今天介紹的是各種野生可食用植物，就像文中簡介的那樣。對於野外生存來講，首先要處理的是避難所和水源的問題，人體對於飢餓的忍受能力超過你的想像。而且這些植物即使不是在求生環境中對人的身體也有很多好處，吃慣大魚大肉的你平時也可以採集一點來吃。同時在文章的最後，老馬我還會教大家一些辨識可食用植物的Tips你也可以按照tips進行嘗試，把你找到的可食用植物放到自己的「野菜表」中。
PS：今天介紹的絕大多數植物除仙人掌外在中國本土都有廣泛分布哦！
It’s often said that the last thing you need to worry about when in a survival situation is what you’re going to eat. The human body is highly resilient, and can go without food for longer than you think. Shelter and water, on the other hand, are pretty much non-negotiable in order to survive.
However, it is possible to familiarize yourself with edible wild plants before you get into a survival situation, in which case you』ll have a good idea of which wild plants you can eat if necessary. In addition, once you learn to identify some of these common edible wild plants, you might be able to add them to your diet while you’re still in the city.
Dandelions 蒲公英
Probably the easiest plant to identify, and one of the most widespread, dandelions (pictured at top) are a great introduction to wild plant foods. The entire dandelion is edible, from the root to the flower, and can be found quite easily in many areas, even in early spring or late fall. The dandelion flower can be eaten straight from the plant, and the taste is sweet and mild. Of the leaves, the young ones tend to taste the best, as they get a little bitter as they mature, but older leaves can be briefly boiled to remove the bitterness. It’s also advised that you boil the root before eating, and the water used to cook them can be drunk as a tea afterward.
點評：蒲公英廣泛分布於全世界各地，而且全株均可使用。在野外求生環境中絕大多數有白漿的植物都是有刺激性，且不可使用的，唯獨蒲公英是個例外。蒲公英的藥用價值也很高，中世紀的歐洲人用它來解讀，《本草綱目》中也記載它的別稱「尿床草」，由此可見它的利尿功效有多麼卓著。
Burdock 牛蒡
The burdock plant sure doesn’t look very appetizing (especially when full of those giant prickly seedheads!), but the whole plant is edible. The leaves can get bitter, just as older dandelion leaves do, and may require boiling. The stem can be peeled and eaten raw, and the root can be boiled and eaten.
點評：如果你家有高血壓患者，那麼你對於牛蒡一點都不陌生。現在牛蒡被稱為降血壓聖品，全國上下都流行喝牛蒡茶。當然牛蒡全株都可以生吃（當然你想做熟了吃也成），根部可以煮熟後食用。
Cattails 蒲草
In many of the wetter parts of the world, cattails can be a great edible wild food. The large roots, or rhizomes, as well as the lower part of the stem, can be eaten either raw or boiled, and the leaves can be boiled and eaten like any other cooked greens. The flower spike can also be eaten raw, but usually only in the spring, when the growth is still tender and young. Once the flower spike is mature, the pollen can be collected from it and used as a flour or addition to other wild plant dishes.
點評：蒲草！蒲草！打過遊戲的朋友對這種植物一點都不陌生！老馬在這裡跟大家鄭重地說，蒲草可是野外求生環境中的聖品！（旁白：剛才說牛蒡就是聖品，這蒲草又說是聖品，老馬你的聖品還真多內！）這個……此生品非彼聖品！大家不要著急，我把蒲草的好處一一道來——首先蒲草的分布廣泛，蒲草的全株可以食用，如果把蒲草整株從水塘裡拔出，你就可以發現白淨的碩大的根莖，富含水分+營養；蒲草的葉子可以食用，也可以用來製作避難所或者其他器皿；蒲草的蘆棒在春季可以食用，秋季可以當做生活的火引，冬天可以填充在衣物裡保暖。最重要的是蒲草的花粉（夏季）有止血的作用。綜上所述，你說老馬我把它列為野外求生的聖品是不是理由很充分呢？
Plantain 車前草
Plantain is another ubiquitous edible wild plant, found in a wide variety of climates and locations (including most yards and public parks), and favoring wetter areas. The leaves are edible both raw and boiled, and the seeds can be harvested and eaten as well. In addition, plantain is a great plant to know for treating minor wounds and insect bites. Simply chew up several leaves and apply to the wound, repeating as desired.
點評：如果你小的時候沒用車前草的「大鞭子」（花絮+果實）打過架，那麼我們可以把你定義為沒有童年的孩子。車前草也是廣泛分布，且葉子和種子都可以實用。並且車前草的葉子還可以用來處理小的傷口和蚊蟲叮咬，這跟車前草止血+去毒的藥用價值是分不開的。
Purslane 馬齒莧
The humble purslane gets a bad rap from gardeners (along with dandelions and plantain), but this low-growing plant is an excellent edible wild plant and can be found in many wild places. The leaves, stem, and seeds of purslane are edible either raw or boiled, and the leaves also have a thickening or mucilaginous quality which can add to other dishes.
點評：看！又一個聖品——馬齒莧其實開始起源於印度，但是這種植物的生命力超強，現在已經廣泛的分布於全世界，可以生吃也可以煮熟再吃。馬齒莧的藥用價值也是相當高的，解毒、消炎、利尿、止瀉。而且最主要的是它抗病蟲害的能力特別強大，生長周期也很短。如果在野外或花園裡碰到它，請一定摘一些帶回家。
Nettles / Stinging nettle 蕁麻
More commonly known as stinging nettle, this is a plant to steer clear of unless you’re foraging for wild foods. Just one brush of your bare skin against a nettle plant will elicit a short-term but intense burning sensation. However, once boiled or steamed, nettles makes a fantastic green food to add to your survival menu. Just be sure to wear gloves or otherwise protect yourself while harvesting it (and if you get 「stung,」 try rubbing crushed plantain – which tends to favor the same locations – over the area).
點評：開始看到Discovery竟然把蕁麻作為也作為野外可食用植物行了，我的確有點暈。因為只要有一些野外生存經驗的人都知道：蕁麻的葉子有毒（酸性度，一旦中招用肥皂水清洗），如果碰到了就會回身刺癢。不過仔細看過資料後發現，探索頻道也明確指出其毒性，並且提示在採集的時候就算不能戴手套也不要沾到皮膚，而且植物要煮熟去毒後才能食用，且不到沒得吃不建議入手蕁麻。當然，蕁麻的韌性很好，可以用來編織繩索等物品。
Lamb's quarters 羊腿藜
Also known as goosefoot, lamb’s quarters grows wild in many places, and the leaves and young stems can be boiled and eaten like spinach (it even has a spinach-y taste). Lamb’s quarters is a relative of quinoa, and its seeds are high in protein, making it another important survival food.
點評：傳說羊腿藜這種植物不僅廣泛分布，吃法跟菠菜相近而且味道也像菠菜。而且這種植物的種子還跟一種叫做藜麥的作物是遠房親戚，富含蛋白質，是很有營養的野外求生植物。
Prickly pear 仙人掌
Prickly pear doesn’t appear to be a choice edible wild food, but once the needles are dealt with, both the pads and fruit of this prolific western cactus can end up as a filling and nutritious food. The prickly pear is one of the easiest of the cacti to identify, and because the plants tend to be fairly large, just one of them can provide many meals in the backcountry. The most important things to remember are to keep the needles out of your hands when harvesting them (use a rock or stick to knock pads off), and to either burn or scrape the needles off before cooking or eating it. (Tip: burning the needles off is more reliable than scraping).
點評：仙人掌這東西的確不是很常見，特別是在我國分布的很少。（你可以在大馬路邊上發現馬齒莧，但是絕對看不到仙人掌），可是掉到沙漠裡就單說了。一看到仙人掌，你可以說算是活過來了，這東西果實和植株都可以用來吃。當然文中給了一個不錯的採集仙人掌的方法——用石頭把仙人掌砸下來，之後再用火一烤，什麼刺都會化成一縷青煙不見了。
Shepherd's purse 薺菜
Also used as a medicinal plant, shepherd’s purse is a great source for spring and fall greens, and can be found in many of the same places where dandelion and purslane grow. The younger leaves are edible raw and have a very mild taste. Older leaves can be boiled in the same manner as dandelions, to remove bitterness, and the seed pods are also edible.
點評：薺菜遍地都是，有馬齒莧和蒲公英的地方就有它的身影。雖然有點淡淡的苦味，那是因為薺菜全草入藥可以製造痢疾、腸胃潰瘍和感冒。它也是（群眾高喊：「求生聖品啊，求生聖品！」）
Curly dock / Dock 皺葉酸模
Sometimes referred to as curly dock, yellow dock, or sour dock, this relative of buckwheat can be harvested of its young leaves (or the leaves on the stalk) to be eaten either raw or lightly boiled. The stalk can be peeled and eaten raw or boiled, and the mature seeds (this plant produces a lot of seeds) can be ground and used as flour or to add to soups.
點評：又是一種隨意生吃煮熟的野菜。藥用價值也很高，可以止血、通便、殺蟲。傳說還是高級的枕頭填充物，開春我要多採集一些曬乾試試。
These are some of the more common edible wild plants, most of which can be found in a wide variety of habitats and climates. Always use caution when trying new wild foods, and be sure that what you’re harvesting is indeed the right plant and not a lookalike.
點評：如果在野外走失，而又沒看到以上植物，你應該如何選擇食物呢？如何做才可以保證不會像神農一樣吃到有毒的植物呢？提供以下方法：
1. 觀察植株的周圍是否有被食草動物啃食過的痕跡，如果有代表應是可食用植物；
2. 接下來把該植株的葉子捏碎，塗抹在胳膊的內側，胳膊的內側是肌膚敏感的部位，等一個小時如果沒有任何的刺癢或者是過敏反應，進入下一步；
3. 把食物放到舌頭上請甜一下，等兩個小時，如果沒有麻木和特殊的苦味以及杏仁味，進入下一步；
4. 吃掉一片該植物的葉子（果實建議一口），等待六個小時，如果沒有任何頭暈、頭痛、虛汗、腹痛的反應，表示可以食用，放心食用吧！
當然我還是希望大家都不要走失，一切平平安安。當然如果不小心走丟了，記得這篇文字，也許可以幫你走出困境。