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Early humans may have survived the harsh winters by hibernating
人類祖先可能靠冬眠捱過寒冬
harsh /hɑːʃ/ 表示：惡劣的，艱苦的，嚴峻的（conditions 環境, harsh conditions are difficult to live in and very uncomfortable）
同義詞：severe
The hostages are being held in harsh conditions .人質被扣留在惡劣環境中。
積累搭配：harsh winter / weather / climate
the harsh Canadian winters加拿大的嚴冬
harsh還可以表示「嚴厲的; 殘酷的; 苛刻的（severe, cruel, or unkind）」
外媒如何報導網劇《隱秘的角落》？
Since its release in June, "Hidden Corner" has quickly become one of the country's most discussed and watched shows — a tense crime drama, unexpectedly poignant in its exploration of childhood, family ties and the harsh realities of life for China's more vulnerable.***自 6 月份上映以來，《隱秘的角落》迅速成為中國觀眾議論、關注最多的影視劇之一。這是一部讓人神經緊繃的犯罪劇，它在探討中國弱勢群體的童年、家庭關係和殘酷的生活現實上，出人意料地尖銳。
hibernate /'haɪbəneɪt/ 不及物動詞，表示：〔動物〕冬眠（if an animal hibernates, it sleeps for the whole winter）
Bears do it. Bats do it. Even European hedgehogs do it. And now it turns out that early human beings may also have been at it. They hibernated, according to fossil experts.
熊會冬眠，蝙蝠會冬眠，甚至歐洲刺蝟也需要冬眠。而現在看來，人類祖先可能也有冬眠過。化石專家表示的確如此。
hedgehog /'hedʒ(h)ɒg/ 表示：刺蝟（a small brown European animal whose body is round and covered with sharp needle-like spines）
fossil /'fɒs(ə)l/ 表示：化石（an animal or plant that lived many thousands of years ago and that has been preserved, or the shape of one of these animals or plants that has been preserved in rock）
fossils of early reptiles早期爬行動物的化石
【翻譯技巧】名詞替代的譯法
名詞替代就是用人稱代詞（we, I, you, he, she, they, it...）、不定代詞（one, all, some）、指示代詞（that, this, these, those）、關係代詞（who, which, whose）等去指代前面所述的事物名詞。翻譯成中文的時候，一般要將具體指代的事物名詞重複出來。比如：
When our washing machine broke, our neighbours let us use theirs. 我們的洗衣機壞了的時候，鄰居就讓我們用他們的洗衣機。
Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English to French.英譯漢不如英譯法容易。
這句話中do it就是一例。
Evidence from bones found at one of the world's most important fossil sites suggests that our hominid predecessors may have dealt with extreme cold hundreds of thousands of years ago by sleeping through the winter.
在世界上最重要一處化石遺址發現的骨骼化石證據表明，在數十萬年前，人類的祖先可能就是靠冬眠捱過漫漫寒冬。
hominid /'hɒmɪnɪd/ adj. 人類及其祖先的
predecessor /'priːdɪsesə/ 可數名詞，表示：前任（someone who had your job before you started doing it）
反義詞：successor
Kennedy's predecessor as president was the war hero Dwight Elsenhower.甘迺迪總統的前任是戰爭英雄德懷特∙艾森豪。
The conclusion is based on excavations in a cave called Sima de los Huesos — the pit of bones — at Atapuerca, in northern Spain. The fossils date back more than 400,000 years and were probably from early Neanderthals or their predecessors.
這個結論是從一個名叫「屍骨坑」的洞穴的挖掘中得出的，該洞穴位於西班牙北部的阿塔普埃爾卡地區。洞穴中的化石可追溯到 40 多萬年前，很可能來自早期的尼安德特人或他們的祖先。
pit /pɪt/ 表示：〔尤指在地上挖出的〕坑（a hole in the ground, especially one made by digging）
The female digs a pit in which to lay the eggs.雌性挖坑產卵。
excavate /'ekskəveɪt/ 表示：〔科學家或考古學家〕發掘，挖出〔古古物等〕（if a scientist or archaeologist excavates an area of land, they dig carefully to find ancient objects, bones etc）
Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.謝裡曼發掘出了特洛伊古城。
The pattern of lesions found in the human bones at the Sima cave are consistent with lesions found in bones of hibernating mammals, including cave bears. "A strategy of hibernation would have been the only solution for them to survive having to spend months in a cave due to the frigid conditions," the authors state.
「屍骨坑」裡發現的人類遺骨曾經歷了病變，與洞熊等冬眠哺乳動物骨頭化石上發現的病變一致。兩位作者表示：「天寒地凍讓他們不得不在洞穴裡待上幾個月，冬眠應該是他們得以生存的唯一途徑。」
lesion /'liːʒ(ə)n/ 可數名詞，表示：〔因傷病而致的〕損傷，損害; 病變（damage to someone's skin or part of their body such as their stomach or brain, caused by injury or illness）
acute gastric lesions急性胃損傷
frigid /'frɪdʒɪd/ 表示：寒冷的，酷寒的（ery cold）
同義詞icy
the frigid air寒冷的空氣
state /steɪt/ 及物動詞，表示：陳述，說明，闡明（to formally say or write a piece of information or your opinion）
Please state your name and address.請說出你的姓名和地址。
They examine several counter-arguments. Modern Inuit and Sámi people — although living in equally harsh, cold conditions — do not hibernate. So why did the people in the Sima cave?
他們還研究了幾個相反的論點。現代因紐特人和薩米人生活在同樣嚴酷、寒冷的環境中，但他們並不冬眠。那為什麼「屍骨坑」裡發現的早期人類要冬眠呢？
Inuit /'injuit/ 可數名詞，表示：伊努伊特人〔居住在北美北部嚴寒地區〕（someone who belongs to a race of people who live in the very cold northern areas of North America）
Sámi：薩米族民族，已生存了上萬年，被稱為歐洲「最後的土著」。它有著自己悠久的歷史和獨特的文化。千百年來，他們一直生活在山地、雨林、沙漠、極地等偏遠地區，過著自由自在的生活，與大自然和諧共處、相得益彰。
The answer, say Arsuaga and Bartsiokas, is that fatty fish and reindeer fat provide Inuit and Sami people with food during winter and so preclude the need for them to hibernate. In contrast, the area around the Sima site half a million years ago would not have provided anything like enough food.
阿蘇亞加和巴茨奧卡斯說，因為因紐特人和薩米人靠肥美的魚和馴鹿的脂肪過冬，所以他們並不需要冬眠。而相比之下，50 萬年前的「屍骨坑」周圍卻根本沒有充足的食物供給。
reindeer /'reɪndɪə/ 表示：馴鹿（a large deer with long wide antlers (=horns), that lives in cold northern areas）
fat /fæt/ 表示：〔某些食物中所含的〕脂肪（an oily substance contained in certain foods）
high / low in fat
This cheese is relatively low in fat.這種奶酪脂肪含量相對較低。
preclude /prɪ'kluːd/ 表示：阻止， 防止，使不可能; 排除，消除（to prevent something or make something impossible）
積累搭配：preclude sb from doing something
Age alone will not preclude him from standing as a candidate.單是年齡問題不會妨礙他參選。
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