【Q&A in MRI】5.1.8 Spin-Warp Imaging

2021-02-20 CTMR技術園

一切權利歸原作者所有。

僅供學習交流使用,嚴禁用作商業用途。

Courtesy of Allen D. Elster, MRIquestions.com

網站:

https://www.mriquestions.com/

原著:Allen D. Elster, MD

譯註:蔣強盛

What is spin-warp imaging? Isn't this just "regular" MRI? 

什麼是 spin-warp 成像?它就是「普通的"磁共振成像嗎?

Since its introduction in the early 1980s, the Fourier transform-based spin-warp imaging technique of Edelstein and colleagues has been the dominant method for spatial encoding the MR signal. If you think about "regular MRI" as acquiring data using successive application of phase- and frequency-encoding gradients, you are thinking about some variant of the spin-warp method. 

自二十世紀八十年代早期以來,基於傅立葉變換的 spin-warp 成像技術被 Edelstein 和他的同事們引用之後,這一方法成為成為磁共振信號空間編碼的主要方法。如果你認為「普通磁共振成像」是通過接連的相位編碼與頻率編碼梯度來進行信號採集的話,那麼你說的這個就是 spin-warp 方法的變體。

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

那到底什麼是「Spin-Warp」?

Spin 是自旋的意思,很好理解;那麼什麼是 Warp 呢?為了更好地解釋,我們來探尋下 Warp 這個單詞的意思:
作動詞解時有:[with obj.] (in weaving) arrange (yarn) so as to form the warp of a piece of cloth (紡織用語)把(紗)排列成經。作名詞解時有:[in sing.] (in weaving) the threads on a loom over and under which other threads (the weft) are passed to make cloth (紡織用語)經,經紗《說文》:「經,織也。」本義是織布機上的縱線。那麼 Spin-warp 就是將自旋 Spin 信號像紡紗那樣將它們一排一排地編織起來,就好像做衣服一樣。

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

A prototype conventional 2D spin-echo pulse sequence using spin-warp imaging is illustrated below. Here an MR signal is generated after each pair of 90°-180° degree RF-pulses. Slice-select gradients are turned on simultaneously with each RF-pulse so that only a single slice is stimulated.

利用 spin-warp 進行傳統 2D 自旋迴波序列成像方法的雛形如下圖所示。每組 90°-180° 射頻脈衝後產生一個磁共振信號。在每個射頻脈衝激發的同時開啟選層梯度,使得僅有一層被激發。

The digitized values of the MR signal at each time point are then inserted into a single horizontal row of the k-space matrix, filling it from left-to-right.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

如圖所示,為傳統 2D 自旋迴波序列脈衝時序圖,90° 射頻產生 FID 信號,180° 脈衝對其進行重聚焦產生自旋迴波信號。空間定位首先是射頻施加時配合選層梯度,層面內的定位通過相位編碼與頻率編碼;每一個 TR 施加一次不同的相位編碼梯度,信號讀出時施加相同的頻率編碼梯度,採集一個信號填充 k 空間一條相位編碼線。這樣的填充方式就跟紡紗織布一樣,一條一條地填充。而這個填充的順序 profile order 可以有多種模式,比如 linear, low-high, asymmetric 等。相關請參考如下連結:

【磁共振成像序列研究】T2W_TSE (第四期)

另外,現在能同時激發多層 2D,即多層同時採集技術 Simultaneous Multi-Slice,飛利浦叫 MultiBand SENSE,GE 叫 HypperBand,西門子叫 SMS。比如顱腦橫斷面成像,那麼激發的射頻就不是一個帶寬,而多個帶寬,然後根據 z 軸方向的多個採集單元將信號分開來。那麼因此需要硬體上的支持,它可以更加快速地加速成像,比如 UltraHigh Resolution DTI 成像。

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Frequency-encoding is performed using a dephase lobe between the 90°- and 180°-pulses and a readout lobe after the 180°-pulse. The dephase lobe imparts a frequency-dependent phase shift to protons along this axis as a function of their spatial position within the gradient. The phases of these spins are inverted by the 180°-pulse then rephased into an echo by the readout lobe.

頻率編碼梯度的施加先在 90° 和 180° 脈衝之間施加一個散相梯度;然後在 180° 脈衝之後施加讀出梯度散相梯度在它所施加的方向上產生一個與位置相關的依賴於頻率的相移。這些相移之後被 180° 脈衝進行反轉,然後再被讀出梯度重聚相位形成回波。

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


當然,自旋迴波序列中,頻率編碼梯度的預散相梯度也可以施加在 180° 之後,但這樣會影響最短 TE 時間;另外,散相梯度的極性與讀出梯度的極性相同,因為中間有一個 180° 脈衝,如果是在梯度回波序列中,那麼散相梯度與讀出梯度的極性應當相反,如下圖:

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The unique feature of the spin-warp sequence is that a variable-amplitude phase-encoding gradient is applied during signal evolution, typically between the 90°- and 180°-pulses. Additional MR signals are collected for this slice during the next TR interval with the same frequency-encoding gradient but with a different phase-encoding gradient. The phase-encode gradient provides a method for differentiating signals according to spatial location along this direction.

Spin-warp 序列的一大特點就是在信號演變過程中施加一幅度變化的相位編碼梯度,通常施加在 90° 脈衝與 180° 脈衝之間。這一層圖像的其他磁共振信號在下一個 TR 中採集,使用相同的頻率編碼梯度但不同的相位編碼梯度。相位編碼梯度能夠區分相位編碼方向上不同位置質子群的磁共振信號。

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

在自旋迴波序列時序圖中,由於每個 TR 間期只有相位編碼梯度不同,因此時序圖常將相位編碼梯度用「梯狀」符號代替:

當然,相位編碼梯度也可以放在 180° 脈衝之後,如下圖:
↑↑來自 Philips MR Achieva 隨機幫助文件 4522 132 73732

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

With each successive application of the phase-encode gradient, the digitized MR signal is used to fill another row of k-space. For routine MR imaging, this process is typically repeated on the order 256 times. Once all the rows have been filled with data, Fourier transform methods can be used to reconstruct the image.

每一次施加相繼的相位編碼梯度,採集到的磁共振信號被數位化並填充到 k 空間的某一行。對於常規磁共振成像,這一過程通常被重複大約 256 次。一旦所有行的數據被填滿時,就可以利用傅立葉變換進行圖像的重建。

If you've made it this far through the k-space Q&A's I suggest you carve out a quarter hour of time to watch the two videos below by the late Sir Paul Callaghan. Dr. Callaghan carefully lays out the principles of 2DFT spin-warp imaging and demonstrates how k-space and the MR signal are related. 

下面是兩個視頻,幫助你更好地理解 Spin-warp 與 k 空間相關知識。

聲明:由於本人才疏學淺,譯註難免會有不當或錯誤的地方,還請各位老師多多指正。


長按二維碼關注CTMR技術園

獲取更多原創分享

歡迎加我個人微信

共同學習,共同探討,共同進步!

相關焦點

  • X-ray Imaging through Machine LearningI 本周物理學講座
    There are exciting research and application opportunities ahead for smart imaging and precision medicine.
  • Abdominal MR:Rapid Imaging (附韓、中文簡體)
    Acquisition time is 15 seconds for both images and spatial resolution is same (reconstruction voxel size: 0.98 × 0.98 × 1.5 mm).圖13.一名51歲男性在服用葡萄糖酸增強肝MRI的肝膽期。
  • Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of recurrent ...
    The primary outcome occurred in 2 of 119 (1.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-5.9) patients with MRDTI negative for DVT and thrombophlebitis, who were not treated with any anticoagulant during follow-up
  • [The Basics of MRI 5.5] 磁共振成像基本原理5.5
    網站:https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/index.html原著:Joseph P. Hornak, Ph.D.翻譯:VictorIsJQSChapter 5FOURIER TRANSFORMSFourier Pairs
  • 急性髓系白血病(AML)伴t(8;21)(q22;q22.1);RUNX1-RUNX1T1的檢驗診斷
    The t(8;21)(q22;q22.1) is found in 1–5% of cases of AML, usually in younger patients and in cases with features of AML with granulocytic maturation.
  • MRI 掃描時常見的英文翻譯,建議收藏
    偶回波時間excitation激勵fast fourier transformation、FFT快速傅立葉變換flow effect流動效應fast i自由水frequency頻率free water pool自由池frequency band width頻率帶寬functional i
  • 【原著介紹】:Musculoskeletal Imaging, 2e
    Keegan Markhardt, MD (University of Wisconsin-Madison Hospital and Clinics) Doody Score: 97 - 5 Stars "This book provides the best of both worlds. There is a 1,291 page paper version.
  • AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22.1);RUNX1-RUNX1T1 的流式特徵
    AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22.1);的流式特徵:          1.MPO    MPO作為髓系的特異性標誌,在AML with t(8;21)中通常為陽性表達,且陽性率較高,表達強度通常也較其他AML強(AML with PML RARα除外)。
  • wheel,tyre和spin用法,spin one's wheel,轉動輪子比喻什麼?
    今天我們來學習wheel,tyre和spin的用法。請熟讀下面生活中常見情景例句到會說。spin one's wheel白忙活,白費勁,做無用功說到輪子,我們會想到它會向前滾動。現在的道路都修的很好,但是在過去,由於大多是泥路,雨雪天氣行車,就經常遇到車輪陷入坑窪的地方的情況。無論怎麼踩油門,四個車軲轆就是在原地打轉,怎麼也爬不出來。這種現象用來比喻那種花了精力,而又毫無進展的局面是最為貼切形象不過了。
  • MRI系列|(一)磁共振原理
    在B1的作用下,M0會以B1為旋轉軸進行旋轉,經過一個很短的時間,M0旋轉了90度,落在了x-y平面(圖5)。圖5B1稱為90度脈衝,此時移除B1,x-y平面的磁化為Mxy,其大小與M0相同, z軸方向的磁化為Mz,其大小為0. MRI中的信號採集線圈就是測量Mxy的,如果Mxy的大小為0,就沒有信號輸出。
  • spin的一個用法以及「國家/地區」的翻譯
    If someone spins a story, they give you an account of something that is untrue or only partly true.She said her uncle is not anti-science but will ignore facts in order to spin
  • MRI Research Positions UCLA 2017
    "Spiral Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging", Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2006;1:369-371Wang W, Hu P, Meyer CH.
  • [The Basics of MRI 6.5~6.6] 磁共振成像基本原理 6.5~6.6
    網站:https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/index.html原著:Joseph P. Hornak, Ph.D.(PM)三種基本形式;8、調幅(AM):用調製信號控制載波的振幅,使載波的振幅隨著調製信號變化。