葆嬰USANA的產品大部分都是一顆顆的，吞起來跟藥丸沒兩樣，為什麼不做成用喝的呢？
我相信這個問題應該困擾著很多人，其實USANA網站的「詢問科學家」裡有解答，就讓我們一起來了解一下原因吧。（翻譯有問題的地方，煩請不吝指正阿。）
在翻譯這篇文章的時候，我有找到一篇臺北榮民總醫院研究員林山陽先生寫的「藥品生體利用率與臨床療效」的文章，可以交互參考一下咯。
Question:
Why does USANA prefer tablets over liquids?
為什麼USANA偏好錠劑勝過液體形式？
Answer:
Many liquid supplement manufacturers claim that because their product is in a liquid form it is more bioavailable. In fact, some even use phony statements regarding the Physician's Desk Reference to support such claims. The statement they reference about liquid supplements being more bioavailable first appeared in the PDR under a listing for a specific nutritional supplement product. That statement has since been removed because it was false and could not be substantiated.
很多液體補充品的製造商宣稱因為他們的產品是液狀的所以有較高的生體利用率。事實上，有一些人甚至根據PDR(醫生桌上參考手冊)上面錯誤的陳述來支持他們的主張。他們所參考的有關液狀補充品具有較高的生體利用率陳述，一開始是出現在PDR手冊裡的」特定營養補充品」的項目裡。這個陳述已經被移除，因為它是錯誤的而且是無法被證實的。
Nutrients are typically absorbed by the small intestine (unless they are taken sublingually or injected). When you ingest a supplement in either a liquid or tablet form, it must first pass through the stomach before reaching the small intestine. If liquids were simply absorbed directly into the bloodstream, as some supplement companies claim, would the same happen when you ate soup?
營養素通常被小腸吸收(除非是採取舌下含片或是注射的方式)，當你攝取補充品不管是以液體或錠劑的形式，它首先必須經過胃才到小腸。如果液體像一些補充品公司所宣稱的可以簡單地直接吸收到血液裡，那當你喝湯時，是不是也會發生同樣的事情？
Bioavailability is defined as the degree and rate at which a substance (as a drug) is absorbed into a living system or is made available at the site of physiological activity. Different vitamins and minerals have different absorption rates regardless of whether they come from a tablet,liquid,powder,or food. Calcium, for example, has a pretty standard absorption rate (around 25-35%) - the form does not generally make a significant difference.
生體利用率的定義是：當一個物質(如藥物)被吸收到一個活體的系統或是到達作用部位的速率及量(注1)。不同的維生素和礦物質有不同的吸收率，不管他們來自於錠劑、液體、粉末或是食物。舉例來說，鈣就有一個相當標準的吸收率(約介於25%-35%之間)-不同的形式來源並不會造成顯著的不同。
注1:1977 年美國 FDA 對於藥品的生體利用率做了以下的定義： 「Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action.」
其真正的涵義乃是指到達作用部位的藥物主成份的速率及量，但是事實上我們很難直接測量到藥物到達作用部位的速率和量，因此都以藥物進入體循環中的速率和量來間接的評估藥物生物學利用率~林山陽-藥品生體利用率與臨床療效。
Bioavailability有人翻譯成生物利用率，生物利用度，本篇採「生體利用率」的翻法
A well-made tablet provides a very effective delivery system and is the chosen form of most pharmaceutical medications. This is because tablets have been shown to be a very efficient delivery system for medications. Why would vitamin and mineral supplements be any different? Does anybody doubt that an aspirin tablet is less effective because it comes in a tablet?
一個良好製作的錠劑提供了非常有效的輸送系統而且這也是大部分藥品製成所選定的一種形式。這是因為錠劑已經被證實是一種非常有效的藥物輸送系統。為什麼維生素與礦物質補充品要有任何的不同呢？是否有人懷疑阿司匹林錠劑因為錠劑的關係而讓它變得不太有效呢？
Tableted products provide the advantage of an increased amount of active ingredient (almost 3x as much as a capsule and much more than a liquid or spray). In general, the stability of tablets is also superior to liquids.
錠劑產品提供了增加活性成分的好處(幾乎是膠囊的三倍，並且遠遠的超過液體與噴劑)。一般來說，錠劑的穩定程度也優於液體。
Additionally, there are many factors that can affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals in the body. Some of these factors are a function of the person taking the nutrient and are dependent on the age of the person, the integrity of their digestive system, the state of their health, the time of day, the person's gender, and if the supplements were taken on a full or empty stomach.
此外，還有很多因素會影響維生素與礦物質的在身體裡的吸收率。其中的一些因素會導致個人服用營養品的吸收率有所不同，如：不同的年齡、消化系統的完整性、健康的狀態、一天當中的不同時間、性別、空腹吃還是吃飽了吃，都會有影響。
People whose nutrient needs are greater - such as growing children, pregnant or lactating women, and those who are currently deficient - may have significantly enhanced absorption rates for certain nutrients.
對於一般營養需求量更高的人比方說成長中的兒童、懷孕的婦女、哺乳婦或者那些目前就很缺乏營養的人們，他們對於某些營養素會有很顯著的吸收率提高現象產生。
Recently, some individuals and companies have made claims that their products are superior because they are "98% absorbed" or some similar number. This is a misleading statement because there are far too many variables to imply that an individual's absorption is a certain percent of the material consumed. Even absorption of minerals from food sources can vary significantly. Boron, molybdenum, and iodine can be absorbed at over 90 percent, while the average absorption rates of zinc, copper, and selenium can range from 30 to 80 percent depending on the form. It should seem reasonable, then, that stating an absorption rate on a package or in advertising is very misleading.
最近有些個人和公司宣稱他們的產品很優秀，因為具有"98%的吸收率"或類似的數據。這是一個誤導性的陳述，因為有太多的變數以致於無法說明個人所吃進去的物質吸收率會有一定的百分比。實際上來自於食物的礦物質吸收率都有顯著的差別了。硼，鉬，碘，的吸收率可達90%以上，而鋅，銅，硒的吸收率則根據不同的類型介於30-80%之間。這似乎是合理的，既然如此，在包裝盒或廣告上說明吸收率就非常令人誤解了。
USANA tablets are formulated to meet United States Pharmacopoeia standards, which require full disintegration within 30-45 min. They are also formulated to meet standards for dissolution. Because USANA tablets are formulated to these standards, the vitamins and minerals found in our supplements are properly absorbed into the body.
USANA的錠劑按照美國藥典的標準製作出來的，也就是說錠劑需要在30-45分鐘內完全崩解。而它們也符合溶解的標準。因為usana的錠劑是依據這些標準製作出來的，我們產品中的維生素和礦物質都可以適當被身體吸收。
Innovative formulations have been developed to optimize nutrient bioavailability. Each lot of USANA tablets is tested against finished product specifications to ensure that it meets standards for identity, target weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration, potency, purity, and microbial counts. USANA provides its vitamins and minerals in amounts and forms so that, in conjunction with a healthy diet, you will receive maximum bioavailability, full effectiveness, and uncompromised safety.
為了優化生體吸收率，創新的配方已被開發出來。每一批的usana錠劑都會依據產品規格來測試，已確保產品符合特性、目標重量、硬度、厚度、崩解速度、效能、純度和微生物計數的標準。葆嬰Usana提供它的的維生素和礦物質在數量上和形式上與健康的飲食共同協力，這樣你將得到最大的生物吸收率，充分的效能和不打折扣的安全性。
The supplement industry itself originated on account of published studies in formal scientific literature that used tableted forms of vitamins and minerals to establish what we now regard as common nutritional knowledge. With thousands of studies connecting calcium and vitamin D supplements with bone health, it is nearly impossible to dispute that tableted supplements provide an effective delivery system. If tablets weren't bioavailable, why did so many researchers get positive results? If liquid or spray supplements are so much better, why are they rarely, if ever, used in published scientific research?
補充品產業本身是起源於正式發表的科學研究文獻，而研究中以錠劑的形式出現的維生素和礦物質，建立了我們現在所認知的一般營養學知識。隨著數以千計有關鈣與維生素D與骨骼健康的補充研究，以片狀的補充形式來提供一個有效的輸送系統幾乎是不可能有什麼爭議的。假如錠劑是不具生體利用度的，為什麼有這麼多的研究人員都獲得正面的結果呢？假如液體或噴霧形式的補充是這麼的好，為什麼這麼少被用在已發表的科學研究上呢？
(Keep in mind that we are speaking of multimineral and multivitamin formulations. There may be certain products, such as children's medicine, that are more appropriate in a liquid form. However, these are the exceptions, not the rule.)
(請記住，我們說的是多重礦物質與多重維生素製劑。或許有某些產品，比如兒童的藥品，是比較適合做成液體的型態的，這些是例外而不是一般的規則。)
Finally, liquid supplement promoters often contend that liquids are better because they don't contain fillers (excipients used in tablets for disintegration, form, binding, coating, etc). This is perhaps the most ridiculous argument of all, since liquid supplements require even more "other" ingredients, such as emulsifiers, solvents, preservatives, stabilizing agents, coloring, flavoring, etc. Generally speaking, the more vitamin and mineral ingredients there are in a liquid supplement, the more excipients that product will require.
最後，液體補充劑的推動者常爭辯說：液體的更好，因為它們不包含填充物(賦形劑用於錠劑的分解、外型、黏合、塗料，等等)。這也許是最荒謬的論點，因為液體補充品需要更多"其他"的成分，如乳化劑，溶劑，防腐劑，穩定劑，著色，調味料等。一般來說，在液體補充品裡有越多的維生素與礦物質成分，該產品需要越多的賦形劑。
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