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前段時間，耶魯大學校長彼得·沙洛維(Peter Salovey)在2018屆畢業典禮上發表了題為「Drawing a Larger Circle」（畫一個更大的圈）的演講，以優秀畢業生為榜樣，勉勵學生積極傾聽和交流，無限拓展自己的圈子，兼容並濟，海納百川。
【以下為視頻的中英文對照】
Drawing a Larger Circle
畫一個更大的圈
Graduates of the Class of 2018, family members, and friends. It is a pleasure to be here with you today, a day filled with joy for the present and hope for the future.
2018屆的畢業生們，家長們和朋友們，很高興與大家共同見證這個特別的日子。今天是充滿了喜悅，並對未來充滿期許的一天。
There is a wonderful Yale tradition that I would like to honor right now:
現在，我將履行耶魯大學光榮的傳統：
May I ask all of the families and friends here today to rise and recognize the outstanding—and graduating—members of the Class of 2018.
請在座的所有家長和朋友們起立，向我們2018屆優秀的畢業生們致意；
Well that was enthusiastic. May I now ask the Class of 2018 to consider for a moment all those who have supported your arrival at this milestone and please rise and recognize them?
大家都很熱情，現在請在座的2018屆學子們起立，向所有成就你們達成今日裡程碑的人們致敬。
These are the months and years when people tend to make a lot of plans. Some are practical: you schedule flights and rent apartments and consider where you will live, work, or study after graduation. Others are more aspirational: you imagine your future life and what you wish to accomplish in the years ahead.
接下來這段日子，人們總是傾向於制定大量的計劃。有些是實用性的計劃，比如訂航班，租房子，思考畢業後在哪裡生活、工作或學習。還有一些是遠大的抱負，展望未來的生活，以及未來歲月裡想要成就的事業。
I want to begin by sharing a passage Pauli Murray wrote in 1945 about her aspirations. At the time, she was a young lawyer and civil rights activist.
首先，我想分享的是Pauli Murray在1945年所寫的一段關於她志向的文字。那時，她是一位年輕的律師和民權活動家。
Here’s the quotation. 「I intend to destroy segregation by positive and embracing methods,」 Murray wrote. 「When my brothers try to draw a circle to exclude me, I shall draw a larger circle to include them. Where they speak out for the privileges of a puny group, I shall shout for the rights of all mankind.」
「我要通過積極和包容的方式來打破隔離，」Murray寫道。「當我的兄弟們試圖畫一個圈把我排除在外時，我將畫一個更大的圈來包容他們。在他們為小團體的特權發言，而我則要為全人類爭取權利。」
So, I ask you: How large will you draw your circle?
所以, 我想問你們：你會畫多大的圈呢？
Will you draw a circle that is large, inclusive, and vibrant? Or will it be small, 「puny,」 and privileged?
你會畫一個兼容並包、充滿活力的圈？還是一個拉幫結派的團夥？
The work of inclusion is difficult, but the rewards are great.
要實現兼容並包很難，但它未來的回報是巨大的。
Let me suggest ways you might follow the example of Pauli Murray—and many other Yale graduates—when you leave campus.
在此，我推薦幾條你們可以用來效仿Pauli Murray以及其他許多耶魯畢業生的方法，在你們離開校園後。
01 畫足夠大的圈，去理解這個世界
First, make sure your circles are truly large.
首先，要確保你畫的圈是真正的大。
In today's world, where you can have 700 followers on Twitter and a thousand friends on Facebook, it may seem easy to have a large circle. But if you're bombarded with the same stories, memes, and opinions from all your so-called friends, then your world may in fact be quite narrow. A conversation with six friends in real life actually may lead to a greater variety of ideas and perspectives.
如今的世界，你可以在Twitter上擁有700位粉絲，也可以在Facebook上交1000位好友。這樣看起來擁有一個很大的圈並不是一件難事。但如果你所謂的「朋友」都在分享相同的故事、類似的觀點，那麼你的世界其實是非常窄。然而，一場與現實生活中6個朋友的談話可能會獲得更加豐富的想法和觀點。
In my years at Yale, I have been privileged to know some of the most brilliant minds in the world. I have learned that the greatest scholars draw large circles. They read widely and are interested in ideas well beyond the scope of their own research and beliefs.
我在耶魯大學的這些年，我很榮幸能夠認識世界上一些最聰明的頭腦。我也了解到最偉大的學者們都會畫出很大的圈。他們博覽群書，也對自己研究範圍之外的想法頗感興趣。
Robert Dahl, who was a Sterling Professor of Political Science, taught at Yale for forty years. One of the most respected political scientists of his generation, Professor Dahl was an authority on democracy and democratic institutions. And he was a beloved teacher and mentor.
Robert Dahl 過去是一位政治學的斯特林教授，曾在耶魯大學任教四十年之久。因其在民主和民主制度研究中的權威，Dahl教授可謂是同時代最受尊敬的政治學家之一，也是一位深受喜愛的導師。
After his death in 2014 at the age of 98, tributes from his former students poured in. One of his graduate students, Jeffrey Isaac, recalled how he vehemently disagreed with some of Dahl's arguments, even though he loved taking his classes. For his dissertation, Isaac proposed writing a critique of Dahl's theories. Much to his surprise, the most enthusiastic and supportive member of the faculty in the department of political sciences was Dahl himself! He agreed to supervise the dissertation.
2014年，98歲高齡的Dahl去世之時，他曾教過的學生紛紛表達對他的哀思。一位名為Jeffrey Isaac的研究生學生回憶道，儘管他非常喜歡Dahl教授的課，但他強烈反對Dahl教授的一些論點。Isaac提議，他的研究生答辯論文以批判Dahl的理論為核心，最讓他驚訝的是，系裡最支持他的老師竟然是Dahl教授本人！Dahl教授還同意擔任他的論文導師。
Isaac wrote, 「Bob Dahl spent countless hours in his office talking with me about my principal theoretical antagonist —him! We would discuss this guy 『Dahl』 in the third person, we consider the limits of his arguments. We speculate about how he might respond to my arguments.」
Isaac寫道：「Dahl教授花費了數不盡的時間在他的辦公室裡和我討論論文主要論點，以及我要批判的人——他自己！我們客觀地討論『Dahl』這個人和他論點的局限性，並猜測『Dahl』會如何回應我的論點。」
Professor Dahl embraced his critics, listened to them, and conversed with them, a model of open and engaged scholarship and teaching—the best we can aspire to at Yale.
Dahl教授歡迎他的批評者並且傾聽他們的意見，與他們展開交流。這是一種開放且積極的研究精神和教學模式，是耶魯所追求的終極目標。
The lesson extends beyond our campus. Our greatest challenges as a society—climate change, poverty, insecurity, and violence—demand innovative and creative solutions. Yet political polarization is making it more difficult than ever to solve these problems. We must be able to talk with our opponents even though we disagree with them.
這樣的情況也出現在校園之外。氣候變化、貧困、動蕩和暴力是我們社會所面臨的最大挑戰。這需要革新性和創造性的解決方案。然而，政治分化令這些問題比以往更加難處理。我們需要與持不同意見者交談，儘管我們並不同意他們的觀點。
We might start by emulating Professor Dahl—and so many other wise and generous thinkers who have drawn large circles and so added to the sum of human understanding.
我們或許可以效仿Dahl教授以及許多其他智慧、通達的思想者，畫一個夠大的圈，並不斷填充人類的認知。
02 當圈子足夠多，你的人生才足夠通達
My second piece of advice—and here I am taking some liberties with the metaphor—is to draw as many circles as you can.
我的第二條建議是：盡你所能畫更多的圈。
One circle will be your work. Make sure you enjoy it, but make sure you have other circles as well.
其中一個圈是你的工作。你不僅要確保你喜歡它，還要確保它不是你生活中僅有的圈。
We know one of the keys to happiness is developing a passion—even an expertise—outside of work. Sharing that passion with others gives us great joy, and it connects us to circles of friends and associates who might be very different from the ones we would meet otherwise.
我們知道，幸福的源泉之一是培養工作之外的激情和專業。與他人分享這種激情能給我們帶來了極大的喜悅，還能將我們與其他圈子的朋友和同事連接在一起，而這些人可能與我們平時遇到的人迥然不同。
As many of you are aware, I am quite passionate about music from the Appalachian Mountain region. My love of traditional country and bluegrass music has allowed me to visit places such as southwest Virginia and eastern Kentucky. It allows me to chair the board of the International Bluegrass Music Museum, and to play bass—for thirty years now—with the Professors of Bluegrass.
許多人知道，我對阿巴拉契亞山脈地區的音樂甚為喜愛。我對傳統鄉村音樂和藍草音樂的熱愛，能牽引我至維吉尼亞西南部和肯塔基州東部等地，讓我擔任國際藍草音樂博物館的董事，並且能和藍草音樂教授一起演奏貝斯達30年。
It enables me to share stories and songs with perfect strangers at summertime bluegrass music festivals. Most significantly, though, it has led to circles of friendship beyond the towns in which I grew up, beyond the universities I attended, and beyond my profession of psychology.
這讓我在夏季藍草音樂節期間能與陌生人盡情分享音樂和故事。最重要的是，對音樂的熱愛讓我建立超出我成長的故鄉、學校和我所從事的心理學專業的友誼圈。
I am, of course, proud, to be a psychologist, and my discipline in fact does provide empirical evidence to support my personal experience.
我當然為能夠成為一名心理學家而自豪。我的學科也提供許多實證支撐我的個人經歷發展。
Patricia Linville is a social psychologist who studies how people think of themselves and how these self-perceptions influence well-being. She is now at Duke, but she was my teacher here at Yale when she completed several studies of what she terms 「self-complexity.」
Patricia Linville是一位社會心理學家。她的研究集中在人們的自我認知，以及這些自我認知的影響。當完成她所稱之為「自我複雜性」的研究期間，她曾是我在耶魯的老師。目前，她任教於杜克大學。
Greater 「self-complexity,」 according to Linville, means a person has many aspects of themselves. In other words, they draw many circles.
較高的自我複雜性，根據Linville教授的說法，是指一個人具有多面性。換句話而言，這個個體畫了很多圈。
For example, a woman who thinks of herself as a student, a marathon runner, a theater-goer, a reader of the New Yorker magazine, and—let's say—a bass player in a bluegrass band would demonstrate greater self-complexity than someone who thinks of himself only as a lawyer.
比如，一個女人可以視自己為學生、馬拉松選手、戲劇愛好者、紐約客雜誌讀者，以及我們剛才提到的藍草樂隊中的貝斯手，她可能比一個只視自己為律師的人有更高的自我複雜性。
Professor Linville, in her research, found that greater self-complexity acts as a 「buffer」 against negative experiences. For example, if you define yourself almost entirely in terms of your job, getting passed over for a promotion might be devastating for your sense of self-worth. Linville calls this 「putting all your eggs in one cognitive basket.」
Linville教授在她的研究中發現，更高的自我複雜性可以作為消極經歷的「緩衝器」。如果你全靠工作定義你自己，那麼當你沒得到升職時，或許會對你的自我價值認知造成沉重的打擊。Linville教授將其稱為「把所有的雞蛋放在同一個認知的籃子裡」。
People such as our marathon-running bass player, on the other hand, bounce back more quickly after a setback. Linville even found that college students with greater self-complexity were less likely to get sick or experience depression or stress.
而像我剛才提到的跑馬拉松的吉他手，在遇到挫折後可能恢復得更快。Linville教授甚至發現，自我複雜性更大的大學生患有抑鬱等精神疾病的比例更低。
03 去接觸、去互動才能延展生命
Third and finally, let me suggest one important way we can expand our circles—by reaching out and engaging with others.
最後，我想提出一個擴大圈子的重要途徑——是通過結識更多人並與之互動。
Here I would like to turn again to Pauli Murray and one of her more surprising relationships.
在這裡我想提及的仍是Pauli Murray和她的一段令人驚訝的經歷。
Murray's papers contain thousands of letters—a reflection of a full life, animated by many interests, commitments, and many relationships. A life of many circles.
Murray留下了上千封的信件，折射出的是她豐富的生活，以及她的很多興趣愛好、承諾和關係，一段充滿了很多圈子的人生。
During her time at Yale Law School, Murray received a letter from William S. Beinecke, a member of the Yale College Class of 1936. Now the name will sound familiar to everyone here. The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library is named for William's father and two uncles, and many other programs and places at Yale have benefited from the family's remarkable philanthropy.
在耶魯大學法學院學習期間，Pauli Murray收到了一封來自耶魯1936屆校友William S. Beinecke的信。現在這個名字對在座各位都很熟悉。貝尼克珍本與手稿圖書館就是以William的父親和兩個叔叔命名的，而耶魯的許多項目也從這個家族的慈善事業中受益。
Bill Beinecke passed away just ; he was nearly 104 years old. In 1963 when he wrote Murray, he was chairman of the Sperry and Hutchison Company, a venerable American company founded by his grandfather. (Your parents and grandparents may remember S&H Green Stamps Sperry & Hutchinson.) Beinecke was a leader in corporate America and a wealthy and powerful man.
Bill Beinecke去世，享年104歲。1963年致信給Murray時，他是Sperry and Hutchison公司的董事長。這是一家由其祖父創立的美國企業，你們的父母或祖父母可能還記得S&H發行的綠色郵票。Beinecke曾是這家美國企業的領導者，也是一位富有且強大的人。
He had met Murray at an event at Yale, and not long after that, he wrote her a letter. He enclosed a clipping from Time magazine about race relations in the United States and he asked Murray what she thought.
他在耶魯的一次活動上遇到Pauli Murray。在那次交流後不久，他給她寫了一封信，詢問她關於他在《時代》雜誌上刊登的關於美國種族關係文章的看法。
Murray responded. A few weeks later he sent her another article and asked her opinion again, this time about school integration. She wrote back. At one point, Murray wrote Beinecke a four-page, single-spaced, typed letter on what she called the 「imponderables on the issue of race.」 Their correspondence continued for weeks, with interesting and frank letters on both sides.
Pauli Murray回復了。幾周後，他再次發給她了一篇學校融合的文章，並詢問她的意見。她又給他回了信。曾經，Murray寫了封四頁紙、單行距的回信交流被Murray稱為「不可估量的種族問題」。他們的通信持續了幾個星期。雙方觀點都很有趣且坦率。
Beinecke and Murray—both exemplars of the Yale tradition—were able to sustain a conversation despite differences in gender, differences in family background, differences in race, differences in class, and much more. We don't know whether or not they entirely agreed with one another, we can imagine they learned a lot from their exchange. All because two individuals decided to reach beyond their normal circles.
Beinecke和Murray，這兩位耶魯傳統的典範，他們仍能維持對話，儘管他們在性別、家庭背景、種族、階級等諸多方面存在差異。我們不知道他們是否完全同意彼此。但可以想像的是，他們從交流中獲益良多。這完全是因為兩個人決定超越他們日常的圈子。
Beinecke's decision to write Murray did not take place in a vacuum. In the 1950s, he attended a discussion at Yale Law School on the topic of American race relations. Not long after, he decided to look into Sperry and Hutchinson's hiring practices. He learned that the employment agency vetting applicants for his company was screening out African Americans, removing them from the pool before their applications ever reached Sperry & Hutchinson. Beinecke ended the practice.
Beinecke決定給Murray寫信絕非一時頭腦發熱。上世紀50年代，Beinecke參加了耶魯法學院一場有關美國種族關係的討論。不久之後，他決定調查Sperry and Hutchinson的招聘流程。他了解到職業介紹所在向他們推薦人時完全剔除了非洲裔美國人。Beinecke決定終止這一做法。
He also supported scholarships for underprivileged high school students and established a fellowship for students of color at Yale Law School. It was in the course of this work that he met Murray and initiated their correspondence, hoping to bridge the gulf that separated his experience from hers.
Beinecke也支持為來自底層的高中學生提供獎學金，並在耶魯法學院為有色人種設立獎學金。便是在開展這項工作的過程中，他遇到了Murray並開始了他們的通信，希望能夠彌合兩人的經歷鴻溝。
Bill Beinecke's life was made up of different circles. He led efforts to improve New York's Central Park, he supported environmental causes, he was dedicated to the game of golf, and he remained an ardent champion of Yale and its students, among other interests.
Bill Beinecke的生活是由許多不同的圈子組成。他領導改善紐約中央公園，支持環保事業，熱衷高爾夫運動。他也是耶魯及其學生的積極倡導者。
And what about Pauli Murray, who as a young person promised to 「draw a larger circle」 in her life? One month after writing her last letter to Bill Beinecke, she participated in the historic March on Washington, which she helped organize. While finishing her doctor of jurisprudence degree here at Yale, she drafted an influential legal memo, helping to ensure that 「sex」 was included in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
那麼，在年輕的Pauli Murray承諾在她的生命中畫一個更大的圈之後發生了什麼？在她最後一次致信給Bill Beinecke的一個月後，她組織並參與了那場著名的華盛頓遊行。當取得耶魯法學博士學位後，她起草了一份有影響力的法律備忘錄，幫助確保在1964年的《民權法案》中性別被納入保護範圍中。
Murray's other circles included writing poetry and teaching. At the age of 67, she became the first African-American woman ordained as an Episcopal priest, continuing her lifelong commitment to reconciliation and understanding.
Murray的生活圈還延展至詩歌和教學。67歲時，她成為第一位被任命為聖公會牧師的非裔美國婦女，繼續她的終身對於和解與理解的諾言。
Enlarging our circles is far from easy. It requires courage, but also imagination and curiosity about our fellow human beings. It rejects fear and suspicion. It demands that we listen to each other. It measures the limits of our humanity.
擴大我們的圈子並非易事。這勇氣固然是需要的，但也需要我們人類同胞充滿想像力和好奇心。它拒絕恐懼和懷疑，要求我們互相傾聽，量度人性的邊界。
Both Pauli Murray and Bill Beinecke drew such large circles—and so many circles—that their lives intersected. I urge you to do the same. Draw many circles; make them large in all kinds of ways. You will find life richer, fuller, and more meaningful, and you will bring to the world the empathy and understanding we so desperately need.
正是由於Pauli Murray和Bill Beinecke都畫了很多很大的圈，才使他們的生活得以相交。我希望你們也可以如此，畫儘可能多的圈，並且讓它們全方位地變大。你會發現生活更加豐富、充實、有意義。你將為世界帶來我們亟需的同情和理解。
Members of the Class of 2018. It is time to leave the garden and go into the woods (please rise):
2018屆的畢業生們，是時候離開花園走進樹林了（請起立）：
As you go on to a 「world [that is] all before [you] . . . hand in hand with wandering steps and slow,」 bring to that world all that your Yale education has given you: the ability to engage critically even while listening respectfully, to respond creatively to challenges and obstacles; to embrace your responsibilities while finding happiness, and to draw ever wider circle, the circle of belonging, the circle of understanding in this world.
現在整個世界在你們面前，請你們手攜手邁著慢移流浪的腳步，向世界帶去你在耶魯教育中獲得的一切：虛心聆聽時，批判地參與，創造性地應對挑戰和難關，在尋求幸福的同時接受你的責任，畫一個更廣闊的圈包容和理解這個世界。
We are delighted to salute your accomplishments, and we are proud of your achievements. Remember though to give thanks for all that has brought you to this day. And go forth from this place with grateful hearts, paying back the gifts you have received here by using your minds, your voices, and your hands to strengthen your new communities and the world.
我們很榮幸見證了這一刻，並為你們的成績感到驕傲。請記得向所有成就你們走到今日的人表達謝意。請帶著感恩的心從這裡出發，依靠你們的思想、聲音和雙手改善你們新的社區和世界，這將是你們對母校最好的回贈。
Congratulations, Class of 2018!
2018屆全體畢業生，祝賀你們！
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