在複合句中充當同位語的名詞性從句稱為同位語從句。同位語從句是名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句)中的主要從句之一,也是中學英語學習中的重點語法知識點之一。在使用同位語從句時,應注意以下五個方面:
一、同位語從句在句中的位置
1. 一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞(如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等)的後面,用以說明該名詞所表達的具體內容。
例如:The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. 我們女排贏得冠軍的消息大大地鼓舞了我們所有人。
I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon. 我從王先生那邊得知一個消息,他說他今天下午不能來看你了。
2. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞後,而被別的詞語隔開,在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句。例如:
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home. 她突然想起可能在她離開家時沒把門關上。
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again. 據說他高考(高考新聞,高考說吧)又落榜了。
二、同位語從句前名詞的數
同位語從句前的名詞通常用單數形式,並且往往帶有限定詞(word除外)加以修飾。例如:
Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪兒聽說我不能來?
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答應我,你今天晚上要來參加我們的晚會。
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15,2003. 消息傳來,中國於2003年10月15日首次成功發射了載人飛船。
三、同位語從句連接詞的選用
在英語中,引導同位語從句的詞通常有連詞(that,who,whether),連接副詞(how,when,where)等。例如:
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 對你生病這件事,他們都很焦慮。
The question who should do the work requires consideration. 誰該做這項工作,這個問題需要考慮。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 我們還沒有決定到什麼地方去度暑假。
註:在名詞doubt「懷疑」後的同位語從句用whether連接;在no doubt「不懷疑」之後的同位語從句用that連接。例如:
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我們懷疑他們是否能準時完成任務。
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise. 我們相信張衛會守信的。
同位語從句:that
有些名詞的後面可以接that引導的同位語從句:
We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我們做出決定:我們必須立即行動。
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone. 他提議會議延期。
There was little hope that he would survive. 他倖存的希望很小。
以下名詞常用於以上句型:
advice,announcement,argument,belief,claim,conclusion,decision,evidence,explanation,fact,feeling,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,message,news,opinion,order,probability,promise,proposal,remark,reply,report,saying,statement,suggestion,thought,treat,warning,wish,word
同位語從句:whether
whether可以引導同位語從句,而定語從句不能用whether作為引導詞。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there. 他還沒有做出決定是否去那裡。
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 他是否適合這件工作我有點懷疑。
同位語從句:what
what可以引導同位語從句,而定語從句不能用what作為引導詞
I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他現在在幹什麼。
同位語從句:how
how可以引導同位語從句,而定語從句不能用how作為引導詞
It's a question how he did it. 那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。
同位語從句:who等
who,whom,which,when,where,why用來引導同位語從句
The question who should do the work requires consideration. 誰該幹這項工作,這個問題需要考慮。
She raised the question where we could get the fund. 她提出這個問題:我們到哪兒去搞這筆資金。
四、同位語從句的語氣
在suggestion,advice,request,order等意為「建議;命令;要求」的名詞後,同位語從句中的謂語動詞通常用「should +動詞原形」的虛擬語氣結構,句中的should可以省略。例如:
Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer. 老師給我們提出了一些如何使用電腦的建議。
The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule(should)be adopted. 採納新規則的建議是主席提出來的。
The government gave the order that all these houses(should)be pulled down in three weeks. 政府下令三個星期內所有這些房子都要拆掉。
五、同位語從句與定語從句的用法區別
區別(1)
同位語從句和先行詞是同等的關係;而定語從句是用來修飾先行詞,是從屬的關係。
區別(2)
that在同位語從句中沒有詞義,不充當句子成分;而在定語從句中充當主語、賓語等句子成分。
區別(3)
whether,what,how可以用來引導同位語從句;而它們不能用來引導定語從句。
區別(4)
1. 從詞義角度看問題
who,whom,which,when,where,why用來引導同位語從句是保持原來疑問詞的含義;它們用來引導定語從句時,不具有疑問詞的含義。
2. 從搭配角度看問題
who,whom,which,when,where,why用來引導定語從句時對應性很強,如:
先行詞是「人」,引導詞用「who」等,而它們引導同位語從句是先行詞通常是「question,idea,doubt等」。
六、典型例題
例1:I have no idea when he will be back.
析:he will be back意義不完整,應加「什麼時候」的含義才能表達idea的全部內容,因此應用when引導同位語從句。
例2:I have no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.
析:he went home意義不完整,應加「如何」的含義才能表達impression的全部內容,因此應用how引導同位語從句。
例3:Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海)
A.while B.that C.when D.as
析:答案為B.more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的內容,且Information不在從句中作成分,所以該句為同位語從句。應將該句區別於:
It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities,this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A.what B.that C.when D.as
析:答案為B.that has been put forward為information的修飾性定語,且information在從句中作主語,所以該句為定語從句。
例4:She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A.it B.which C.this D.that
析:答案為B.分析語境含義、句子結構和句子成分可知,該句為非限制性定語從句,先行詞為a terrible noise,且它在從句中作主語。應將該句區別於:
I can’t stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A.it B.which C.this D.that
析:答案為D.she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的內容,且the terrible noise不在從句中作成分,所以該句為同位語從句。
來源:蘇州中學網校
(責任編輯:汪春)