Hi! I'm Martin.
嗨！我是Martin。
Welcome to Oxford Online English! In this lesson, you're going to learn how to complete true/false/not given, and yes/no/not given questions in the IELTS reading exam.
歡迎來到牛津大學在線英語課堂。在本節課程中，你將學習如何完成雅思考試中的判斷正誤題目。
But what is the difference between these two types of question? True/false/not given questions ask you about facts.
但是這兩類問題有什麼不同呢？對/錯/沒有給出信息是讓你回答關於事實的問題。
Yes/no/not given questions can include facts or the writer's opinion. However, you can think about these two kinds of question in exactly the same way.
是/否/沒有給出信息問題包括事實和作者的觀點。然而，你可以把這兩種問題當做同一種。
But, please check what type of question you're answering. If you write the answer 'yes' in a 'true, false, not given' question, the answer is obviously not correct.
但是，一定要檢查一下你是在回答哪種問題。如果你在「對/錯/沒有給出信息」問題中寫下了「是」的話，答案顯然是錯的。
This is mistake is easier to make than you might imagine. Let's have a look at some techniques you can use to answer true/false/not given questions in your IELTS reading exam.
這種錯誤比你想像中更容易犯。讓我們看看一些可以用來回答雅思閱讀考試中判斷正誤問題的技巧吧。
Part One: how to find the relevant part of the text. Before you can answer the question, you need to find the right part of the text.
第一部分：如何找到文章中的相關部分。在你回答問題之前，你需要找到文章中的正確部分。
First, remember that the questions follow the text. That means that for the first question, you should start looking near the beginning of the text.
首先，記住問題是按照文章順序來的。那就意味著如果是第一個問題的話，你應該從文章的開頭部分找。
Now, let's do an example. Imagine that you see this question:
現在，讓我們看一個例子吧。想想你看到了這個問題：
"Zander cannot live in salt water." Probably, your first thought is, "What's a zander?"
「梭鱸沒辦法在鹹水中生存。」可能你的第一個想法是：「什麼是梭鱸？」
Perfectly reasonable. I had to look it up, too!
很合理。我也得查詞典呢！
However, you know that the zander is something which can (or can't) live in salt water. What lives in water?
然而，你知道梭鱸是一種可以（或者不可以）在鹹水中生存的東西。什麼在水中生存呢？
Many things, but we know the zander must be some kind of animal or plant which lives in water. So, look for words in the text related to fish or sea life.
很多東西，但是我們知道梭鱸肯定是在水中生長的動物或者植物。所以，看看文章中和魚或者海洋生物相關的詞語。
You can also look for the word 'zander', obviously. Also, the question mentions salt water.
你當然可以找「梭鱸」這個單詞。另外，這個問題提到了鹹水。
Where do you find salt water? In the sea, right?
你能在哪裡找到鹹水呢？在海裡，對吧？
So, look for words like sea, ocean etc. What's the opposite of salt water?
所以，找像「海」、「海洋」這種詞彙。鹹水的反義詞是什麼呢？
It's fresh water. Where do you find fresh water?
是淡水。你能在哪裡找到淡水呢？
Mostly in rivers and lakes. If the answer is 'true', and zander cannot live in salt water, then they must live in fresh water.
大多數是在河流裡或者湖泊裡。如果答案是對的，梭鱸無法生活在鹹水中，那麼它們肯定生活在淡水中。
This means you should also look for references to fresh water in the text, so look for words like river or lake. Let's do one more example.
這就意味著你也應該找文章中和淡水有關的信息，所以要找和河流和湖泊相關的詞彙。讓我們再看一個例子吧。
You see this question: "Before 1900, there were no zander in the UK."
請看這個問題：「在1900之前，英國沒有梭鱸。」
What should you look for in the text? Look for dates or time references.
你應該在文章中找什麼呢？要找和日期或者時間相關的。
The question mentions 1900, so you could look for time expressions like 19th century, 20th century, turn of the century, and so on. You could also look for references to the UK or parts of the UK.
問題提到了1900，所以你應該找像19世紀、20世紀，世紀之交這種時間的表達。你也可以找和英國或者英國的部分地區相關的信息。
This means you should look for words like Britain, England, Scotland, etc. Use these techniques to find the section in the text which will let you answer the question.
這就意味著你應該找例如不列顛、英格蘭和蘇格蘭之類的詞彙。使用這些技巧來找到文章中能讓你回答出這個問題的那個部分。
Okay, so now you've found the relevant part of the text. What next?
好的，所以現在你已經找到文章中的相關部分。下一步是什麼呢？
Part two: finding key ideas in the text. Take a look at this extract from a text.
第二部分：找到文章中的關鍵觀點。看看文章中的這部分節選。
"The zander is a type of fish, thought originally to be from Western Europe. Zander were introduced into the UK in the late 20th century, and now can be found in many rivers and freshwater lakes around the UK.
「梭鱸是一種魚，被認為最初起源於西歐。梭鱸在20世紀晚期被引入英國，現在已經能夠在英國很多河流和淡水湖裡看到它們的身影。
Scientists claim that zander have harmed many native English fish species since their introduction." Pause the video if you want extra time to read it.
科學家表示梭鱸自從被引入以來，危害了很多英國當地魚類。如果你想要多一點時間閱讀的話，停止視頻吧。
What should you focus on here? Here are a few things to look for and think about:
在這裡你應該關注什麼呢？有一些事情需要尋找和思考：
First, look for time and date references. The statement says 'late 20th century'.
首先，找和時間以及日期相關的信息。這個論述說「20世紀晚期」。
What does that mean? 1990?
那意味著什麼呢？1990年？
Is 2000 late 20th century? When does late start?
2000年是20世紀晚期嗎？晚期是從什麼時候開始的呢？
Is 1970 late 20th century? Secondly, look for expressions of quantity like 'all', 'many', 'some', 'most', and so on.
1970年是20世紀晚期嗎？其次，尋找像「所有」、「很多」、「一些」、「大多數」這種數量的表達。
Here, the text says 'many rivers and freshwater lakes'. Does that mean all zander live in rivers?
這裡的文章說「很多河流以及淡水湖」。那意味著所有的梭鱸都生活在河流裡嗎？
Does it tell you whether zander are more common in rivers or lakes? Thirdly, look for specific details and facts.
它有告訴你梭鱸在河流和湖泊中最常見嗎？第三，尋找具體的細節和事實。
What do you know for sure after reading this text? You know that the zander is a fish, and that there weren't any zander in the UK before 1950 (because they were introduced) .
看完這部分文章之後，你知道了什麼呢？你知道梭鱸是一種魚，在1950年引入英國之前，英國沒有梭鱸。
You know that zander live in rivers and freshwater lakes in the UK. Those are the only facts in the text, so they're the only things you can be sure about.
你知道梭鱸生活在英國的河流和淡水裡。那些只是文章中的事實，所以是你唯一確定的東西。
To do well with IELTS true/false/not given questions, you need to separate fact from speculation. Finally, look for expressions of uncertainty.
想要做好雅思判斷正誤題目，你需要把事實和推斷分開。最後，尋找不確定的表達。
This is the opposite of the point we just mentioned. Look for modal verbs like 'could', 'might' or 'must'.
這和我們剛剛提到的點相反。尋找像「可能」、「也許」或者「一定」這種情態動詞。
Look for expressions which indicate uncertainty, for example 'it is thought that… ' or 'many experts believe that… '?For example, the text says that zander are thought to be from Western Europe.
尋找有不確定意味的表達，比如說「大家認為...」或者是「很多專家相信..."比如說，文章說梭鱸被認為來自於西歐。
Does that mean they are definitely from Western Europe, or is it uncertain? The text says that scientists claim that zander have harmed many native English fish species.
那是否意味著它們一定來自西歐，還是並不確定？文章說科學家聲稱梭鱸危害了很多英國當地魚類。
From this, you can say for sure that zander have damaged English wildlife? Of course, the exact points you consider depend on the question you're trying to answer.
你能從這裡肯定地說梭鱸危害了英國的野生生物嗎？當然了，你考慮的點取決於你想要回答的問題。
However, it's good practice to think about these different things when you're preparing for your IELTS reading test. To get a high score, you need really good attention to detail.
然而，當你在準備雅思閱讀考試的時候，考慮這些不同的方面是非常好的。想要拿到更高的分數，你真的需要非常關注細節。
Part three: how to answer true/false/not given questions. Let's do a few questions together to practise.
第三部分：如何回答正確/錯誤/沒有給出信息問題。讓我們做幾個問題練習一下吧。
First I'm going to give you the statement which you need to read, and then I'll give you the part of the text where you would find the answer. All you have to do is decide if the statement is true, false, or not given.
首先我想給你需要閱讀的論斷，然後我會給你你需要從中尋找答案的那部分文章。你所要做的事情就是決定這個論述是對的、錯的還是並不知道答案的。
Here's your first statement. Read it and think about what you could be looking for.
這是第一個論述。閱讀然後考慮一下你應該找什麼。
"Bananas became popular as soon as they were brought to Europe." Here is the text:
「香蕉被引入歐洲之後馬上流行起來。」這是文章：
"After their introduction to Europe bananas were an immediate sensation and became a staple in many people's diets." So, what do you think?
「自引入歐洲之後，香蕉馬上流行起來，成為人們的主食。」所以，你怎麼覺得的呢？
Is the statement true, false or not given? It's true.
這個論述是對的，錯的還是沒有給出相關信息呢？它是對的。
The text says 'immediate sensation' and the statement says that 'bananas were popular as soon as they were brought to Europe'. These are exactly the same thing.
文章說「馬上流行起來」，這句話說「香蕉被引入歐洲之後馬上流行起來」。這兩句話基本上是同樣的。
Even if you don't know the exact meaning of 'sensation' or 'staple', you could still could still make a good guess based on: 1. The link between 'as soon as' and 'immediate'.
即使你不知道「轟動一時的事物」或者「主食」的含義，你也能夠做出正確的猜測，基於：1. 「馬上就」和「立刻」之間的聯繫。
2. 'Many people's diets'. Even if you don't know what 'staple' means, you can hopefully work out that many people were eating bananas.
2. 「很多人的日常飲食」。即使你並不知道「主食」是什麼意思，你也可以弄明白很多人在吃香蕉。
That allows you to say that bananas were popular. Let's do one more.
那能夠讓你說香蕉很流行。讓我們再來做一個。
Here's the statement: "Capsaicin can irreversibly damage the mouth."
這是論述：「辣椒素會對嘴巴造成不可逆的危害。」
And here's the relevant sentence from the text. "Capsaicin, found in chili peppers, causes temporary irritation of the cells in the mouth."
這是文章中的相關句子。「從辣椒中提取的辣椒素會讓口腔細胞產生短期的炎症。」
Do you know what capsaicin is? Does it matter?
你知道辣椒素是什麼嗎？有什麼關係嗎？
Not really. Even if you have no idea what capsaicin is, you can still be sure that this one is false.
並沒有。即使你並不知道辣椒素是什麼，你還是很確定這個是錯的。
How can you be sure? If something is irreversibly damaged, then it's permanent; the text says it is only temporary irritation.
你為什麼可以確定呢？如果造成了不可逆的傷害，那麼肯定是永久性的；而文章裡面說這只是短期的炎症。
Therefore, it has to be false. Let's do another one.
所以，這個肯定是錯的。讓我們再來做一個吧。
Here's the statement: "Bananas can be part of a parrot's diet. "
這是論斷：「香蕉可以作為鸚鵡的日常飲食。」
And here's the text: "Parrots must compete with larger animals, such as monkeys, for the available food, and especially fruit.
這是文章：「鸚鵡必須為了食物和更大的動物進行競爭，比如說猴子，尤其是水果。」
Larger fruits, such as bananas, are mostly consumed by monkeys, who can reach them easily by climbing." What do you think?
大型的水果，比如說香蕉，大多數都被猴子吃了，因為它們很容易爬上去摘到。你有什麼想法？
The text doesn't say that parrots eat bananas, but the statement includes the word 'can'. Is there anything in the text which tells us that it's possible for parrots to eat bananas?
文章並沒有說鸚鵡吃香蕉，但是論述中包括「可能」這個詞語。文章中有提到鸚鵡可能會吃香蕉嗎？
No, there isn't. We know that parrots eat fruit, and that bananas are mostly consumed by monkeys.
並沒有。我們知道鸚鵡吃水果，香蕉大多數都被猴子吃了。
The text strongly suggests that parrots can eat bananas, but it doesn't directly say so. So, the answer is 'not given'.
文章明確暗示鸚鵡可能會吃香蕉，但是並沒有直接那麼說。所以，答案應該是「不知道」。
Be careful with questions like these. It's natural to read something like this and guess that parrots can eat bananas.
要小心這種問題。很容易看到這種話，然後就猜想鸚鵡可能會吃香蕉。
It's reasonable to guess—the text does suggest this. However, your answers must be based on what the text says or doesn't say.
這樣的猜測是合理的——文章確實這麼暗示了。但是，你的答案必須忠於原文。
Part four: how to answer yes/no/not given questions. So, you've seen how to answer some true/false/not given questions.
第四部分：如何回答是/否/沒有給出信息的問題。所以，你已經知道了如何回答正確/錯誤/沒有給出信息的這種問題。
Now we'll look at some yes/no/not given questions. Remember, you can approach these in the same way.
現在我們要看一下如何回答是/否/沒有給出信息的問題。記住，你可以用同樣的方法做這類題目。
The only difference is that yes/no/not given questions may also include the writer's opinions. Here's a text.
唯一的不同是是/否/沒有給出信息的問題可能包括作者的意見。這是文章。
Pause the video to read it if you need extra time. "Wainwright's, established in 1863, are now among the leading exporters of glass tankards and other glass products anywhere in the Northern hemisphere.
如果你想要額外的時間，那就暫停視頻吧。「創建於1863年的Wainwright's，現在是北半球玻璃酒杯和其他玻璃製品出口的領頭羊。」
Although not immediately profitable, the company, now based in Chicago, has grown prodigiously into a brand whose elegant receptacles are widely sought after and admired by many. " Alright?
儘管並沒有馬上盈利，現在位於芝加哥的這家公司，已經迅速成長為一家因其優雅的容器廣受歡迎的公司。」好了嗎？
Here's your first statement: "Wainwright's success was instantaneous."
這是第一個論斷：「Wainwright的成功是瞬間發生的。」
'Instantaneous' has the same meaning as 'immediate'. We know Wainwright's brand is now sought after (well-known and wanted by people) , but also that it was not immediately profitable.
「瞬間發生的」和「立刻」是同義的。我們知道Wainwright's公司現在很搶手（很出名，大家都想要），但是它並不是馬上就盈利了。
The statement says 'instantaneous success', but our text says Wainwright's wasn't immediately profitable. If a company isn't profitable, is it a success?
這個論斷說「瞬間的成功」，但是我們的文章說Wainwright's並沒有馬上盈利。如果一個公司沒有盈利，它是成功的嗎？
No. So, you should choose 'no. '
並不是。所以你應該選擇「否」。
Question number two: "Wainwright's is one of the leading exporters in North America."
第二個問題：「Wainwright's是北美出口商領頭羊之一。」
The text tells us Wainwright's is one of the leading exporters of glass tankards and products in the northern hemisphere, which includes North America. However, the statement just says 'leading exporters', while the text says leading exporters of glass tankards and other glass products.
文章說Wainwright's是北半球玻璃容器和其他玻璃製品出口的領頭羊之一，這其中包括北美。但是，論斷中只是說「領軍出口商」，然而文章中卻說「玻璃容器和其他玻璃製品的領軍出口商。
So, we know that Wainwright's is a leading exporter in one particular area, but we don't know if it's one of the biggest exporters overall. What should we choose in this situation?
所以，我們知道Wainwright's是某個特定領域的領軍出口商，但是我們並不知道它是不是總的最大的出口商之一。那在這種情況下我們該選什麼呢？
The correct answer is 'not given'. There's nothing in the text which tells you how Wainwright's compares to other companies in different sectors.
正確的答案是「不知道」。文章中並沒有說Wainwright's是如何和不同領域的其他公司比較的。
Question number three: "Wainwright's was founded in Chicago."
第三個問題：「Wainwright's是在芝加哥成立的。」
What is this statement asking us? The text tells us Wainwright's is based in Chicago now, but does that mean it started in Chicago?
這個論斷問我們什麼呢？文章告訴我們Wainwright's現在在芝加哥，但是那意味著它是在芝加哥成立的嗎？
If it is now based in Chicago, that means it was set up somewhere else, otherwise why would the text use the word 'now'? The answer must be no.
如果它現在在芝加哥，那就意味著它是在其他地方創始的，否則為什麼會用「現在」這個詞語呢？答案肯定是否。
Our last question: "Many people own Wainwright's glass products."
我們的最後一個問題：「很多人用Wainwright's的玻璃產品。」
Okay, let's focus on the word 'own' here. The text tells you the tankards are admired and sought after by many people, which suggests that they are popular products.
好的，讓我們看「擁有」這個詞。文章告訴你很多人都很喜歡它的玻璃容器，那就意味著它們是很受歡迎的產品。
We also know that the company is successful, which also strongly suggests that many people buy and own their products. However, does it say anything about people owning Wainwright's products?
我們也知道這家公司很成功，那也就暗示著很多人買並且擁有他們家的產品。然而，它說了很多人擁有他們家的產品嗎？
Remember that 'suggests' is not enough. We need something concrete in the text that tells us that many people own Wainwright's glass products.
記住「暗示」這個詞並不夠。我們需要文章中確定的信息告訴我們很多人擁有Wainwright's的玻璃製品。
There isn't anything like that in the text, so we should select 'not given. ' Part 5: final tips.
文章中並沒有那樣的內容，所以我們應該選擇「沒有給出信息」。第五部分：最後的技巧。
Hopefully you are feeling a little more confident answering true/false/not given and yes/no/not given questions. Here are just a few more things to remember:
希望你你現在對回答判斷正誤問題更加自信了。還有一些事情需要記住：
1. There will always be at least one true, one false and one not given answer. If you are missing one, one answer has to be wrong.
1. 至少有一個正確/錯誤以及沒有給出信息的答案。如果你少了任何一個，那麼有一個答案肯定是錯的。
The same is true for yes/no/not given questions: there will always be at least one of each answer. 2. If you aren't sure, or you can't find an answer, put 'not given'.
是/否/沒有給出信息問題也是一樣的：每個答案肯定至少有一個。2. 如果你並不確定，或者是你找不到答案，那就寫上「沒有給出信息」。
You don't have a lot of time for this exam. Don't spend all your time looking for an answer that isn't there.
這場考試你沒有很多時間。不要浪費時間找並不存在的答案。
3. Answer all the questions! Never leave blank spaces, even if you're running out of time or you have no idea.
3. 回答所有的問題！不要留下空白，即使你沒有時間或者是完全沒有想法。
You have a one in three chance of guessing correctly, so always put an answer for every question. Well, that's all from me.
你有三分之一的概率猜對，所以一定要回答每一個問題。好的，那就是我要說的。
Good luck if you have an IELTS exam coming soon! Thanks a lot for watching.
如果你馬上要參加雅思考試的話，祝你好運！謝謝觀看。
See you next time!
下次見！