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TED 演講
10對抗Zika和其他蚊子傳播疾病的秘密武器
A secret weapon against Zika and other mosquito-borne diseases、
Nina Fedoroff
Zika fever: our newest dread disease.
寨卡病毒感染症 我們最新發現的重大疾病
What is it? Where』d it come from?
它到底是什麼？源自於哪裡呢？
What do we do about it?
我們該如何對付它呢？
Well for most adults, it’s a relatively mild disease —
對於大部分成年人 它只是一個相對輕微的病毒——
a little fever, a little headache, joint pain, maybe a rash.
些許的發燒 稍微的頭痛 關節疼痛 或許會長疹子
In fact, most people who get it
事實上大部分患病的人
don’t even know they』ve had it.
都不知道他們已經患病了
But the more we find out about the Zika virus
但當我們越深入了解 寨卡病毒感染症時
the more terrifying it becomes.
它卻顯得越來越恐怖
For example, doctors have noticed an uptick
例如 醫生察覺到 一種疾病稱作格林-巴利症候群
of something called Guillain-Barré syndrome in recent outbreaks.
在近期的病例中 有上升的趨勢
In Guillain-Barré, your immune system attacks your nerve cells
格林-巴利症候群會 使你的免疫系統攻擊
it can partially or even totally paralyze you. Fortunately,
你的神經細胞 造成你部分甚至完全的癱瘓
that’s quite rare, and most people recover.
可幸得是那非常稀少 大部分的人也都有康復
But if you’re pregnant when you’re infected
但如果你懷孕時患病
you’re at risk of something terrible. Indeed,
你就有風險獲得 一個可怕的東西
a child with a deformed head.
是的 一個頭畸形的小孩
Here’s a normal baby.
這是一個正常的嬰兒
Here’s that infant with what’s called microcephaly.
這是一個患有我們所說的 「小頭畸形」的嬰兒
a brain in a head that’s too small.
一個腦袋在一個太小的頭顱裡
And there’s no known cure.
而且這並沒有已知的治療方法
It was actually doctors in northeastern Brazil
其實是一群在巴西東北部的醫生們
who first noticed, just a year ago, after a Zika outbreak,
在一年前發現到 在寨卡病毒感染症爆發後
that there was a peak in the incidence of microcephaly.
小頭畸形症的案例
It took medical doctors another year to be sure
達到高峰 醫生又在花了一年的時間
that it was caused by the Zika virus,
才確定這是寨卡病毒感染症所導致的
but they’re now sure.
但現今他們確定了
And if you’re a」bring on the evidence」 type,
如果你是 「給我證據」那類人
check out this publication.
看看這篇出版文章吧
So where did it come from,
它是源自於哪裡？
and how did it get here?
又怎麼傳到這裡的呢？
And it is here.
它的確已經在這裡了
Like many of our viruses, it came out of Africa,
如同許多病毒一樣 它源自於非洲
specifically the Zika forest in Uganda.
更明確的源自於 烏幹達的寨卡森林
Researchers at the nearby Yellow Fever Research Institute
研究者在附近的 黃熱病研究中心
identified an unknown virus in a monkey in the Zika forest
在一隻在寨卡森林裡的猴子 識別了一種未知的病毒
which is how it got its name.
也就是它名字的由來
The first human cases of Zika fever
第一個患有寨卡病毒的人類案例
surfaced a few years later in Uganda-Tanzania.
在幾年後浮現於 烏幹達-坦尚尼亞
The virus then spread through West Africa
病毒傳布整個西非
and east through equatorial Asia — Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Indonesia.
向東到達赤道亞洲： 巴基斯坦 印度 馬來西亞
But it was still mostly in monkeys and, of course, mosquitoes.
印度尼西亞但病毒大部分還是存在於猴子 當然
In fact in the 60 years
以及蚊子 事實上在他1947
between the time it was first identified in 1947 and 2007
第一次被發現到2007年
there were only 13 reported cases of human Zika fever.
這60年間 只有13件已知的人類患有 寨卡病毒的案例
And then something extraordinary happened on the tiny Micronesian Yap islands.
之後驚奇的事件發生了 在微小的密克羅尼西亞聯邦的雅浦島
There was an outbreak that affected fully 75 percent of the population.
寨卡病毒爆發將島上 整整百分之七十五的人感染
How did it get there? By air.
它如何到傳到那裡的呢？
Today we have two billion commercial airline passengers.
通過空氣 今天我們有二十億的商業盈利航空的旅客
An infected passenger can board a plane,
一位已患病的旅客可以在
fly halfway around the world
出現患病的症狀之前
before developing symptoms — if they develop symptoms at all.
甚至沒有出現任何症狀 踏上飛機
Then when they land,
飛躍半個地球 當他們著陸時
the local mosquitoes begin to bite them and spread the fever.
當地的蚊子將開始 叮咬他們 並且開始傳播病毒
Zika fever then next surfaced in 2013 in French Polynesia.
寨卡病毒感染症之後在2013 出現於法屬玻裡尼西亞
By December of that year, it was being transmitted locally by the mosquitoes.
當年的12月 已由當地 的蚊子開始傳染病毒
That led to an explosive outbreak in which almost 30,000 people were affected.
這也因此導致了爆發性的傳染 使的將近30 000人受到影響
From there it radiated around the Pacific.
從那裡 則開始向周圍的
There were outbreaks in the Cook Islands, in New Caledonia,
太平洋發散 庫克群島 新喀裡多尼亞
in Vanuatu, in the Solomon Islands
萬那杜
and almost all the way around to the coast
索羅門群島都陸續出現了疫情 一直到近南美洲
of South America and Easter Island.
群島海岸和復活節群島然後
And then, in early 2015,
2015年初期
there was an upsurge of cases of a dengue-like syndrome
在巴西東北方的納塔爾市
in the city of Natal in northeastern Brazil.
類登革熱疫情的病例高漲
The virus wasn’t dengue,
傳染的病毒並非登革熱
it was Zika, and it spread rapidly —
而是寨卡
Recife down the coast, a big metropolitan center, soon became the epicenter.
並且在迅速的傳播 沿岸的累西腓 作為廣大的商業重鎮 很快的成為了擴散的中心
Well people have speculated
有人推測或許是因為
that it was 2014 World Cup soccer fans
2014的世界足球杯的球迷
that brought the virus into the country.
將疫情帶入了當地
But others have speculated that perhaps it was Pacific Islanders
但也有人認為是因為 當年在裡約所舉辦的
participating in championship canoe races
獨木舟冠軍大賽
that were held in Rio that year that brought it in.
當中所參與的 太平洋島上的居民們所傳入的
Well today, this is only a year later.
至今
The virus is being locally transmitted by mosquitoes
也才一年後寨卡病毒已由 當地的蚊子所傳播
virtually throughout South America, Central America, Mexico
近乎遍布了中美洲 南美洲 墨西哥
and the Caribbean Islands Until this year,
以及加勒比群島
the many thousands of cases
一直到今年 在美國
that have been diagnosed in the US were contracted elsewhere.
所診斷出的上千個病例 都並非在美國本土
But as of this summer, it’s being transmitted locally in Miami.
遭到傳染 但在這個夏季為止 它正在 邁阿密當地傳播
It’s here.
它在這裡了
So what do we do about it? Well,
所以我們該如何做呢？
preventing infection
要防止傳染
is either about protecting people or about eliminating the mosquitoes.
要麼在於保護民眾 要麼在於消滅蚊子
Let’s focus on people first.
讓我們先來把焦點放在人身上
You can get vaccinated.
你可以注射疫苗
You can not travel to Zika areas.
你可以避免到寨卡病毒
Or you can cover up and apply insect repellent.
盛行的地區 或者你也可以將自己包覆起來
Getting vaccinated is not an option,
並且使用防蚊液 疫苗行不通
because there isn’t a vaccine yet
因為寨卡病毒
and there probably won’t be for a couple of years.
的疫苗還並不存在 並且在近幾年應該
Staying home isn’t a foolproof protection either
還是如此 待在家中也不是一個 沒有漏洞的辦法
because we now know that it can be sexually transmitted.
因為我們現在知道 它可以透過性行為所傳染
Covering up and applying insect repellent does work…
包覆起來並且使用防蚊液
until you forget.
確實行得通…. 直到你忘記為止
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
So that leaves the mosquitoes,
所以焦點轉到蚊子上了
and here’s how we control them now:
這就是我們現今控制它們的方法：
spraying insecticides.
噴灑殺蟲劑
The protective gear is necessary because these are toxic chemicals
防護的裝備是必須的 因為存在著有毒的化學藥物
that kill people as well as bugs.
足以殺死人類以及蚊蟲
Although it does take quite a lot more
當然殺死人類所需要的量
to kill a person than to kill a bug.
遠超過殺死蚊蟲所需要的量
These are pictures from Brazil and Nicaragua.
這些照片來自於 巴西以及尼加拉瓜
But it looks the same in Miami, Florida.
但相同的情境也可以在 邁阿密
And we of course can spray insecticides from planes.
佛羅裡達看到 還有當然我們可以用 飛機噴灑殺蟲劑
Last summer, mosquito control officials in Dorchester County, South Carolina,
去年的夏天 南卡羅來納 多徹斯特郡管控蚊子的人員
authorized spraying of Naled, an insecticide,
在廠商的推薦之下 在某天的早晨
early one morning, as recommended by the manufacturer.
噴灑了二溴磷
Later that day, a beekeeper told reporters
一種殺蟲劑 當天下午 一名養蜂人
that her bee yard looked like it had been nuked.
告訴了記者他的養殖蜜蜂的園區 仿佛被核武器攻擊了
Oops.
哎呀！
Bees are the good guys.
蜜蜂應該是好人啊
The citizens of Florida protested, but spraying continued. Unfortunately,
佛羅裡達州的居民雖 提出抗議
so did the increase in the number of Zika fever cases.
但噴灑並未停止 不幸的 寨卡病毒的案例 增加的數量也是如此
That’s because insecticides aren’t very effective.
那是因為 殺蟲劑
So are there any approaches that
並不是非常有效
are perhaps more effective than spraying
那是否有比殺蟲劑來的更有效並且
but with less downsides than toxic chemicals?
比有毒的化學藥物 擁有更少的缺點的方式呢？
I’m a huge fan of biological controls,
我是生物防治的愛好者
and I share that view with Rachel Carson, author of」Silent Spring,」
而我與《寂靜的春天》的作者 Rachel Carson有相同的看法
the book that is credited with starting the environmental movement.
這本書被視為 環保運動的創始者
In this book she tells the story, as an example,
這本書她講述了一個故事
of how a very nasty insect pest of livestock
以在上個世紀被消滅了 一種針對牲畜的
was eliminated in the last century.
害蟲為比喻在今日
No one knows that extraordinary story today.
這個驚奇的故事不為人知
So Jack Block and I, when we were writing an editorial
所以Jack Block與我 在撰寫一篇有關當今
about the mosquito problem today, retold that story.
蚊子問題的 報導時重新講述了那個故事
And in capsule form, it’s that pupae —
簡單來說 也就是蛹——
that’s the immature form of the insect —
那是昆蟲還未成熟的狀態——
were irradiated until they were sterile, grown to adulthood
受到輻射直到它們失去生育能力 等到它們進入成年期之後
and then released from planes all over the Southwest,
再由飛機將它們釋放
the Southeast and down into Mexico and into Central America
遍布整個西南到東南 再往下進入墨西哥
literally by the hundreds of millions from little airplanes,
然後中美洲 上百萬隻貨真價實的小蟲子 從飛機上被釋放
eventually eliminating that terrible insect pest
最終將那糟糕的害蟲
for most of the Western Hemisphere.
從大部分的西半球移除
Our real purpose in writing this editorial
我們撰寫這篇報導
was to introduce readers to how we can do that today —
真正的目的是要 介紹給讀者 我們如何在今日做到一樣的
not with radiation but with our knowledge of genetics.
事情—— 並不是用輻射而是 用我們對基因所有的知識
Let me explain.
讓我來說明
This is the bad guy: Aedes aegypti.
這個是壞人：埃及伊蚊
It’s the most common insect vector of diseases,
他是最常見的由昆蟲 傳染疾病的帶原者
not just Zika but dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile virus
不只是寨卡 還有登革熱 基孔肯雅熱 西尼羅河病毒
and that ancient plague, yellow fever.
以及那古老的瘟疫
It’s an urban mosquito,
黃熱病 它是一個城市型的蚊子
and it’s the female that does the dirty work.
而且是雌性在傳染疾病
She bites to get a blood meal to feed her offspring.
它會叮咬取得血 來餵養它的孩子
Males don’t bite;
雄性的蚊子不會叮咬
they don’t even have the mouth parts to bite.
它們甚至連 用來叮咬的嘴部器官都沒有
A little British company called Oxitec genetically modified that mosquito
一個名為Oxitec的英國小公司 基因改造了雌性的蚊子
so that when it mates with a wild female,
使它們與野生的雌性蚊子交配時
its eggs don’t develop to adulthood.
它們的卵不會發展到成年期
Let me show you.
讓我展示給你看
This is the normal reproductive cycle.
這個是正常的生殖周期
Oxitec designed the mosquito so
Oxitec設計蚊子
that when the male mates with the wild female
使雄性的蚊子與野生雌性
the eggs don’t develop.
蚊子交配時 它們的卵不會成長
Sounds impossible?
聽起來不可能？
Well let me show you just diagrammatically how they do it.
讓我來用圖表解釋 他們如何做到的
Now this represents the nucleus of a mosquito cell,
這個代表蚊子細胞的細胞核
and that tangle in the middle represents its genome,
而中間的那一團 代表的是它的基因
the sum total of its genes.
它基因的總量
Scientists added a single gene
科學家多加了一個基因
that codes for a protein represented by this orange ball
來製造圖片上那橘色球的蛋白質
that feeds back on itself to keep cranking out more of that protein.
這個蛋白質會持續的反饋給自己 來得到更多的蛋白質
The extra copies, however, go and gum up the mosquitoes』 genes,
那多的複製品會弄亂蚊子的基因
killing the organism.
並使它滅亡
To keep it alive in the laboratory they use a compound called tetracycline.
為了要使它在實驗室存活 他們使用一種合成物稱作四環素
Tetracycline shuts off that gene and allows normal development.
四環素會關掉那個基因 並且允許正常的發展
They added another little wrinkle so that they could study what happens.
他們也加了一個小機關 使他們能夠研究所發生的事
And that is they added a
也就是他們加了一個基因
gene that makes the insect glow under UV light
使昆蟲在UV光的照射下會發光
so that when they released it
這樣昆蟲被釋放時他們
they could follow exactly how far it went
能確切知道它們飛的多遠
how long it lived and all of the kinds of data
活了多久 以及各種 你需要的相關的資料
for a good scientific study.
來做完整的科學研究
Now this is the pupal stage, and at this stage
現在這是蛹的階段
the females are larger than the males.
而在這個階段 雌性會比雄性來得大
That allows them to sort them
這使得他們能夠將
into the males and the females
雄性和雌性區分開來
and they allow only the males to grow to adulthood.
並且只讓雄性成長至成年期
And let me remind you that males don’t bite.
讓我再次提醒你 雌性不會叮咬
From there it’s pretty simple.
從這裡 一切變的非常簡單
They take beakers full of male mosquitoes,
他們拿著充滿蚊子的燒杯
load them into milk cartons, and drive around the city,
放進牛奶箱 然後開車繞著市區
releasing them guided by GPS.
並且根據GPS
Here’s the mayor of a city releasing the first batch
將它們釋放 這是一個市區的市長
of what they call the」friendly Aedes.」
釋放第一批他們所說的 「友善伊蚊
Now I wish I could tell you this is an American city,
「 我希望我能跟你說 這是一個美國的城市
but it’s not.
但並不是
It’s Piracicaba, Brazil.
這是巴西的皮拉西卡巴
The amazing thing is that in just a year
最驚奇的事情是 在僅僅一年的時間裡
it brought down the cases of dengue by 91 percent.
登革熱的案例 下降了百分之九十一
That’s better than any insecticide spraying can do.
那比噴灑任何殺蟲劑 所得到的成果好許多
So why aren’t we using this remarkable biological control in the US?
所以我們為何不在美國 使用這個卓越的生物防治方法呢？
That’s because it’s a GMO: a genetically modified organism.
那是因為它是一個GMO 一個基因改造的生物
Notice the subtitle here says if the FDA would let them
注意副題中寫到 如果FDA允許它們的話
they could do the same thing here, when Zika arrives.
當寨卡來到時 它們可以在這裡同樣的事情
And of course it has arrived.
當然寨卡的確來了
So now I have to tell you the short form
所以現在我必須告訴你
of the long, torturous story of GM regulation in the US
有關美國基因改造規範 又長 又折磨人故事的簡短版
In the US,
在美國
there are three agencies that regulate genetically modified organisms:
有三個機構 來管理基因改造的生物
the FDA, the Food and Drug Administration,
FDA 食品藥物管理局EPA
the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency,
國家環境保護局
and the USDA, US Department of Agriculture.
以及 USDA
Took these folks two years to decide
美國農業部 這些人花了兩年的時間
that it would be the FDA
才決定由食品藥物管理局
that would regulate the genetically modified mosquito.
來管理基因改造的蚊子
And they would do it as a new animal drug,
並且他們將它看成一種新的動物藥品
if that makes any sense.
這根本沒有意義
Took them another five years going
他們又花了五年的時間
back and forth and back and forth
來來回回
to convince the FDA that this would not harm people,
說服了FDA這不會對人類有害
and it would not harm the environment.
也不會對環境有害
They finally gave them, this summer,
在這個夏天 他們終於被允許
permission to run a little test
在佛羅裡達礁島群
in the Florida Keys,
做一個小小的測試
where they had been invited years earlier when
在幾年前登革熱爆發的時候
they Keys had an outbreak of dengue.
他們就被邀請這麼做了
Would that it were that easy.
如果這麼簡單就好了
When the local residents heard
在當地的居民聽到
that there would be genetically modified mosquitoes tested in their community
會有基因改造的蚊子被釋放到 他們的社區試驗時
some of them began to organize protests.
部分的居民就開始組織抗議行動
They even organized a petition on the internet
他們甚至在網上組織了一個請願書
with this cuddly logo,
還有這個可愛的標誌
which eventually accumulated some 160,000 signatures
最終獲得了160000個籤名
And they demanded a referendum which
他們要求公投
will be conducted in just a couple of weeks
而且會在幾個禮拜內舉行
about whether the trials would be permitted at all.
這有關測試是否應該被批准
Well it’s Miami that really needs these better ways of controlling insects.
但其實是邁阿密才真正需要 這些比較好的方法來控制蚊蟲
And there the attitudes are changing.
那裡的態度也在轉變事實上
In fact, very recently a bipartisan group
最近一個包含60
of more than 60 legislators
多個立法者的兩黨組織
wrote to HHS Secretary Sylvia Burwell
寫信給HSS部長Sylvia Burwell請求他
asking that she, at the Federal level, expedite access for Florida
在聯邦的層級 加速佛羅裡達得到
to this new technology.
這項新科技
So the bottom line is this: biological control of harmful insects
所以結論是： 利用生物控制來控制害蟲
can be both more effective and very much more environmentally friendly
可以比使用殺蟲劑 也就是有毒的化學藥物
than using insecticides, which are toxic chemicals.
來的有效 並且也 顯著的對環境比較友善
That was true in Rachel Carson’s time; it’s true today.
這在Rachel Carson的時代是正確的 在我們的時代也是
What’s different is that we have enormously more information
不一樣的是我們比那時的我們 擁有更多有關基因的知識
about genetics than we had then,
也
and therefore more ability to use that information
因此我們擁有更多的能力 運用那些信息
to affect these biological controls.
來影響控制這些生物
And I hope
我希望
that what I』ve done is aroused your curiosity enough
我有引起你的好奇心
to start your own inquiry — not into just GM mosquitoes
使得你開始 有你自己的疑問—— 不只是對於基因改造的蚊子
but to the other genetically modified organisms that are so controversial today.
而是還有對於在今日 備受爭議的其他基因改造生物
I think if you do that,
我想如果你這麼做
and you dig down through all of the misinformation,
並且你向下挖掘所有的錯誤信息
and the marketing on the part
以及有機食品產業
of the organic food industry and the Greenpeaces
和綠色和平等的
and find the science, the accurate science,
營銷手段找尋科學 那真實的科學
you』ll be surprised and pleased.
你會感到驚訝以及滿意
Thank you.
謝謝
(Applause)
（掌聲