國務院新聞辦公室新聞發布會材料
第三期中國婦女社會地位調查
主要數據報告
（2011年10月21日）
全國婦聯 國家統計局
第三期中國婦女社會地位調查，是全國婦聯和國家統計局繼1990年、2000年第一、第二期中國婦女社會地位調查後組織的又一次全國規模的調查，以2010年12月1日為標準時點，內容包括健康、教育、經濟、社會保障、政治、婚姻家庭、生活方式、法律權益和認知、性別觀念和態度九個方面。為深入分析不同女性群體社會地位狀況與變化，還進行了兒童、老年、大學生、受流動影響人員和高層人才5個典型群體的調查。本次調查共回收18歲及以上個人有效問卷105573份，10-17歲兒童群體有效問卷20405份。目前初步數據匯總已經完成，現將主要結果發布如下：
一、健康狀況。調查顯示，在18-64歲的女性中，64.2%健康自評「良好」，比10年前提高了9.2個百分點，男女健康自評良好的差距從12.7縮小到7.7個百分點。60.0%的女性心理健康狀況良好。
最近3年內，有42.2%的女性做過健康體檢，54.9%做過婦科檢查，分別比10年前提高了17.2和16.9個百分點。在中西部農村，43.4%的女性從未做過婦科檢查，比東部農村女性高4.3個百分點。
調查顯示，城鎮35歲以下婦女生育最後一個孩子時做過產前檢查的為94.8%，在醫院分娩的為97.2%；農村的相應比例分別為89.4%和87.7%，比2000年提高了13.4和40.6個百分點。
二、受教育狀況。調查顯示，18-64歲女性的平均受教育年限為8.8年，比2000年提高了2.7年，性別差距由十年前的1.5年縮短為0.3年。女性中接受過高中階段及以上教育的佔33.7%，城鄉分別為54.2%和18.2%；中西部農村女性中，這一比例為10.0%，比該地區農村男性低4.6個百分點。女性中接受過大學專科及以上高等教育的佔14.3%；城鎮女性這一比例為25.7%，比10年前提高13.3個百分點。
三、經濟狀況。調查顯示，18-64歲女性的在業率為71.1%，城鎮為60.8%，農村為82.0%。在業女性在第一、二、三產業的比重分別為45.3%、14.5%和40.2%。城鎮和農村在業女性的年均勞動收入分別為男性的67.3%和56.0%。農村在業女性主要從事非農勞動的比例為24.9%，男性為36.8%，比10年前分別提高了14.7和17.9個百分點；有外出務工經歷的返鄉女性從事非農勞動的比例達到37.8%，比從未外出務工的農村女性高16.3個百分點。
調查發現，9.0%的女性和14.0%的男性曾經獲得過生產經營性貸款，其中，女性獲得政府貼息等形式小額貸款的比例為37.3%，男性為36.9%；農村女性獲得政府貼息等形式小額貸款的比例為39.9%。
四、社會保障狀況。調查表明，在非農業戶口女性中，享有社會養老保障的比例為73.3%，享有社會醫療保障的比例為87.6%；農業戶口女性中，享有社會養老保障的比例為31.1%，享有社會醫療保障的比例為95.0%。與2000年相比，城鎮單位女性社會養老保障和醫療保障的享有率分別提高了25.4和46.1個百分點。近十年，87.3%的城鎮單位女性生育最後一個孩子時產假時間達到了國家規定的標準，比上一個十年提高了9.8個百分點。
五、政治狀況。調查顯示，2.2%的在業女性為國家機關、黨群組織、企事業單位負責人，為男性相應比例的一半；高層人才所在單位一把手為男性的佔80.5%。數據顯示，92.9%的女性關注「國內外重大事務」，54.1%的女性至少有過一種民主監督行為，18.3%的女性主動給所在單位、社區和村提過建議。83.6%的農村女性近5年來參與了村委會選舉，能夠「盡力了解候選人情況」、認真投票的佔70.4%。
六、婚姻家庭狀況。調查顯示， 85.2%的女性對自己的家庭地位表示比較滿意或很滿意。在生產、經營和買房、蓋房的決策上，妻子參與決策的比例為72.6%和74.4%，分別比10年前提高了5.7和3.9個百分點，在家庭投資或貸款的決策上妻子參與決策的比例為74.7%，比10年前提高了14.3個百分點。數據顯示，包括與配偶聯名的在內，女性有房產的比例為37.9%，男性為67.1%。
72.7%的已婚者認為，與丈夫相比，妻子承擔的家務勞動更多。被訪者目前3歲以下孩子基本由家庭承擔照顧責任，其中，母親承擔日間主要照顧責任的比例為63.2%。城鎮25-34歲有6歲以下孩子的母親在業率為72.0%，比同年齡組沒有年幼子女的女性低10.9個百分點。
七、生活方式。調查發現，在工作日，女性的總勞動時間為574分鐘，男性為537分鐘。在休息日，女性的休閒時間為240分鐘，男性為297分鐘。女性的生活方式呈現多樣化，72.2%的女性到過本縣區以外的地方，35.2%最遠一次出行的目的是旅遊。55.2%有意識地進行體育鍛鍊，20.2%參加過村街社區文體活動，29.1%上過網。女性中12.6%有宗教信仰，城鄉分別為10.1%和15.4%。
八、法律權益和認知。調查顯示，83.4%的人知道中國目前有專門保護婦女權益的法律，比10年前提高了9.6個百分點。76.3%的人贊成「在都盡到贍養義務的前提下，女兒應該與兒子平等繼承父母財產」。7成以上的女性對歧視現象有明確認識，認為「因性別而不被錄用或提拔」、「同工不同酬」、「因結婚/懷孕/生育而被解僱」和「因生女孩被人瞧不起」的現象屬於歧視。
調查顯示，在就業方面遭遇過性別歧視的女性佔10.0%，在工作/勞動/學習中，遭遇過性騷擾的女性佔7.8%。在整個婚姻生活中曾遭受過配偶侮辱謾罵、毆打、限制人身自由、經濟控制、強迫性生活等不同形式家庭暴力的女性佔24.7%，其中，明確表示遭受過配偶毆打的比例為5.5%，農村和城鎮分別為7.8%和3.1%。
九、性別觀念和態度。調查顯示，被調查者中有83.5%的人認同「女人的能力不比男人差」；88.6%的人同意「男人也應該主動承擔家務勞動」；86.7%贊同「男女平等不會自然而然實現，需要積極推動」。認同「男人應該以社會為主，女人應該以家庭為主」 的男女比例分別為61.6%和54.8%，比2000年分別提高了7.7和 4.4個百分點。
十、女童狀況。調查顯示，10-17歲未成年人中，與父母雙親共同生活的女童佔87.5%，男童佔88.9%，父母都長期不在身邊的女童和男童分別佔3.8%和3.2%。10-15歲城鎮女童和男童在學比例分別為99.3%和99.1%，農村女童和男童在學比例分別為97.6%和96.7%。
十一、老年女性狀況。數據顯示，65歲及以上老年女性近3年內做過健康體檢的佔38.9%。54.1%的城鎮老年女性首要生活來源為自己的離退休金或養老金，男性為79.3%；農村老年女性的首要生活來源為其他家庭成員資助的比例為59.1%，男性為38.8%。有23.1%的農村老年女性仍在從事農業勞動，37.5%的城鎮老年女性近3年內參與過志願服務、主動捐款等社會公益活動。
十二、女大學生狀況。調查發現，高校女生學業成績優良的比例為62.4%，比男生高9.7個百分點。參與志願者活動的女生佔64.5%，比男生高4.8個百分點。87.5%的女生希望在事業上有所作為，83.8%願意為了成就一番事業付出艱辛的努力。調查發現，在有求職經歷的女大學生中，24.7%的人遭遇過不平等對待。
十三、流動、留守女性狀況。調查顯示，目前正在外出流動的女性中87.9%從事有收入的工作；61.5%的人對在外期間的工作和生活感到滿意。外出務工/經商農村女性通婚範圍擴大，她們的配偶中，15.7%是「在外結識的異鄉人」。流動女性在外打工期間遇到的主要問題是「被人看不起」和「工資被拖欠或剋扣」，分別佔14.7%和14.2%；農村留守女性中，91.7%擔心「丈夫在外的安全」，61.5%擔心「家裡有事沒人商量」，60.1%擔心「老人生病時沒人幫忙」，56.0%擔心「農忙時沒人幫忙」。
十四、高層女性人才狀況。調查顯示，女性高層人才具有大學本科及以上學歷的佔81.4%，比男性高7.1個百分點。95.9%的女性高層人才「能夠主動進行知識、技能更新」；93.7%「能夠經常與同事、同行交流對工作、專業的想法」；79.1%「對自己的發展有明確規劃」。
調查發現，最近3年，高層人才所在單位中，20.6%存在「只招男性或同等條件下優先招用男性」的情況；30.8%存在「同等條件下男性晉升比女性快」的情況；47.0%存在「在技術要求高、有發展前途的崗位上男性比女性多」的情況。
以上是第三期中國婦女社會地位調查數據的初步匯總結果。對於這次調查所獲得的豐富數據資源，我們將組織專門力量，進行深入研究和開發利用，並努力促進研究成果的社會轉化。
Material for the press conference of the State Council Information Office
Report on Major Results of the Third Wave Survey on
The Social Status of Women in China
（Oct. 21st, 2011）
All-China Women’s Federation
National Bureau of Statistics of China
The Third Wave Survey on the Social Status of Women in China, jointly launched and organized by the All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), is a nationwide decennial survey following the first and second wave surveys conducted respectively in 1990 and 2000. The third wave survey, carried out on December 1, 2010, covers the nine aspects of health, education, economy, social security, politics, marriage and family, lifestyle, legal protection and awareness, and gender awareness and attitudes. This survey selects five social groups, including children, senior citizens, college students, people with migration experience and high-level talents, to achieve in-depth analysis of changes in the situation and social status of different groups of women.
This survey has collected 105,573 valid questionnaires filled out by respondents aged 18 and over, and 20,405 valid questionnaires filled out by children aged 10 to 17. I am now giving the presentation on the major results of the survey.
1. Health
This survey shows that 64.2% of women aged 18-64 regard themselves as in 『good』 health ---- a 9.2% rise compared to 10 years ago. It also shows that the gap between men and women giving 『good』 health self-assessments has narrowed from 12.7 to 7.7 percentage points. Moreover, 60.0% women surveyed feel mentally fit.
Over the last three years, 42.2% of women have received health checks and 54.9% have had gynecological examinations ---- respective increases of 17.2 and 16.9 percentage points compared with 10 years ago. Results also show, however, that 43.4% of women in central and western rural areas have never had gynecological examinations ---- 4.3 percentage points higher than the entire eastern area.
The survey also shows that 94.8% of urban women under the age of 35 had prenatal examinations before delivering their last child, while hospital delivery rate is 97.2%. The corresponding percentages in rural areas are respectively 89.4% and 87.7%, which show respective increases of 13.4 and 40.6 percentage points compared with 2000.
2. Education
This survey shows that the mean years of education for women aged 18 to 64 is 8.8 – an increase of 2.7 years compared with 2000, the gender gap narrowed to 0.3 years from the 1.5 years of a decade ago. 33.7% of women have received high school education and above, 54.2% in urban areas and 18.2% in rural areas. In central and western rural areas, the proportion of women received high school education and above is 10.0% ---- 4.6 percentage points lower than that of men in the same regions. Results also show that 14.3% of women surveyed have received education in college and above, and that 25.7% of women in urban areas have received education in college and above ---- an increase of 13.3 percent compared with 10 years ago.
3. Economy
The survey shows that 71.1% of women aged 18-64 are in employment. While 60.8% are employed in urban areas, 82.0% in rural areas. The proportion of employed women in the primary, secondary and tertiary industry is respectively 45.3%, 14.5% and 40.2%. The survey shows that the average annual income of women laborers is respectively equal to 67.3% of that of men in urban areas and 56.0% of that of men in rural areas. Currently, 24.9% of rural female labors and 36.8% of rural male labors are engaged in non-agricultural industry ---- respective increases of 14.7 and 17.9 percentage points compared with 10 years ago. The proportion of rural women who have returned home from cities to do non-agricultural work is 37.8% ---- 16.3 percentage points higher than women who have never left their hometown.
The survey finds that 9.0% of women and 14.0% of men have received loans for production and business. Among beneficiaries of loans, the proportion of women and men receiving small loans that include government- subsidized interest payments are respectively 37.3% and 36.9%, while the corresponding proportion of rural women is 39.9%.
4. Social Security
Among women with non-agricultural household registration, 73.3% get access to social security pensions and 87.6% to social medical insurance, as compared to respectively 31.1% and 95.0% of women with agricultural household registration. In contrast to 2000, the proportion of women in urban working units enjoying social security and medical insurance shows respective increases of 25.4 and 46.1 percentage points. Over the past decade, 87.3% of women in urban working units have taken the national standard maternity leave after delivering their last child ---- an increase of 9.8 percentage points compared with a decade ago.
5. Politics
This survey shows that 2.2% of women in employment are principals of State organs, Party and mass organizations, enterprises, almost half of that of men. Among the high-level talents surveyed, 80.5% of them report that the principals of their units are men. Data indicates that 92.9% of women are concerned about 『major domestic and foreign affairs』; 54.1% have been involved in democratic supervision on one way or another, and 18.3% take the initiative to raise suggestions in their working units, communities and villages. Over the past five years, 83.6% of rural women have participated in village committee elections, and 70.4% taken elections seriously and 『tried their best to know the candidates well before voting』.
6. Marriage and Family
This survey shows that 85.2% of women are moderately or very satisfied with their family status. The proportion of wives participating in decision-making in domestic production and management is 72.6% and that in buying or building houses 74.4% ---- respective increases of 5.7 and 3.9 percentage points compared with a decade ago. Meanwhile 74.7% of wives play a role in decision-making on domestic investments or loans – an increase of 14.3 percentage points compared with a decade ago. Data indicates that 37.9% of women and 67.1% of men own real estate, including joint ownership.
72.7% of the married feel that wives do more housework than husbands. The survey indicates that, currently, care for children under the age 3 is fulfilled mainly within households. Among care providers, 63.2% are mothers who serve as primary daytime caregivers. The employment rate of mothers in the 25-34 age group that have children under the age of 6 is 72.0%, 10.9 percentage points lower than women of the same age group without children.
7. Lifestyle
On work day, the average working minutes per person is 574 for women and 537 for men. On day off work, the average leisure time per person is 240 for women and 297 for men. The survey shows that women’s lifestyles are becoming more diversified. Of women surveyed, 72.2% have traveled outside their residential counties and districts, and tourism has been the purpose of 35.2% of women’s longest trips. The survey also shows that 55.2% of women do regular physical exercises consciously, that 20.2% have participated in village or community cultural and sports activities, and that 29.1% use the Internet. 12.6% of women have religious beliefs. 10.1% women in urban areas and 15.4% in rural areas hold beliefs in religions.
8. Legal Protection and Awareness
Of the surveyed, 83.4% know that there is a special law protecting women’s rights and interests in China ---- an increase of 9.6 percentage points compared to a decade ago. A further 76.3% are in favor of 『daughters having rights of equal inheritance to parental property, like sons, when they have supported their elderly parents』. More than 70% of women have a clear understanding of gender discrimination, as they discern prejudices against women in such norms as 『personnel recruitment and promotion based on gender』, 『equal work without unequal pay for』, 『being fired upon getting married/pregnant or procreation』 and 『being looked down upon because of giving birth to a female child.』
Survey results show that 10.0% of women have encountered sexual discrimination in the job market, and that 7.8% have encountered sexual harassment in the workplace or at school; 24.7% of women report that they have experienced various forms of domestic violence from their spouses, including verbal and physical violence, restriction of their personal freedom, economic control, rape within marriage and etc. 5.5% of them stated unequivocally that they have suffered seriously physical violence from their spouses, 7.8% in rural area and 3.1% in urban area.
9. Gender Awareness and Attitudes
Of those surveyed, 83.5% agreed that 『women’s capabilities are no worse than men’s』, 88.6% that 『men should shoulder housework responsibilities consciously』, and 86.7% that 『gender equality will not be achieved on its own but only through proactive promotion.』 A further 61.6% of men and 54.6% of women agree that 『the field for men is in public and the domain for women is within household』 ---- respectively increases of 7.7 and 4.4 percentage points compared with the year 2000.
10. Situation of Girls
The survey shows that among minors aged 10-17, 87.5% of girls and 88.9% of boys live with both of their parents, while 3.8% girls and 3.2% boys live with neither parent for a long term. The proportions of urban girls and boys aged 10-15 attending school are 99.3% and 99.1% respectively, while those for rural girls and boys in the same age group are 97.6% and 96.7%.
11. Situation of Elderly Women
The survey shows that 39% of women aged 65 and over have had health examinations in the past three years ---- 3.1 percentage points lower than men of the same age group. For urban elderly residents, the percentage of those who depend mainly on their pensions as the major source of living is 54.1% for women and 79.3% for men. For rural elderly residents, the percentage of those who depend on the support from their family members apart from their spouses as the primary source of living is 59.1% for women and 38.8% for men. 23.1% of rural elderly women still take part in agricultural labor. In the last three years, 37.5% of urban elderly women have involved in such non-profit public activities as providing volunteer services, contributing donations to charity, and etc.
12. Situation of female College Students
The survey finds that 62.4% of female college students show an excellent academic performance ---- 9.7 percentage points higher than male students. It also finds that 64.5% of female students participate in volunteer activities ---- 4.8 percentage points higher than men. 87.5% female students hope to advance in their careers, and that 83.8% are willing to make great efforts to achieve success in their professional work. Among female students hunted for jobs, 24.7% of them report to have encountered unequal treatment.
13. Situation of Migrant and Left-behind Women
The survey shows that 87.9% of female migrants are doing paid work and that 61.5% are satisfied with their job and life in urban. Rural female migrants』 marriage circle has expanded, 15.7% of them met their spouses outside their hometown. The main problems migrant women workers encounter while working out of town are 『being looked down upon』 (14.7% ), and 『salary default or deduction』 （14.2%）. The main concerns of women left behind in rural areas are such issues as the safety of their husbands migrating out for working (91.7%), short of persons to talk with upon family affairs (61.5%), lack of assist when the elderly fall ill (60.1%), scarcity of aid livelihood and production in busy farming season (56.0%).
14. Situation of Female High-level Talents
The survey shows that 81.4% of female high-level talents hold college and postgraduate degrees ---- 7.1 percentage points higher than men. 95.9% of female high-level talents take the initiative to update their knowledge and skills, 93.7% of them have regular exchanges with colleagues and peers regarding their work knowledge and skills, and 79.1% of them have well-defined self-development plans.
Over the recent three years, high level talents surveyed report the following phenomenon extant in their working units: 『hiring men exclusively or prioritizing men over women when both have the same capabilities』 (20.6%), 『promoting men faster than women with same qualifications 『(30.8%), 『more men concentrating in posts that require high skills and have good prospects 『(47.0%).
The above are the preliminary analysis results of the Third Wave Survey on Social Status of Women in China. We will organize working teams to do further research and apply the results to social practice.