Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. Today, we're going to be looking at the use, formation and pronunciation of contractions.
大家好，歡迎回到跟著Lucy學英語。今天我們要學習縮略形式的使用、構成和發音。
This is something that many of you have requested and also, many people get wrong. We use contractions such as 'I'm' and 'we're' in everyday speech and in informal writing, you shouldn't use these in formal writing.
這是你們很多人要求的內容，而且也是很多人容易犯錯的地方。我們在日常交流和非正式書寫中使用縮略形式，比如「 I'm 」和 「we're」，你不應該在正式書面語中使用這些。
They usually combine a pronoun or noun and a verb or a verb and 'not' in a shorter form. In everyday life, we use these all of the time, but they can actually be quite hard to pronounce.
它們一般是一個代詞或名詞和動詞的結合，或者是一個動詞和not的結合。在日常生活中，我們總是在使用這些縮略形式，但是它們有時會很難發音。
They can also be quite confusing, because one contraction can mean multiple things. Don't worry, we're going to discuss all of that today and you will end up knowing your contractions 100%.
它們有時候可能會讓人非常困惑，因為一個縮略形式可能有多重意思。別擔心，我們今天要討論所有的縮略形式，你們最後會100%了解縮略形式。
So, this video is perfect for improving your vocabulary and pronunciation, but if you want to improve your pronunciation and listening even further, I highly recommend the special method of reading actual real-life books at the same time as listening to the audiobook version on Audible. It might not makes sense yet, but let me explain.
所以這個視頻非常適合提高你的詞彙和發音，但是如果你想要你的發音和聽力更上一層樓，我強烈推薦在閱讀實體書的同時在Audible上聽有聲書的特別方法。這樣說可能有點難懂，我來解釋一下。
Take a book that you have already read in English or one that you would like to read in English, I've got some great recommendations in the description box. Read this English book whilst listening to the audiobook version, reading alone will not help you with your pronunciation because English isn't a strictly phonetic language, the way something is written is not necessarily the way something's pronounced.
選一本你已經讀過的或你想要讀的英語版本的書，我在描述欄裡推薦了很多。在閱讀這本英語書的同時聽它的有聲書版本，僅僅閱讀是不會幫助你的發音的，因為英語不是一個音形嚴格一致的語言，有些詞的寫法並不一定就是其讀法。
If you listen to a word as you read it, your brain will start making connections and next time you see that word, you'll be able to pronounce it, and next time you hear that word, you'll know exactly how it's spelt. This is such an effective method and the best part is, you can get one free audiobook, that's a 30-day Audible free trial by clicking on the link in the description box, then you can download some of my recommendations.
如果你在閱讀的時候聽到了某個單詞的發音，那麼你的大腦會開始產生關聯，那麼下次你再看到那個詞的時候你就會讀它了，下次你再聽到那個詞的時候你就會知道它是怎麼拼寫的了。這是一個很有效的方法，而且最棒的地方就是你可以獲得一本免費的有聲書，也就是為期30天的Audible免費試用，只需要點擊描述欄中的連結，然後你就可以下載我推薦的一些書了。
Give it a try, because it really, really works. Also, a lot of you requested to meet my fiance, so, over on my personal channel, the Lucy Bella Earl channel where I talk about everything that's not related to English, Will and I have done a fiance tag, so you can check that out, the link's down below.
試試吧，因為它真的真的很有用。因為你們很多人要求要見見我的未婚夫，所以在我用來討論跟英語無關的一切的個人頻道 Lucy Bella Earl 中，Will和我完成了一個未婚夫標籤，所以你們可以查看它，連結就在下面。
Right, let's get started with the lesson. Let's cover a few contraction rules, these will really help you when knowing when to, or when not to, use a contraction.
好的，我們開始上課吧。我們先來說一些縮略形式的規則，這些規則能夠幫助你理解何時該使用，何時不該使用縮略形式。
Rule number 1, we do not use more than one contraction, this is very, very important. You might see it in ancient, old-fashioned texts, but not in the modern day, it's just weird.
第一條規則，我們不會使用縮略形式超過一次，這非常非常重要。你可能在古老的老式文本中見過這種現象，但是在現代社會這樣使用很奇怪。
So, if you have 'he's' as in 'he is', and 'isn't' as in 'is not', what should we say all right if we want to use contractions in the phrase, 'He is not here'? Should we say, 'He'snt here'?
所以如果你要說「he is」的縮略形式「he's」，和「is not」的縮略形式「isn't」，那麼我們要怎麼說「He is not here」呢？我們該說「He'snt here」嗎？
It sounds cool, but no, you just have to say one, you can say, 'He isn't here', or 'He's not here', just one contraction. Rule number 2, we do not use affirmative contractions at the end of clauses.
這聽起來很酷，但是並不對，你只能說一個，你可以說「He isn't here」或「He's not here」，只能用一次。第二條規則，我們不會在從句的結尾處使用肯定式縮略語。
For example, if somebody says to me, 'I think he's left', I would reply, saying, 'Yes, I think he has', not, 'Yes, I think he's'. You can't use an affirmative contraction at the end of a clause.
比如，如果有人跟我說：「I think he's left（我想他離開了）」，我會回答說：「Yes，I think he has（是的，我認為他離開了）」，而不是「Yes，I think he's」。你不能在從句的結尾處使用肯定式縮略語。
However, rule number 3, we do use negative contractions at the end of clauses. For example, 'Have you seen her? '
然而第三條規則告訴我們，我們確實會在從句的結尾處使用否定式縮略語。比如，「你見過她嗎？」
'No, I haven't. ' That's fine to use a contraction there.
「No，I haven't（不，我沒見過）。」在這裡使用縮略形式是可以的。
And rule number 4, in question forms, 'am not' is actually contracted to 'aren't'. For example, 'I am invited, aren't I? '
第四條規則，在問句中，「am not」其實會被縮寫成「aren't」。比如，「I am invited，aren't I？」（我被邀請了，不是嗎？）
The non-contraction version would be, 'Am I not? ' But this is very, very posh, it sounds incredibly formal, 'am I not? '
非縮略形式是「Am I not？」但是這非常非常考究，它聽起來非常正式，「am I not？」。
'Aren't I', is much more relaxed and casual. Right, now it's time to go through most of the contractions, I can't go through every single one, because we'd be here for hours, but I'm going to go through the most common contractions, and most importantly, their pronunciation.
「Aren't I」要輕鬆隨意得多。好的，現在要列舉大部分的縮略形式了，我無法涵蓋所有的，因為這樣我們要花好幾個小時，但是我會涵蓋最常見的縮略形式，以及最重要的，它們的發音。
Let's start with contractions with 'not'. The contraction of 'not' is 'n't', 'n't', the sound you make when a football hits you in the playground.
我們先從帶「not」的縮略形式開始吧。「not」的縮略形式是「n't」，「n't」，這是在操場上足球打到你時你會發出的聲音。
Now, a lot of students struggle with the 'n't' contractions, but not because of the 'n't' part, they actually struggle with the verb part because the pronunciation of that can change. Take a look at 'can', 'cannot', 'can't', it changes and you have to be very, very careful with the pronunciation of 'can't', because if you do a short 'a' vowel sound in the middle, you say one of the worst swear words in British English and, I imagine, American English as well.
很多學生糾結於「n't」縮略形式，但是並不是因為「n't」的部分，他們其實糾結的是動詞部分，因為動詞的發音可能會發生變化。請看「can」，「cannot」，「can't」，發音會變，而你要非常非常小心「can't」的發音，因為如果你在中間發「a」的短元音，那麼你就會說出英式英語中最難聽的髒話，而且我認為在美式英語中也是一樣。
Number 2 is 'are not', which changes to 'aren't', 'aren't'. This is exactly the same pronunciation as the woman who marries your uncle, your aunt.
第二個是「are not」，它會變成「aren't」，「aren't」。它的發音跟aunt的發音一樣，也就是嫁給你叔叔的那個人，你的嬸嬸。
Next, we have 'could not', 'could not', 'couldn't', 'couldn't'. I hear a lot of students say, 'couldant', 'couldant', it's a schwa, 'couldn't', 'dn't'.
接下來我們有「could not」，「could not」，「couldn't」，「couldn't」。我聽到很多學生說「couldant」，「couldant」，它是一個中元音，「couldn't」，「dn't」。
'Did not', 'did not' changes to 'didn't', 'didn't'. Again, be really careful with the 'dn't' sound, it's not 'dent', 'I dident go' is a very kind of Spanish way of saying it, I had a lot of Spanish students, and I would really try and make them focus on not including a vowel there, just 'didn't', 'didn't'.
「Did not」，「did not」變成「didn't」，「didn't」。再一次強調，請千萬注意「dn't」的發音，不是「dent」，「I dident go」聽起來有點像西班牙語，我有很多西班牙學生，我會讓他們注意不要在這裡加一個元音，就是「didn't」，「didn't」。
You don't have to move your mouth at all, 'didn't', 'dn't'. 'Has not' changes to 'hasn't', 'hasn't'.
你完全不用懂你的嘴巴，「didn't」，「dn't」。「Has not」變成「hasn't」，「hasn't」。
'Have not' changes to 'haven't', 'haven't'. 'Is not' changes to 'isn't', 'isn't'.
「Have not」變成「haven't」，「haven't」。「Is not」變成「isn't」，「isn't」。
'Must not' is one that you should focus on, although it's written as 'mustn't', 'mustn't', we don't include that 't' at the end of 'must', we say, 'mustn't', 'mustn't', so ignore the 't' in 'must'. 'Shall not' is another irregular one, we say, 'shan't', 'shan't', same pronunciation as 'can't', 'can't', 'shan't', it's a long vowel sound.
你們應該注意「must not」，儘管它被寫作「mustn't」，「mustn't」，但是我們不會讀「must」最後的「t」，我們說的是「mustn't」，「mustn't」，所以要略讀「must」中的「t」。「Shall not」是不規則的，我們說的是「shan't」，「shan't」，跟「can't」的發音一樣，「cant」，「shan't」，這是一個長元音。
'Should not' changes to 'shouldn't', 'shouldn't'. 'Was not' changes to 'wasn't', 'wasn't'.
「Should not」變成「shouldn't」，「shouldn't」。「Was not」變成「wasn't」，「wasn't」。
'Were not' changes to 'weren't', 'weren't'. I know that 'er' sound can be quite difficult for a lot of you, 'er', 'er', it's the same sound as in 'world'.
「Were not」變成「weren't」，「weren't」。我知道「er」的發音對很多人來說很難，「er」，「er」，它跟「world」這個詞裡面的發音是一樣的。
'Will not', another irregular, changes to 'won't', 'won't', make sure you don't say 'wan't', it's an 'o' sound. I have got a video about the 'o' sound, which I shall also link down below, it goes 'uh', 'n', 'oh', 'won't'.
「Will not」又是一個不規則的，變成「won't」，「won't」，請注意不要讀成「wan't」，這裡是「o」的音。我做過一個關於「o」的音的視頻，連結也在下面，它的發音是「uh」「n」「oh」，「won't」。
And lastly, we have 'would not' which changes to 'wouldn't', 'wouldn't'. Next, let's talk about contractions with 'I, you, it, he, she, we, and they'.
最後我們有「would not」，它會變成「wouldn't」，「wouldn't」。下面我們來說跟「I，you，it，he，she，we，和 they」在一起的縮略形式。
'Am' as in 'I am' changes to 'I'm', 'I'm'. 'Are' as in 'you are', 'they are', or 'we are'.
「I am」中的「am」會變成「I'm」，「I'm」。下面是「you are」，「they are」或「we are」中的「are」。
'You are' changes to 'you're', 'you're', that's a long 'or' vowel sound, we do not pronounce the 'r' at the end of it. 'We are' changes to 'we're', 'we're', we've got the 'ee' sound and then, the 'a' at the end, the schwa, 'we're', 'we're'.
「You are」變成「you're」，「you're」，這是一個讀作「or」的長元音，我們不發末尾「r」的音。「We are」變成「we're」，「we're」，我們先發「ee」的音，然後在末尾是「a」，半元音「we're」，「we're」。
'They are' changes to 'they're', 'they're', and this 'ey're' sound can be really, really difficult again for many students from all different parts of the world, it's an 'eh' and then an 'a' sound, 'eh', 'a', 'ey're', it's a. . . it sounds weird, but it's a diphthong, 'ey're', 'ey're'. Now, 'is' and 'has' have the same contraction, apostrophe s, so 'he's' or 'she's' can be both 'he is' or 'she is' or 'he has' and 'she has', it all depends on the context.
「They are」變成「they're」，「they're」，這裡「ey're」的音對世界各地的學生來說也是一個很難的音，它是一個「eh」的音，然後是一個「a」的音，「eh」「a」，「er're」，它......它聽起來有點奇怪，但它是一個雙元音，「ey're」，「ey're」。「Is」和「has」的縮略形式是一樣的，都是撇號s，所以「he's」或「she's」即可以指「he is」或「she is」，也可以指「he has」和「she has」，這取決於語境。
'He is' or 'he has' is 'he's', 'he's'. 'She is' or 'she has' is 'she's', 'she's'.
「He is」或「he has」的縮略形式是「he's」，「he's」。「She is」或「she has」的縮略形式是「she's」，「she's」。
Focus on the 'zz' sound at the end, a common mistake I hear is a 'ss' sound, it's not 'he'ss' or 'she'ss', it's 'he's', 'she's'. 'It is' or 'it has' is 'it's', 'it's', this is the 'ss' sound, not the 'zz' sound.
請注意末尾的「zz」音，我聽到的常見錯誤是發「ss」音，不是「he'ss」或「she'ss」，而是「he's」，「she's」。「It is」或「it has」的縮略形式是「it's」，這裡發「ss」的音，而不是「zz」的音。
The contractions for 'will', 'I will', 'I'll', 'I'll'. 'You will' is 'you'll', 'you'll'.
下面說「will」的縮略形式，「I will」，「I'll」，「I'll」。「You will」是「you'll」，「you'll」。
'He will', 'he'll', 'he'll'. 'She will', 'she'll', 'she'll'.
「He will」是「he'll」，「he'll」。「She will」是「she'll」，「she'll」。
'It will', 'it'll', 'it'll'. 'We will', 'we'll', 'we'll', like the wheel on a car.
「It will」是「it'll」，「it'll」。「We will」是「we'll」，「we'll」，就像汽車上方向盤wheel這個詞的發音。
And 'they will', 'they'll', 'they'll'. We have another double contraction now, both 'had' and 'would' are contracted to apostrophe d, 'd'.
然後「they will」是「they'll」，「they'll」。我們還有另一個雙重含義的縮略形式，「had」和「would」的縮略形式都是撇號d，「'd」。
'I had' or 'I would' is 'I'd', 'I'd'. 'You had' or 'you would' is 'you'd', 'you'd'.
「I had」或「I would」的縮略形式是「I'd」，「I'd」。「You had」或「you would」是「you'd」，「you'd」。
'He had' or 'he would' is 'he'd', 'he'd'. 'She had' or 'she would' is 'she'd', 'she'd'.
「He had」或「he would」是「he'd」，「he'd」。「She had」或「she would」是「she'd」「she'd」。
'It had' or 'it would' is 'it'd', 'it'd', remember there is a schwa sound at the end of that, 'ud', 'it'd', 'it'd'. 'We had' or 'we would', 'we'd', 'we'd'.
「It had」或「it would」是「it'd」，「it'd」，請記住末尾有一個半元音「ud」，「it'd」，「it'd」。「We had」或「we would」是「we'd」，「we'd」。
And 'they had' or 'they would' is 'they'd', 'they'd'. Right, now let's talk about some other contractions.
然後「they had」或「they would」是「they'd」，「they'd」。好的，現在我們來說說其它的縮略形式。
Contractions can occur after nouns, names, 'here', 'there', and 'now' and question words. Remember, don't use these in formal writing.
縮略形式可能會出現在名詞、人名，「這裡」，「那裡」和「現在」以及疑問詞的後面。請記住不要在正式書面語中使用這些縮略形式。
I'm going to give you some example sentences so you can see these other contractions in action. 'My brother has arrived home', 'my brother's arrived home'.
我要給你們幾個例句，這樣你們就能夠看到這些其它縮略形式的用法了。「My brother has arrived home（我的哥哥到家了）」，「my brother's arrived home」。
'Helen will be here soon', 'Helen'll be here soon'. 'Here is my watch', 'here's my watch'.
「Helen will be here soon（海倫很快就會來）」，「Helen'll be here soon」。「Here is my watch（這是我的手錶）」，「here's my watch」。
'There is your dog', 'there's your dog'. 'Now is a good time', 'now's a good time'.
「There is your dog（那是你的狗）」，「there's your dog」。「Now is a good time（現在是個好時機）」，「now's a good time」。
'Where is my car? ', 'where's my car? ' Right, that's it for the lesson on contractions, I really hope it answered all of your questions.
「Where is my car？（我的車在哪？）」，「where's my car？」。好的，縮略形式的課就到這裡，我希望它解答了你們所有的疑問。
I've been seeing so many under my videos when I use contractions like 'aren't I? ', I could see people saying why is it 'am I not? '.
我看到很多人在我使用「aren't I」這樣的縮略形式時在視頻下面提問。我看到有人說為什麼不是「am I not?」。
I'm really glad that I've finally done this video for you. Your homework for today has two levels, if you're at a beginner level, I would like five sentences using contractions, and if you're at a more advanced lesson, I want a short story of no more than 10 lines using as many contractions as you can.
我很高興我終於為你們出了這麼一個視頻。你們今天的家庭作業分兩個層次，如果你是初學者，我想要你們寫五個使用縮略形式的句子，如果你們正在上更高水平的課程，我希望你們寫一個不少於10行的短篇故事，儘可能多地使用縮略形式。
I'll be looking through the comments to see who participates. I'll try and mark as many as I can, but don't be afraid to help each other out.
我會在評論中看看誰參與其中了。我會可能多地批改，但是請互相幫助。
Don't forget to check out Audible, you can claim your free audiobook and 30-day Audible free trial by clicking on the link in the description box, and there are loads of recommendations for books and audiobooks there as well. Don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media, I've got my Facebook, I've got my Instagram, I've got my Twitter and I've also got my personal Lucy Bella Earl channel where I've just done the fiance tag with my fiance and people seem to really, really like it, so maybe you will too, the link to that video is down there as well.
別忘記查看Audible，你們可以通過點擊描述欄中的連結獲取免費的有聲書以及30天的免費試用，描述欄裡還有很多推薦書目和有聲書。別忘記通過我所有的社交媒體聯繫我，我有臉書、INS、推特，我還有個人頻道 Lucy Bella Earl，在那裡我剛剛和我的未婚夫完成了未婚夫標籤，而且人們似乎非常喜歡這個標籤，也許你們也會喜歡的，視頻連結也在下面。
I will see you soon for another lesson.
我們下節課再見。