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圖片出自facebook@Mark Sabaj Pérez的個人專頁
2015年9月@所有版權歸作者所有
申古河考察團又出動了!上次他們去了申古河其中一條大支流-伊裡裡河(rio Iriri)。這次主要集中研究阿爾塔米拉港口上(Altamira)的申古河物種,紀錄很詳細而且收穫比上次更豐富呢!此相簿的主人是叫Mark Sabaj Pérez,每次看到他分享的南美之旅都感到興奮,他是在費城的自然科學學院擔任魚類收藏管理者。
申古河考察團(四)
阿爾塔米拉港口上(Altamira)的申古河(Rio Xingu)
2015年9月紀錄
二期裝置:阿爾塔米拉港口上(Altamira)的申古河,2015年9月(枯水期)
2nd Installment: rio Xingu above Altamira, September 2015 (low water season)
以上的照片來自於阿爾塔米拉港口(Altamira,位於墨西哥)上申古河附近的水域,該地域劃上了紅色路標指引人民,而且被當地漁民稱之為「大豬頭(porcão)」。我不認為大家都知道為什麼這段水域稱為「porcão」。人們猜想這是因為曾經有人看見一隻大豬停留在河岸附近(某些地方名的背景故事不足以變成一部好萊塢電影)。路標在東北位,河水上的雙方向分岔口標誌可以指引你看下一批圖。
The following photos are from the vicinity of the reddish waymark...a stretch of the Xingu above Altamira known to local fishermen as "porcão". I do not think anyone knows why this stretch is called "porcão". A guess is that someone once saw a large hog on the riverbank nearby (the backstories of some local names are unlikely to inspire a Hollywood movie). The 2-pronged fork in the river just northeast of the waymark can be used to orient you in the next photos.
在南美洲枯水期間,其他水域也有一段類似這樣的大型河流。但是,只有申古河的棲息地才有這種大而複雜的規模。該河段從伊裡裡(Iriri)河口延伸到貝特蒙特大壩上的最後一個急流水域,延綿超過200公裡,終點落在大沃爾塔(Volta Grande)。與其自然的風光相比,我們的voadeiras(左下圖,位於巴西巴雷裡尼亞斯水域)都相形失色。
Other large rivers in South America have stretches that look like this in the low water season. But, only the Xingu has this type of habitat on such a grand and complex scale...over 200 river kilometers from the mouth of the Iriri to the last rapids above Belo Monte, the terminus of Volta Grande. Our voadeiras (bottom left) are dwarfed by the splendor of nature.
在「porcão」河段,申古河水飛快地穿過主河道的基巖河床。(照片中央底部,此圖為河道口;從視圖中看到水流飛快地流淌著。)淺層河道的水從兩側流入主河道,河水在流水斷層垂直跌落到整條河道。航拍照片來自Leandro Sousa。
In the "porcão" stretch, much of the Xingu's water flows swiftly through a major channel in the broken bedrock (the channel begins in center bottom of photo and the water flows away from view). The shallower channels empty into the main one from either side and often flow perpendicular to the overall direction of the river. Aerial photos by Leandro Sousa.
作為較小型河道流入較大型河道「porcão」,它們形成了無數的小瀑布。這樣的小型瀑布是親流性(current-loving)魚種理想的棲息地。
As the smaller channels drain into the larger "porcão", they create countless cascades. Such smaller cascades are ideal habitat for rheophilic (current-loving) fishes.
這些較小型的瀑布也會和小型河流一樣模仿著原棲息地…
The smaller cascades also mimic habitats more commonly associated with smaller rivers...
包括小溪流完美地被河岸植被樹蔭遮蓋著…
...including small creeks well shaded by riparian vegetation...
↑ 這些所有的環境讓申古河成為河流中的「巨流」。↑
...this makes the rio Xingu a "river of rivers"
枯水期同樣也能在基巖間看見一些親巖性(lithophilic)的魚種,一年中的大部分時間這些複雜的棲息地會被沉沒在水底下。
The low water season also gives us a glimpse at the kind of substrates inhabitated by lithophilic (rock-loving) fishes. These complex habitats are submerged during most of the year.
這段申古河河流水位每年都不一樣,最深時可以達到5米。這意味著每年三月和四月的高水位期間這些露出地面的巖層大部分會重新下沉到河底。
River levels in this section of the rio Xingu can vary annually by up to 5 meters, meaning most (if not all) of this rocky outcrop is underwater when the river is at its highest in March and April.
當巖石回歸到河底時,這些露出地面的巖層就可以提供縱橫的河床空隙,方便魚類們尋找庇護場所和築巢場所。
When submerged, the rocky outcrops offer a variety of vertical and horizontal crevices for fishes to seek shelter and nest.
↑ 這些巖石標記著該地為巴西(又叫 Guaporé)地盾北部的邊緣地帶。↑
The rocks are mark the northern edge of the Brazilian (aka Guaporé) Sheild.
河床基層的表面結構可以隨時改變,因為它取決於巖石性質和其抗風化性。
The surface texture of the substrate can change abruptly depending on the type of rocks and their resistance to weathering.
申古河下遊河岸很少有大樹…這一顆大樹是例外的一顆。
Few large trees occur along the banks of the lower rio Xingu...this magnificent one being an exception.
當地居民的聰慧性也讓我們感到驚訝。因為在這種條件下,我們丟失了供氧給壓氣機的容器氣帽。
The field ingenuity of our local hosts continuallly amazes me. In this case, we lost the cap to the container supplying gas to the compressor.
但不需要擔心…
No worries...
我們藉助塑膠袋和一條精心挑選的雕刻過的樹枝,解決了氣帽丟失的問題。
A well chosen and finely carved tree branch, aided by a plastic bag, solved the problem of the missing gas cap.
魚類生存的好地方。
A nice place to fish.
請注意水流是垂直而下的,枯水期間經常會發生這種情況。
Notice the water is moving in orthogonal directions, a common occurrence during the low water season
↑ 橙黃色體型上配搭黑直條紋是申古河急流水域棲息魚種anostomids的主打特色。圖片顯示的是虎紋兔脂鯉(Leporinus tigrinus)。↑
Black vertical stripes on a yellow-orange background is a common theme for anostomids inhabiting the Xingu rapids. That color pattern is shown here by Leporinus tigrinus.
↑ 黃金九間(Leporinus desmotes)年輕個體。該個體的圖案變化是斑兔脂鯉(Leporinus maculatus)和條紋兔脂鯉Leporinus aff. fasciatus (Tapa-Xingu)之間雜交演變而成。四種基本外型模式的魚種都生存在申古河,而且它們的外型都非常接近。↑
Leporinus desmotes juvenile. Variations on this pattern are shared by Leporinus maculatus and Leporinus aff. fasciatus (Tapa-Xingu). All four species with this basic pattern occur in the Xingu, often in close proximity.
↑ 油鯰屬(Pimelodus),該品種可能難以描述。↑
A potentially undescribed species of Pimelodus.
↑ 與油鯰屬(Pimelodus)十分相似,來自於它的鄰近水域--託坎廷斯河流域(Tocantins basin),它已經被定義描述。↑
Similar looking Pimelodus have been described from the neighboring Tocantins basin.
↑ 斜吻溪脂鯉(Characidium declivirostre),1915年由Steindachner發表描述(上頜牙齒缺失,前兩個腹鰭鰭刺不分支)↑
Characidium declivirostre describe by Steindachner in 1915 (maxillary teeth absent, first two pelvic fin rays unbranched)
↑ 黑點矛麗魚(Crenicichla percna),1991年由Sven Kullander發表描述。當地漁民稱這個品種為「jiboia」,同時也是紅尾蚺(Boa constrictor)的名字。↑
Crenicichla percna, described by Sven Kullander in 1991. The local fishermen call this species "jiboia", also the common name for Boa constrictor.
↑ 血色利齒脂鯉(Hoplias aimara),小編註:牙魚的一種,1847年由Valenciennes發表描述。↑
Hoplias aimara described by Valenciennes, 1847.
↑ 矛麗魚屬(Crenicichla),小編註:孔雀龍的一種,申古河品種1,這是年輕個體的體色。↑
Crenicichla Xingu species 1, juvenile coloration
枯水期間,我們在申古河急流河段偶遇了一群矛麗魚屬(Crenichcla sp. 1)魚種,小編註:孔雀龍的一種,該魚種正從年輕個體往亞成體生長發展。
During the low water season, we encountered a few schools of juvenile to subadult Crenichcla Xingu sp. 1 in the rapids.
↑ 亮紅色和橙色逐漸消失在矛麗魚屬(Crenicichla)雄性魚種中。↑
This brilliant red and orange colors are gradually lost as this species of Crenicichla matures.
午餐的好地方。
Nice place to lunch.
↑ Julian Dignall自己心裡在想"我想知道這是什麼味道的?"↑ 小編註:也太會吃了吧!
Julian Dignall, thinking to himself "I wonder what it tastes like?"
午餐期間,漁民開始準備一道特殊的晚飯—黃翅黃珍珠異形(Baryancistrus xanthellus)的魚湯。小編註:這盆令愛魚人士怎麼想。。。
During our lunch break, the fishermen begin preparing a special treat for the evening meal...soup de Baryancistrus xanthellus.
首先腹部被剖開,內臟和腸子被清理出來。
First the bellies are cut and the long coiled guts are removed.
↑ 接下來魚鰭被小心翼翼地用刀子切掉。↑
Next the fins are carefully removed by machete.
比起骨頭卡在你牙齒間的憤怒,把黃翅黃珍珠異形魚(Baryancistrus)做成一碗美味的魚湯更讓人感到傷心。小編註:看著都心痛啊
There is no greater insult to a tasty bowl of Baryancistrus soup than to get the bristles of a pectoral spine lodged in your teeth.
↑ 準備好放入鍋中。↑ 小編註:真的能吃嗎?
Ready for the pot.
…烤魚(serrasalmid:鋸脂鯉)小編註:吃水虎倒無所謂~~
...grilled serrasalmids...
Leandro Sousa正在操控它的無人機,晚點他需要使用。
Leandro Sousa spinning his drone for a late afternoon flight.
飛行員
The pilot.
當他們正在急流中捕獲異形魚的時候,裝扮過的漁民把捕獲到的魚放在綁在腰間的一升裝塑料瓶中。小編註:怎樣塞進去的?
As they hunt for plecos in the rapids, the ornamental fishermen store them in plastic liter bottles tied to their belts.
↑ 黃金達摩(Scobinancistrus aureatus)年輕個體,1994年由Burgess發表描述。↑
Scobinancistrus aureatus (juvenile) described by Burgess in 1994.
↑ 黃金達摩(Scobinancistrus aureatus)年輕個體。↑
Scobinancistrus aureatus (juvenile)
↑ 金莎達摩(Scobinancistrus pariolispos),1989年由Isaâc J. H. Isbrücker 和 Hans Nijssen發表描述。↑
Scobinancistrus pariolispos, described by Isaâc J. H. Isbrücker and Hans Nijssen in 1989.
↑ tubarão銼鉤甲鯰(Scobinancistrus "tubarão")(科學上並沒有被描述) (小編注:是黃金小丑豹嗎?)
Scobinancistrus "tubarão" (scientifically undescribed)
↑ Spectracanthicus punctatissimus的經典外型(Steindachner 1881)↑
The typical form of Spectracanthicus punctatissimus (Steindachner 1881)
↑ Spectracanthicus punctatissimus,長吻型,斑點圖案迷人。↑
The long snouted, finely spotted form of Spectracanthicus punctatissimus (Steindachner 1881)
↑ Pseudancistrus asurini,申古河地方性魚種,2015年由Gabriel Costa E Silva, Fabio Roxo和Claudio Oliveira發表描述。↑
Pseudancistrus asurini, a Xingu endemic recently described by Gabriel Costa E Silva, Fabio Roxo and Claudio Oliveira (2015)
↑ 費氏勾口鯰(Peckoltia feldbergae),2012年由Renildo de Oliveira, Lucia Rapp Py-Daniel, Jansen Zuanon和Marcelo Rocha發表描述。2015年David Werneke和 Milton Tan把該魚種轉移到另外一個屬種--勾口鯰屬(Ancistomus)。↑
Peckoltia feldbergae, described by Renildo de Oliveira, Lucia Rapp Py-Daniel, Jansen Zuanon and Marcelo Rocha in 2012. Jon Armbruster, David Werneke and Milton Tan (2015) transferred this species to another genus, Ancistomus.
↑ 美洲豹異形(Peckoltia sabaji),最初由埃塞奎博河人(the Essequibo)描述,2003年由Jon Armbruster補充基本資料。↑
Peckoltia sabaji, originally described from the Essequibo basin by Jon Armbruster in 2003.
↑ 黃金帝王花豹異形(Leporacanthicus heterodon),申古河上遊魚種,1989年由Isaâc J. H. Isbrücker和Hans Nijssen發表描述。↑
Leporacanthicus heterodon, described from the upper Xingu by Isaâc J. H. Isbrücker and Hans Nijssen in 1989.
↑ 亞歷山大異形(Baryancistrus niveatus)類似品種,最初品種描述來自於投肯丁斯河盆地。↑
A species resembling Baryancistrus niveatus, originally described from the Tocantins basin.
↑ 黃翅黃珍珠異形(Baryancistrus xanthellus),2011年由Lucia Rapp Py-Daniel, Jansen Zuanon和 Renildo de Oliveira發表描述。↑
Baryancistrus xanthellus, described by Lucia Rapp Py-Daniel, Jansen Zuanon and Renildo de Oliveira in 2011.
日落時的申古河。
rio Xingu at sunset
潛水員優雅地在水中遊曳。
Arc of a diver...
一點也毫不費勁。
...effortlessly...
我醒來,思緒掠過天空,
...my mind in sky and when I wake up...
無論白天還是黑夜,我感覺你向我靠近。
Daytime and nighttime I feel you near.
暖暖的水在呼吸著,
Warm water breathing...
她在這裡幫我。
...she helps me here.
一天來到了結束時刻, 伴隨著一煲L18黃翅黃珍珠(gold nugget)的湯在沸騰著;
The day ends with a piping hot bowl of gold nugget soup.
Jools證明了他很享受這頓L18黃翅黃珍珠(gold nuggets)大餐,就如他在水族箱飼養這個魚種一樣…
Jools proves he can enjoy eating gold nuggets as much as keeping them in aquaria....
完。
整理:明智佐馬介
翻譯:Candy
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