓力超過36000倍大氣壓時的密度。
"The results reveal that if the magma chamber is big enough, the overpressure caused by differences in density alone are sufficient to penetrate the crust above and initiate an eruption," said Professor Carmen Sanchez-Valle of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, who led the study.
"結果顯示如果巖漿的量足夠多，那麼僅僅是密度差異引起的超壓就能夠使巖漿衝出地殼爆炸，"瑞士聯邦理工學院（ETH）的Carmen Sanchez-Valle教授說道。他主導了這項研究。
Preventing a supervolcanic eruption is not possible, but scientists are currently trying to devise methods of monitoring the pressure of underground magma in order to predict whether one is imminent.
預防超級火山噴發是不可能的，但是科學家們正在想方設法監控地下巖漿的壓力，從而預測超級火山噴發是否迫在眉睫。
Dr Perrillat said there are no known supervolcanoes that are in danger of erupting in the foreseeable future, and it would take at least a decade or so for the magma pressure within a caldera to build up to a point where an eruption is likely.
Perrillat博士說，在可預見的未來，並沒有一個超級火山處於噴發的危險之中。可能需要至少十年左右，火山內的巖漿壓力才能構建一個很可能噴發的點。
評論翻譯:
"it would take at least a decade or so for the magma pressure within a caldera to build up to a point where an eruption is likely" - oh, well, that's OK then.
"可能需要至少十年左右，火山內的巖漿壓力才能構建一個很可能噴發的點。"哦，好吧，沒事了。
cJJfX4aCvx1dTbYalfwCSiBP
Of course, they're estimating that based on what we know of geology...which to be honest, could be better. If something unknown happens, it's possible that the caldera could blow tomorrow. Lets hope it doesn't.
當然，他們基於已知的地質學估算…老實說，可能太樂觀。如果某些未知的事情發生，很可能導致火山明天就噴發。希望不要吧！
icarus_69
I remember the Mount St Helen's eruption of 1980, which gave us a cold dark summer. I wonder if the writer is confusing the two (and getting the date wrong anyway).
我記得1980年的聖赫倫火山爆發，讓我們度過了一個黑暗的寒夏。我懷疑作者弄混了兩者（日期也錯了）。
cJJfX4aCvx1dTbYalfwCSiBP
Probably thinking of the El Chichón eruption in Mexico (1982). Which killed well...everyone surrounding it and spewed lots and lots of material into the stratosphere.
可能是1982年墨西哥的厄奇聰火山爆發，那次殺了周圍所有的人，並且將大量的物質噴向平流層。
GeorgeIrwell
Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991 not 1982.
皮納圖博火山1991年爆發而不是1982年。
Douglas Grenfell
This article is very poorly researched so are the conclusions any different. If itm happens there is nothing we can do about it, just adapt.
這篇文章研究得很差，所以結論平平無奇。即使發生了，我們什麼也做不了，除了適應。
oflife
Why can't we release the pressure slowly, perhaps by using strategically placed explosives to release magma in spurts? (Not an expert of course, so excuse any naivety!)
我們為什麼不緩慢釋放壓力呢？可能可以通過戰略性地放置一些爆炸物緩解巖漿噴發的壓力。（我不是專家，原諒我的天真吧！）
GnosticBrian
When humans try to match nature on this scale it is really no contest; the immense size of the Super Volcano and the massive forces involved are way beyond current technological control. In principle one can insert a sharp pin into the surface of a balloon and slowly release the pressure; in practice sudden catastrophic failure results.
當人類試圖在這個層次上和大自然競賽，這真的沒有可比性；超級火山龐大的體積以及包含的無窮力量，真的不是我們現在的技術可以控制的。理論上我們可以在氣球表面插一根大頭針緩慢釋放壓力；實際上會導致突然的災難性的爆炸。
Ivan Mechede
Going to the moon wasn't possible before a bunch of people did it.
Of course this is preventable. If the us put 10% of its military budget into fixing this, it would be done in a couple of years. They won't have a country left to defend!!
齊心協力去月球吧。當然這是可以預防的。如果美國將軍隊預算的10%拿去解決這個問題，幾年內就會成功了。他們將不會有國家保護！！
Michael Julian
The ensuing worldwide societal breakdown would see off several billion humans and return us to more manageable levels of 1-2 billion.
Can this be a bad thing? Bring it on.
隨後全球範圍內社會崩潰，人口從幾十億降低到更易於管理的1-2億。
這難道是壞事嗎？來吧。
icarus_69
You're volunteering to be first in the line for extinction?
你自願首先被滅絕麼？
ruggedtoast
If they comprise you and all the heartless and bitter specimens like you, then no. Bring it on.
如果包括你以及所有像你一樣無情刻薄的人的話，那這就不是一件壞事。來吧。
John B Ellis
Well, if it happens and it's liable to affect all of us, at least it'll affect Americans most, and first! All those US conservative fundamentalist Christian evangelicals who've gone on for years about "the Lord's judgement on America" can all bawl "told ya so" - at least until their vocal chords clog ...
好吧，如果超級火山噴發，將會影響我們所有的人，至少首先會影響美國人！美國基督教原教旨主義的福音派，多年來一直宣揚"主的審判在美國"，到時就能夠大叫"早就告訴過你了"--直到他們的聲帶被堵塞…
GnosticBrian
And what if, instead of Yellowstone, the Italian Super Volcano, Campi Flegrei, erupts first?
假如義大利的超級火山坎皮佛萊格瑞替代黃石先噴發呢？
Frizz Muncher
mother earth is tiring of our corrupt human species and will shake us off like fleas.
地球母親已經厭倦了我們這些貪婪的人類，將像抖掉跳蚤一樣抖掉我們。
cavern
I don't have a problem with Yellowstone clearing her throat, world needs a good cleansing!
我對黃石清清喉嚨一點意見也沒有，世界需要淨化啦！
NR23Derek
It's probably best if we don't know about this to be honest, we can't do anything to stop it or anything to survive it.
不知道或許更好吧，老實說我們既不能做些什麼阻止它，又不能做些什麼活下來。
cJJfX4aCvx1dTbYalfwCSiBP
Actually, there's a lot we can do to survive it.
1. Move away.
2. Develop non sunbased energy systems (eg. Nuclear + Geothermal... hydroelectric is sun powered, think about it).
3. Develop infrastructure that can ''tolerate'' Volcanic ash cloud conditions.
Of course, if you're living in the middle of a caldera and it explodes...not much we can do about that.
事實上，我們有許多辦法倖存。
1、 走為上策。
2、 發展非太陽能系統（比如核能+地熱…水電是太陽動力的，考慮看看）。
3、 建造能夠"容忍"火山灰的基礎設施。
當然，如果你正好住在火山口上，然後它噴發了…那就無能為力啦。
Pollik
...and it will be blamed on atheists or homosexuals, as seems to happen with any catastrophe in the USA
…然後會被歸咎於無神論者或者同性戀者，美國發生任何大災難都會這樣。
whitbreadtrophy
Develop a method to slowly release the pressure and use the resultant controlled eruption's geothermal energy.
Win win.
找出一個辦法緩慢釋放壓力，同時還能使用控制噴發的地熱能。
雙贏哦。
cJJfX4aCvx1dTbYalfwCSiBP
...Develop a method to drill into a extremely well filled water balloon without it bursting and then we'll talk.
…如果你能在裝得滿滿的水球上扎一針而不會爆炸的話，然後我們能對話了。
ds9074
If we had a decade to prepare then I think it would be possible for humans to survive a 10 year winter, though not at our present standard of living and probably not at our current population. Winter is coming...
如果我們有十年準備，那麼我認為人類活過10年冬天是可能的，儘管不是以目前的生活水準，也不是當前的人口水平。冬天來了…
ConanTheBrightonian
Puts all the yammering about man-made climate change into perspective doesn't it? (And no I'm not a Denier, just bored with people going on about it like it was important)
看看關於人類造成的氣候變化的所有抱怨吧，不是嗎？（我不是一個否定者，只是煩透了那些人）
Darth_Yoda
But man can do something about man-made climate change.
但是對於人類造成的氣候變化，我們還是能做些事情的。
Derek Colman
This article seems to disagree with the scientists who actually study Yellowstone. They say there would not be much global cooling because the magma does not contain much sulphur, and there was no mass extinction last time it erupted. It would however be devastating for the American mid-west because of the huge amount of ash that would fall on it.
這篇文章好像不同意那些確實研究了黃石公園的科學家們。他們說全球不會太冷，因為熔漿不含太多的硫磺，並且上次火山噴發時並沒有發生大滅絕。對美國中西部來說，這將是毀滅性的，因為將有大量火山灰落在上面。
Ivow2thee
Worse than this report is all the 'Self professed experts ' who are commenting on here --
We're talking hundreds of thousands of years ago & if it's going to happen again,then there's nothing we can do about it except -
Live For Today.
比這個報導更嚴重的是在這裡評論的那些"自我宣稱的專家們"—
我們正在討論幾十萬年前的事情是否會再次發生，我們什麼也做不了除了—活在當下。
Iridium Halo
Is there anything we SHOULDN'T be scared about?
我們不應該害怕嗎？
James Wellings
Amazing -- despite the terrifying headline, not one word about the actual size of the risk or the probability of an explosion, not even in relative terms. Crap journalism again
讓人吃驚的是---除了這個恐怖的標題，沒有任何話談到這個風險的實際大小以及噴發的可能性，即使是相對而言。又一個扯淡的新聞。
Le Cycliste
So nice to see that the "Independent" has joined the Nanny/NWO State throng in using "scare us to death" journalism. You gotta love it!
很高興看到獨立報用"嚇死我們"的新聞躋身天才保姆（美國喜劇）行列。你必須喜歡！
Elliot Carver
Has the Independent run out of news?
獨立報是米有新聞報導了嗎？
Andre Hush
Supervolcano is going to wipe civilisation? So spend all your money now.
超級火山會毀滅文明？現在開始，花完你所有的錢。
Jonathan Ridley
I wonder what would happen if a terrorist group decided to give the volcano a 'helping hand' by detonating a huge amount of explosives on the caldera...? (or a nuke)
如果恐怖組織決定對火山伸以援手，在火山口引爆大量的炸藥（或者一個核彈），猜猜會發生什麼？
Fraser Kaye
Don't give them any ideas. There could be traitors among us in this very website.
不要給他們任何想法。這個網站上有叛徒藏在我們中間。
Matt Smith
Our only hope is to burn enough fossil fuels to offset the cooling effect of volcanoes. For that, we need to drill drill drill and frack frack frack. We need cheap energy for everyone!
Oh yeah, solar power won't be working, folks. And the wind farms will be clogged with soot and dust. Sorry about that.
我們唯一的希望是燃燒足夠的化石燃料來抵消火山噴髮帶來的寒冷效應。所以我們需要鑽鑽鑽，壓壓壓。每個人都需要便宜的能源。
是的，太陽能不管用了，風力發電廠也被煙塵堵塞。太糟糕了。
Dave Phipps
Something to look forward to
期待
voiceofconscience
The possibility of warmongering, "fracking crazy" USA being wiped out? If only.
煽動戰爭的可能，"壓力下瘋狂"的美國精疲力竭了？
artorius
Whatever you do, don't let the Daily Mail hear about this.
無論你做什麼，不要讓《每日郵報》知道。
simonsays
There are numerous terrifying threats to humanity out there. To quote Douglas Adams, 'Don't panic'
人類面臨著許多可怕的威脅。引自道格拉斯 亞當斯，"不要恐慌"。
Charles Senior
If only scientists were able to capture and use some of the enormous energy contained in the Yellowstone caldera!
如果科學家們能夠捕獲並利用黃石火山中大量的能量就好了！
Churyl Minne
Please, please, please don't tell Al Gore about this. We'll need new taxes to ovffset the spending needed to protect the planet from this new menace -- super-volcanoes.
千萬不要告訴阿爾戈爾啊（前美國副總統），不然我們要交新稅，為了幫助地球抵禦這個新的威脅----超級火山。
Who am I
You mean if s##t happens we humans might not be to blame for it? I bet environmentalists who love to blame humanity for everything have a headache trying to get their heads around this one.
你是說我們人類可能不是罪魁禍首嗎？我打賭，喜歡將一切歸咎於人類的環保主義者會有麻煩了，都會來關注這件事。
Brian Barone
Not really. Some things we can't control, but that doesn't mean we shouldn't do what we can to protect our environment.
也不是。有些事我們不能控制，但不意味著我們不應該做我們所能夠做的來保護我們的環境。
scourchedearth 2 days ago
One thing I have determined in my half century of life is that Science, while one of the most important disciplines, SUCKS AT PREDICTIONS! I can sit in my living room and guess ( a non fancy word for hypothesis)...
半個世紀的人生裡我確定了一件事，那就是科學，作為最重要的學科之一，全他媽的是預測！我可以坐在客廳裡猜想（美其名曰假說）…
Brian Barone 2 days ago
Not really. A hypothesis requires data. A guess requires a functioning brain. Science is great at predicting a lot of things. Solar eclipses, hurricanes, asteroid impacts. But yes, we can't predict exactly when a super volcano will erupt, yet. But that doesn't mean we shouldn't try to get better at these predictions by gathering more data.
不全是。假說需要數據。猜想則只需要一個運行的大腦。科學的偉大之處在於可以預測很多東西。日食，颶風，小行星撞擊。但是，我們確實不能預測超級火山什麼時候噴發。但那也不意味著，我們不能通過收集數據得出更好的預測結果。
rockingham
In the meantime, if you get the chance, visit Yellowstone, it is a wonder to see, and the chipmunks are real cute.
在此期間，如果你有機會去參觀黃石公園，你會發現這是一個奇蹟，並且鼠來寶很萌。
langej
So there is the solution to global warming then.
所以全球變暖問題解決了。