Alan Turing
Alan Turing (1912–1954) never described himself as a philosopher, but his 1950 paper 「Computing Machinery and Intelligence」 is one of the most frequently cited in modern philosophical literature. It gave a fresh approach to the traditional mind-body problem, by relating it to the mathematical concept of computability he himself had introduced in his 1936—7 paper 「On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungs problem.」 His work can be regarded as the foundation of computer science and of the artificial intelligence program.
艾倫-圖靈(Alan Turing，1912-1954)從來沒有把自己說成是哲學家，但他1950年的論文 "計算機器與智能 "是現代哲學文獻中最常被引用的論文之一。它給傳統的心身問題提供了一種新的方法，把它與他自己在1936-7年的論文《論數字計算在決斷難題中的應用》中提出的可計算性的數學概念聯繫起來。他的工作可以說是計算機科學和人工智慧程序的基礎。
Alan Turing's short and extraordinary life has attracted wide interest. It has inspired his mother's memoir (E. S. Turing 1959), a detailed biography (Hodges 1983), a play and television film (Whitemore 1986), and various other works of fiction and art.
艾倫-圖靈短暫而不平凡的一生引起了廣泛的興趣。他的母親的回憶錄（E. S. Turing 1959年）、一本詳細的傳記（Hodges 1983年）、一部話劇和電視電影（Whitemore 1986年）以及其他各種小說和藝術作品都是受其啟發。
There are many reasons for this interest, but one is that in every sphere of his life and work he made unexpected connections between apparently unrelated areas. His central contribution to science and philosophy came through his treating the subject of symbolic logic(符號邏輯) as a new branch of applied mathematics, giving it a physical and engineering content. Unwilling or unable to remain within any standard role or department of thought, Alan Turing continued a life full of incongruity(不一致). Though a shy, boyish(孩子氣的), man, he had a pivotal(關鍵的) role in world history through his role in Second World War cryptology(密碼學). Though the founder of the dominant technology of the twentieth century, he variously impressed, charmed or disturbed people with his unworldly(非世俗的;不諳世事的) innocence(純真) and his dislike of moral or intellectual(理智的；智力的；聰明的) compromise.
這種興趣有很多原因，但其中之一是在他生活和工作的每一個領域，他都在明顯不相關的領域之間建立了意想不到的聯繫。他對科學和哲學的核心貢獻是通過他把符號邏輯的主題作為應用數學的一個新分支，賦予它物理和工程的內容。艾倫-圖靈不願意或不能留在任何標準的角色或思想部門內，他繼續著充滿不協調的生活。雖然他是一個靦腆、稚嫩的人，但他在二戰密碼學中的作用在世界歷史上有著舉足輕重的地位。雖然他是二十世紀主流技術的創始人，但他以其不諳世事的純真和不喜歡道德或智力上的妥協，給人們留下了不同的印象、魅力或不安。
Alan Mathison Turing was born in London, 23 June 1912, to upper-middle-class British parents. His schooling was of a traditional kind, dominated by the British imperial system, but from earliest life his fascination with the scientific impulse—expressed by him as finding the 『commonest in nature』 —found him at odds with（與...不一致) authority. His scepticism(懷疑主義), and disrespect for worldly values, were never tamed(馴服的) and became ever more confidently eccentric(古怪的). His moody(喜怒無常的) humour swung between gloom(憂鬱) and vivacity(活躍). His life was also notable(值得注意的;著名的) as that of a gay man with strong emotions and a growing insistence(堅持) on his identity.
艾倫-麥席森-圖靈1912年6月23日出生在倫敦，父母都是英國中上層階級。他的學校教育是傳統的那種，由英國帝國制度主導，但從早期的生活中，他的迷戀與科學衝動--由他表達為發現 "自然界中最常見的"--發現他與權威的矛盾。他的懷疑主義和對世俗價值的不尊重，從來沒有被馴服過，而且變得更加自信地古怪。他的幽默感在陰鬱和活潑之間搖擺不定。他的一生也值得注意，因為他是一個情感強烈的同性戀者，對自己的身份越來越堅持。
His first true home was at King's College, Cambridge University(劍橋大學國王學院), noted for its progressive(進步的) intellectual life centred on J. M. Keynes(凱恩斯，國王學院研究員,講授經濟學，佔統治地位的是馬歇爾的經濟理論). Turing studied mathematics with increasing distinction(以傑出的表現) and was elected a Fellow of the college（國王學院研究員) in 1935. This appointment was followed by a remarkable and sudden début(初次登場) in an area where he was an unknown figure(不知名的人物): that of mathematical logic. The paper 「On Computable Numbers…(論數字計算在決斷難題中的應用）」 (Turing 1936–7) was his first and perhaps greatest triumph. It gave a definition of computation and an absolute limitation on what computation could achieve, which makes it the founding work of modern computer science. It led him to Princeton for more advanced work in logic and other branches of mathematics. He had the opportunity to remain in the United States, but chose to return to Britain in 1938, and was immediately recruited for the British communications（英國外交部通信處） war.
他的第一個真正的家是在劍橋大學國王學院，以其以凱恩斯為中心的進步知識分子生活而聞名。圖靈學習數學的成績越來越出色，並在1935年被選為該學院的院士。這次任命之後，他在一個不為人知的領域突然嶄露頭角：數理邏輯。論文《論數字計算在決斷難題中的應用》 (圖靈1936-7)是他的第一個也可能是最偉大的勝利。它給出了計算的定義和計算所能達到的絕對限制，這使它成為現代計算機科學的奠基之作。它使他進入普林斯頓大學，在邏輯學和其他數學分支領域從事更高級的工作。他有機會留在美國，但在1938年選擇回到英國，並立即被招募參加英國的通信戰。
From 1939 to 1945 Turing was almost totally engaged in the mastery of the German enciphering(密碼的) machine, Enigma, and other cryptological investigations at now-famous Bletchley Park(在第二次世界大戰期間，布萊切利園曾經是英國政府進行密碼解讀的主要地方), the British government's wartime communications headquarters. Turing made a unique logical contribution to the decryption(解密；破譯) of the Enigma and became the chief scientific figure, with a particular responsibility for reading the U-boat (U型潛水艇；德國潛艇)communications. As such he became a top-level figure in Anglo-American liaison, and also gained exposure to the most advanced electronic technology of the day.
從1939年到1945年，圖靈在現在著名的英國政府戰時通信總部--布萊切利公園，幾乎全身心地投入到掌握德國密碼機--恩尼格瑪和其他密碼學研究中。圖靈對英尼格瑪的破譯做出了獨特的邏輯貢獻，並成為首席科學人物，特別負責讀取U型潛艇的通信。因此，他成為英美聯絡的高層人物，也接觸到了當時最先進的電子技術。
Combining his ideas from mathematical logic（數理邏輯), his experience in cryptology, and some practical electronic knowledge, his ambition, at the end of the war in Europe, was to create an electronic computer in the full modern sense. His plans, commissioned(委任) by the National Physical Laboratory(國家物理研究院), London, were overshadowed(失色的) by the more powerfully supported American projects. Turing also laboured under the disadvantage that his wartime achievements remained totally secret. His ideas led the field in 1946, but this was little recognised. Frustrated in his work, he emerged as a powerful marathon runner, and almost qualified for the British team in the 1948 Olympic games.
結合他的數理邏輯思想、密碼學經驗和一些實用的電子知識，在歐洲戰爭結束時，他的雄心壯志是要創造一種完全現代意義上的電子計算機。他的計劃是由倫敦國家物理實驗室委託的，但被美國更有力的支持項目所掩蓋。圖靈還在他的戰時成就完全保密的劣勢下工作。他的想法在1946年引領了這一領域，但這一點很少被認可。在他的工作受到挫折後，他作為一個強大的馬拉松選手出現了，並幾乎獲得了1948年奧運會英國隊的資格。
Turing's motivations were scientific rather than industrial or commercial, and he soon returned to the theoretical limitations of computation, this time focusing on the comparison of the power of computation and the power of the human brain. His contention was that the computer, when properly programmed, could rival the brain. It founded the 『Artificial Intelligence』 program of coming decades.
圖靈的動機是科學的，而不是工業或商業的，他很快又回到了計算的理論局限性上，這一次他把重點放在計算能力和人腦能力的比較上。他的論點是，計算機如果編程得當，可以與大腦相媲美。它創立了未來幾十年的'人工智慧'計劃。
In 1948 he moved to Manchester University, where he partly fulfilled the expectations placed upon him to plan software for the pioneer computer development there, but still remained a free-ranging(自由放養的) thinker. It was here that his famous 1950 paper, 「Computing Machinery and Intelligence(計算機和智能),」 (Turing 1950b) was written. In 1951 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society(英國皇家學會會員) for his 1936 achievement, yet at the same time he was striking into entirely new territory with a mathematical theory of biological morphogenesis(生物形態發生的數學理論） (Turing 1952).
1948年，他搬到曼徹斯特大學，在那裡，他部分地實現了對他的期望，為那裡的計算機發展先鋒規劃軟體，但仍然是一個自由散漫的思想家。他1950年的著名論文《計算機械與智能》（Turing 1950b）就是在這裡寫成的。1951年，他因其1936年的成就被選為英國皇家學會院士，但與此同時，他卻以生物形態發生的數學理論進入了全新的領域（圖靈1952年）。
This work was interrupted by Alan Turing's arrest in February 1952 for his sexual affair with a young Manchester man, and he was obliged（不得不), to escape imprisonment, to undergo the injection of oestrogen（雌激素) intended to negate his sexual drive. He was disqualified from continuing secret cryptological work. His general libertarian(自由論者的) attitude was enhanced rather than suppressed by the criminal trial(刑事審判), and his intellectual individuality also remained as lively as ever. While remaining formally a Reader in the Theory of Computing, he not only embarked on more ambitious applications of his biological theory, but advanced new ideas for fundamental physics.
1952年2月，艾倫-圖靈因與曼徹斯特一名年輕男子的性關係而被捕，這項工作被打斷，為了逃避監禁，他不得不接受雌激素注射，以消除他的性慾。他被取消了繼續從事秘密密碼學工作的資格。他的總體自由主義態度因刑事審判而得到加強，而不是受到壓制，他的知識分子個性也一如既往地活躍。在正式成為計算機理論讀者的同時，他不僅開始了他的生物理論的更雄心勃勃的應用，而且推進了基礎物理學的新思想。
For this reason his death, on 7 June 1954, at his home in Wilmslow, Cheshire, came as a general surprise. In hindsight it is obvious that Turing's unique status in Anglo-American secret communication work meant that there were pressures on him of which his contemporaries were unaware; there was certainly another 『security』 conflict with government in 1953 (Hodges 1983, p. 483). Some commentators, e.g. Dawson (1985), have argued that assassination should not be ruled out. But he had spoken of suicide, and his death, which was by cyanide poisoning(氰化物中毒), was most likely by his own hand, contrived(人為的) so as to allow those who wished to do so to believe it a result of his penchant for chemistry experiments. The symbolism of its dramatic element—a partly eaten apple—has continued to haunt the intellectual Eden from which Alan Turing was expelled.
為此，他於1954年6月7日在柴郡威爾姆斯洛的家中去世，讓人普遍感到意外。事後看來，很明顯，圖靈在英美秘密通信工作中的獨特地位意味著，他所承受的壓力是他同時代的人所不知道的；1953年肯定還存在著與政府的另一種 "安全"衝突（Hodges 1983, p.483）。一些評論家，如Dawson(1985)認為，不應排除暗殺的可能性。但他曾說過要自殺，他的死是氰化物中毒，很可能是他親手所為，是為了讓那些想自殺的人相信這是他對化學實驗的嗜好所致。其戲劇性元素的象徵意義--一個部分被吃掉的蘋果--一直困擾著艾倫-圖靈被驅逐出的知識伊甸園。