I've got a confession. I love looking through people's garbage. Now, it's not some creepy thing. I'm usually just looking for old electronics, stuff I can take to my workshop and hack. I do have a fetish for CD-ROM drives.
坦白地說， 我喜歡翻看別人丟棄的垃圾。這可不是什麼怪癖。我通常只是尋找舊的電子器件， 那些我可以帶回工作室進行改裝的東西。我尤其痴迷於光碟驅動器。
Each one's got three different motors, so now you can build things that move. There's switches so you can turn things on and off. There's even a freaking laser, so you can make a cool robot into an awesome robot.
每一個驅動器都有三個不同的馬達， 這樣你就能組裝一些可以動的東西了。驅動器還有開關， 讓你能夠實現啟動和關閉功能。它甚至還有一個非同尋常的雷射器， 讓你能把一個看起來還不錯的 機器人變得炫酷無比。
Now, I've built a lot of stuff out of garbage, and some of these things have even been kind of useful. But here's the thing, for me, garbage is just a chance to play, to be creative and build things to amuse myself. This is what I love doing, so I just made it part of my day job.
我已經用廢棄材料造出了許多東西， 而且其中一些還是很有用的。不過事實上， 對我來說，廢品只是提供了一個玩轉的機會， 讓我富有創造力，打造自娛自樂的東西。這是我的興趣所在， 所以我把它融入了我的一部分日常工作。
I lead a university-based biological research lab, where we value curiosity and exploration above all else. We aren't focused on any particular problem, and we're not trying to solve any particular disease.
我帶領著一個大學的生物研究實驗室， 我們把好奇心和探究精神擺在首位。我們不專注於任何特定的問題， 也沒有嘗試去解決任何特定的疾病。
This is just a place where people can come and ask fascinating questions and find answers. And I realized a long time ago that if I challenge people to build the equipment they need out of the garbage I find, it's a great way to foster creativity.
這只是一個人們可以來 提出奇妙的問題並找到答案的地方。很久以前我就意識到， 如果我挑戰別人用我找到的廢品 造出他們需要的設備， 這是一種很好的培養創造力的方式。
And what happened was that artists and scientists from around the world started coming to my lab. And it's not just because we value unconventional ideas, it's because we test and validate them with scientific rigor.
後來， 全世界的藝術家和科學家們 開始紛紛來到我的實驗室。並不只是因為我們重視新奇的想法， 更是因為我們用科學的精確性 檢測並證實那些想法。
So one day I was hacking something, I was taking it apart, and I had this sudden idea: Could I treat biology like hardware? Could I dismantle a biological system, mix and match the parts and then put it back together in some new and creative way? My lab started working on this, and I want to show you the result.
有一天我正在拆解東西， 我突然產生了這樣的想法：我能不能把生物體當作硬體？我能不能拆分一個生物系統， 混合併配對拆分出來的部分， 然後用全新的創造性的方式把它重新拼裝？於是我的實驗室開始了相關的研究，我想給你們展示一下成果。
Can any of you guys tell me what fruit this is?Audience: Apple!Andrew Pelling: That's right -- it's an apple. Now, I actually want you to notice as well that this is a lot redder than most apples. And that's because we grew human cells into it.
你們有誰能夠告訴我這是什麼水果嗎？觀眾：蘋果！安德魯·佩林：沒錯——這是個蘋果。我現在也需要你們注意， 它比其他蘋果要紅得多。原因是我們在其中植入了人類細胞。
We took a totally innocent Macintosh apple, removed all the apple cells and DNA and then implanted human cells. And what we're left with after removing all the apple cells is this cellulose scaffold. This is the stuff that gives plants their shape and texture.
我們拿了一個純正的麥金塔蘋果 （譯者註：蘋果公司早期一款個人電腦）， 移除所有的蘋果細胞和DNA， 再植入人類細胞。移除全部蘋果細胞後， 剩下的是纖維素骨架。正是纖維素保證了植物的形狀和質感。
And these little holes that you can see, this is where all the apple cells used to be. So then we come along, we implant some mammalian cells that you can see in blue. What happens is, these guys start multiplying and they fill up this entire scaffold.
還有你們看到的這些小孔， 就是蘋果細胞原來所在的地方。然後我們繼續試驗， 植入了一些哺乳動物細胞， 你們可以看到是藍色的。接下來，它們開始繁殖， 並充滿了整個骨架空隙。
As weird as this is, it's actually really reminiscent of how our own tissues are organized. And we found in our pre-clinical work that you can implant these scaffolds into the body, and the body will send in cells and a blood supply and actually keep these things alive.
聽起來有些不可思議， 這的確能使我們聯想到 人體的組織排列方式。我們在臨床前試驗時發現， 你可以把這些纖維素骨架植入體內， 而身體會提供細胞和血液供應 來維持其生命活動。
This is the point when people started asking me, "Andrew, can you make body parts out of apples?" And I'm like, "You've come to the right place."
就在這個時候人們開始問我， 「安德魯，你能從蘋果中製造出人體部位嗎？」 我答道：「你來對地方了。」 （笑聲）
I actually brought this up with my wife.
(Laughter)
She's a musical instrument maker, and she does a lot of wood carving for a living. So I asked her, "Could you, like, literally carve some ears out of an apple for us?" And she did. So I took her ears to the lab. We then started preparing them. Yeah, I know.
It's a good lab, man.(Laughter)
我也跟我的老婆提起過這件事，她是一位樂器製造家， 也把製作木雕當成一種職業。所以我問她， 「你可以為我們用蘋果 雕刻出一些耳朵嗎？」 她真的做到了。後來我帶著她雕刻的耳朵去了實驗室。我們開始籌備實驗。是的，我知道（這看起來很驚悚）。（笑聲）
夥計們，這可是個很棒的實驗室。（笑聲）
And then we grew cells on them. And this is the result.(Laughter)Listen, my lab is not in the ear-manufacturing business. People have actually been working on this for decades. Here's the issue: commercial scaffolds can be really expensive and problematic, because they're sourced from proprietary products, animals or cadavers. We used an apple and it cost pennies.
之後我們在上面培植細胞。結果是這樣的。聽我說， 我的實驗室並不參與製造耳朵的生意。人們已經研究這一項目幾十年了。問題在於：商業化的骨架組織價格極高， 而且問題重重。因為它們來源於專利產品， 動物或屍體。我們只用了一個幾分錢的蘋果。
What's also really cool here is it's not that hard to make these things. The equipment you need can be built from garbage, and the key processing step only requires soap and water. So what we did was put all the instructions online as open source.
更炫酷的是， 製造這些東西並不是很難。你所需要的設備可以由廢品打造， 而且關鍵的加工步驟只需要肥皂和水。於是，我們把製作教程公開上傳到網上。
And then we founded a mission-driven company, and we're developing kits to make it easier for anyone with a sink and a soldering iron to make these things at home.
然後我們成立了一家身負使命的公司， 旨在開發成套的工具， 讓任何有水槽和焊鐵的人 能夠很方便的在家完成這些。
What I'm really curious about is if one day, it will be possible to repair, rebuild and augment our own bodies with stuff we make in the kitchen.Speaking of kitchens, here's some asparagus. They're tasty, and they make your pee smell funny.
我真正好奇的是會不會有一天， 人們有可能修復、改造、 強化我們自己的身體， 用到的只是我們廚房裡的材料。好，說到廚房， 這是一些蘆筍。它們很可口，不過會讓你的尿液有股怪味。
Now, I was in my kitchen, and I was noticing that when you look down the stalks of these asparagus, what you can see are all these tiny little vessels. And when we image them in the lab, you can see how the cellulose forms these structures.
有一次，我在我的廚房裡發現， 當你觀察蘆筍莖稈那一端（的截面）， 你會看到這些細小的導管。而當我們在實驗室裡觀察它們時， 你會發現纖維素是如何形成這些結構的。
This image reminds me of two things: our blood vessels and the structure and organization of our nerves and spinal cord.(Laughter)So here's the question: Can we grow axons and neurons down these channels? Because if we can, then maybe we can use asparagus to form new connections between the ends of damaged and severed nerves.
這張圖讓我想到了兩樣東西。我們的血管， 和我們的神經和脊髓的結構組織。（笑聲）那麼問題來了：
我們能否沿著這些通道 培植神經軸突或神經元呢? 如果我們可以實現， 也許我們就能用蘆筍來形成全新的節點， 連接損傷或切斷的神經末梢。
Or maybe even a spinal cord. Don't get me wrong -- this is exceptionally challenging and really hard work to do, and we are not the only ones working on this. But we are the only ones using asparagus.
或者甚至可以是脊髓。不要誤會—— 這非常具有挑戰性， 而且極其難操作， 並不是只有我們正在研究這方面內容。但只有我們在使用蘆筍。
Right now, we've got really promising pilot data. And we're working with tissue engineers and neurosurgeons to find out what's actually possible.
如今，我們已經取得了 具備可行性的實驗數據， 正在和人體組織工程師和 神經外科醫生合作， 來找出其中的可能性。
So listen, all of the work I've shown you, the stuff that I've built that's all around me on this stage and the other projects my lab is involved in are all a direct result of me playing with your garbage. Play -- play is a key part of my scientific practice. It's how I train my mind to be unconventional and to be creative and to decide to make human apple ears.
聽我說，我向你們展示的所有工作， 我身邊所有這些自己造出來的東西， 還有我的實驗室參與的其他項目， 都是我玩轉你們丟的垃圾的直接結果。玩轉——玩轉是我科學實踐的關鍵。它能訓練我的大腦突破常規，富有創意， 讓我決定製作人類的蘋果耳朵。
So, the next time any of you are looking at some old, broken-down, malfunctioning, piece-of-crap technology, I want you to think of me. Because I want it.(Laughter)Seriously, please find any way to get in touch with me, and let's see what we can build.
所以，下一次當你們看到一些老舊的， 破損的，不好用的， 廢銅爛鐵一樣的科技產品， 我希望你們能想起我。因為我需要它們。（笑聲）說真的，請想盡一切方法聯繫我，看看我們能造出什麼東西。
Thank you.
謝謝。（掌聲）