1、生物專業英語的概念
以生物學常用知識為主線,運用概念解釋、理論闡述、知識介紹等多種形式,幫助讀者掌握生物學專業英語的基本術語和表達方式,能切實提高生物工作者實際運用專業英語的能力。
2、生物專業英語的重要性
基礎英語的學習是對學生語言能力的培養
專業知識傳播少不了專業英語
使用英文原版教材的要求
雙語教學的需要
3、專業英語的特點
3.1 專業英語詞彙特點:
專業英語詞彙的特點表現在:
(1) 技術詞彙多
(2) 二次技術詞彙(sub-technical words)多
(3) 特用詞多
(4) 功能詞如:介詞,連詞,短語,代詞多
(5) 專業詞彙的構詞法中以派生詞最多,合成詞其次,有一定量的轉換詞。
Photosynthesis (光合作用)
microtubule (微管)
microfilament (微絲)
Electrophoresis (電泳)
DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid 脫氧核糖核酸)
CoA (Coenzyme A)
UV (Ultra-violet)
AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
3.2 生物學專業詞彙(詞根)
1. 表示數量的詞素
1)haplo, mono, uni 單,一,獨
haploid 單倍體;
monoxide 一氧化物;
monoatomic 單原子的;
2)bi, di, dipl, twi, du 二,雙,兩,偶
bicolor 雙色;
dichromatic 雙色的,二色的,二色性的
diplobacillus 雙桿菌;
dikaryon 雙核體;
twin 孿生;
dual 雙重的;
3)tri 三,丙
triangle 三角;
triacylglycerol [trrslɡli:s'rl] 三醯甘油
tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循環;
4)quadri, quadru, quart, tetr, tetra 四
quadrilateral [kwɑ:drltrl] 四邊的;
quadrivalent [kwdr'velnt] 四價的;
quadruped [kwɑ:druped] 四足動物;
tetrode ['tetrod] 四極管;
tetracycline [tetr'sakln] 四環素;
5)pent, penta, quique 五
pentose ['pentos] 戊糖;
pentagon [pentgɑ:n] 五角形;
pentane ['penten] 戊烷;
quintuple [『kwntjpl] 五的,五倍的;
pentomer 五鄰粒;
6)hex, hexa ['heks], 六
hexose ['heksos] 已糖;
hexapod ['hekspd] 六足動物;
hexapoda [hek'spd] 昆蟲綱;
hexamer ['heksm] 六聚體;
7)hepta, sept(i) 七
heptane ['hepten] 庚烷;
heptose ['heptos] 庚糖;
heptoglobin 七珠蛋白;
8)oct 八
octopus [ɑ:ktps] 章魚;
octagon [ɑ:ktgɑ:n] 八角形;
octane [ɑ:kten] 辛烷;
octase [k'tes] 辛糖;
9)enne, nona 九
nonapeptide 九肽;
enneahedron [enr'hi:drn] 九面體;
10)deca, deka 十
decapod ['dekpd] 十足目動物;
decahedron [dkhidrn] 十面體;
decagram 十克;
11)hecto 百
hectometer 百米;
hectoliter 百升;
hectowatt 百瓦;
12)kilo 千
kilodalton (KD) 千道爾頓;
kilobase 千鹼基;
kiloelectron volt [volt] 千電子伏特;
13)deci 十分之一,分
decimeter ['desmi:t] 分米;
decigram 十分之一克;
14)centi 百分之一
centipoise ['sentpz] 百分之一泊(粘度單位)
15)milli 千分之一,毫
millimole ['mlmol] 毫摩(爾)
milliliter 毫升
16)micro 百萬分之一,微,微小,微量
microgram 微克;
microogranism 微生物;
microecology 微生態學;
micropipet [makr'papt] 微量移液器
17)nano 十億分之一,毫微,納
nanosecond 十億分之一秒;
nanometer 納米;
18)demi, hemi, semi 半
demibariel 半桶;
hemicerebrum 大腦半球;
semiopaque 半透明;
semi-allele 半等位基因;
semi-conductor 半導體;
19)holo 全,整體,完全
holoenzyme 全酶;
holoprotein 全蛋白;
holocrine ['hlkrn] 全(質分)泌
20)mega 巨大,兆,百萬
megaspore 大孢子;
megabasse 兆鹼基;
megakaryocyte 巨核細胞;
megavolt 兆伏;
megalopolitan 特大城市;
21)macro 大,巨大,多
macrophage 巨噬細胞;
macrogamete 大配子;
macroelement 常量元素;
macromolecular 大分子;
22)poly, multi, mult 多,複合
polyacrylate 聚丙烯酸酯;
polymerase 聚合酶;
multichain 多鏈的;
multinucleate 多核的;
multicistronic mRNA 多順反子mRNA
multicopy 多拷貝;
2. 表示顏色的詞素
1)chrom 顏色
chromophore ['kromfor] 生色團
chromosome 染色體;
chromatography 色譜法;
2)melan, melano, nigr 黑
melanoma 黑素瘤;
melanin 黑色素;
melanophore 黑色素細胞;
3)xantho, flavo, fla, flavi, lute 黃
xanthophyl ['znθfl] 葉黃素
xanthous 黃色的,黃色人種
xathine 黃嘌呤;
flavin(e) 黃素;
flavone 黃酮;
lutein 黃體素,葉黃素;
flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD) 黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸;
4)erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf 紅
erythrocyte [rθrsat] 紅細胞
erythromycin 紅黴素;
erythropoitin(EPO) 促紅細胞生成素
5)chloro, chlor 綠,氯
chlorophyll 葉綠素;
chloride 氯化物;
chloramphenicol [klrm'fenkol] 氯黴素;
6)cyan, cyano 藍,青紫色,氰
cyanophyceae 藍藻綱;
cyanobacteria 藍細菌;
cyanide [sanad] 氰化物;
7)aur, glid, chrys 金色
aureomycin 金黴素;
chrysose [kr'sos] 金藻澱粉
chrysanthemum 菊花;
glid stone 金沙石;
glid 鍍金;
8)leu, leuco, leuk, leuko, blan, alb 無色,白色
leucine 亮氨酸;
leukaemia=leucosis 白血病;
bleaching powder 漂白粉;
albomycin ['lbmi:sn] 白黴素
3.表示方位和程度的詞素
1)endo, ento 內,在內
endocrine 內分泌;
endocytosis 胞吞作用;
endogamy 近親繁殖;
endolysin 內溶素;
entoderm 內胚層;
2)ec, ect, exc, extra 外,外面,表面
ectoblast 外胚層;
ectoparasite 外寄生生物;
extract 抽取,浸出;
3)meso 中,中間
mesosphere [mezsfr] 中圈,中層
mesoplast 中胚層質;
4)intra, intro, inter 在內,向內
intra-allelic interaction 等位基因內相互作用;
intracellular (細)胞內的;
Interurban 城市之間
5)centri, centro, medi, mid 中心,中央,中間
centrifuge 離心;
centriole ['sentrol] 中心粒;
centrosome 中心體;
centrogeng 著絲基因;
6)epi, peri 上,外,旁
epidermal growth factor(EGF) 表皮生長因子;
epibranchial 上鰓的;
perilune ['perlu:n] 近月點;
7)sub, suc, suf, sug 下,低,小
suborder 亞目;
submucosa [sbmju:'kos] 黏膜下層
subclone 亞克隆;
subcellular 亞細胞;
subsection 小節,分部;
8)super, supra 上,高,超
superconductor 超導體;
superfluid 超流體;
superoxide 超氧化物;
supramolecular 超分子的;
9)hyper 超過,過多
hypersensitive 過敏的;
hyperelastic 超彈性的;
hypertension 高血壓;
hyperploid 超倍體;
10)hypo 下,低,次
hypoglycaemia 低血糖;
hypotension 低血壓;
hypophysis 腦下垂體;
11)iso 等,相同,同
iso-osmotic 等滲的;
isopod 等足目動物;
isotope 同位素;
12)oligo,olig 少,低,寡,狹
oligohaline 狹鹽性;
oligogene 寡基因;
oligomer 寡聚體;
oligophagous [ol'gfgs] 寡食性
oligarchy [ɑ:lgɑ:rki] 寡頭政治
13)eury 多,寬,廣
eurythermal [jr'θml] 廣溫的
euryhaline 廣鹽性;
eurytopic species 廣幅種;
14)ultr 超
ultra-acoustics [kustks] 超聲學
ultra-structure 超微結構;
ultroviolet 紫外線;
15)infra 下,低,遠
infralittoral 遠岸的;
infrahuman 類人生物;
infrared 紅外線的;
infrastructure 基礎結構,基本結構
4. 表示攝食的詞素
1)–vore 食……動物,
-vorous 食……動物的
algivore 食藻動物;
carnivore [kɑ:rnv:(r)] 食肉動物
herbivore 食草動物;
omnivore 雜食動物;
-phage 吃(食)食……生物(體)
-phagous 吃(食)……的
phage 噬菌體;
phagocyte 吞噬細胞;
zoophage ['zu:fɑ:d] 食肉動物
saprophage 腐食者;
5. 表示動物不同器官和組織的詞素
1)cephal, capit, cran 頭,頭顱
2)cyte 細胞
3)carn, my, mya, myo 肉,肌肉
4)haem, haemat, hem, aem, sangul 血
5)soma, corp 體,身體
6)some, plast 體,顆粒
7)hepa, hepat 肝
heparin 肝素;
hepatopancreas 肝胰腺;
hepatocyte 肝細胞;
hepatoma 肝癌;
8)ren, nephr 腎
adrnal 腎上腺的;
nephridia 腎管;
nephron 腎單位;
9)card, cord 心
cardiotoxin 心臟毒素;
cardiovascular center 心血管中樞
electrocardiogram 心電圖;
concord 一致,和諧;
10)ophthalm, ocell, ocul 眼
ophthalmology [ɑ:fθlmɑ:ldi] 眼科學;
ophthalmia 眼炎;
ophthalmologist 眼科專家
11)branchi 鰓
filibranch 絲鰓;
lamellibrnch 瓣鰓;
sencondary branchium 次生鰓;
12)brac, brachi 腕,手臂
brachiolaria 短腕幼蟲;
brachionectin 臂粘連蛋白;
bracelet 手鐲;
13)dent, odont 牙齒
dentin 牙質;
odontphora 齒舌;
odontoblast 成牙質細胞;
14)plum 羽
plumatus 羽狀的;
plumule 絨毛;
plumage (鳥的)羽毛;
15)foli, foil 葉
follicle 濾泡;
foiling 葉形;
foliage 葉子;
foliose 多葉的;
3.3 專業英語語法特點:
主要體現科技英語的特點(語言精練,邏輯性強,描述客觀,其中語言精練是其風格,描述客觀是其本質)。
Because most plants are able to undergo photosynthesis, they do not depend on other organisms for energy.
1 長句多(可使句意表達嚴謹)
Biology is such a broad field, covering the minute chemical reactions inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change.
英語長句的分析
造成長句的原因
1、修飾語過多
2、並列成分多
3、語言結構層次多
分析方法
1、 找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,從整體上把握句子的結構。
2、 找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。
3、 分析從句和短語的功能,例如,是否為主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句等。若是狀語,它是表示時間、原因、結果、還是表示條件等等。
4、 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關係,例如,定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。
5、 注意插入語等其他成分。
6、 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
行為主義者認為,如果兒童的成長環境裡有許多刺激因素,這些因素又有利於其適當反應能力的發展,那麼,兒童的智力就會發展到較高的水平。
例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
譬如,對於一個四口之家來說,舒舒服服地在家中看電視,就能看到幾乎數不清的娛樂節目,這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
長句的翻譯方法
(1) 順序法。當英語長句的內容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時,可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。
例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉時,電仍在為我們工作:幫我們開動電冰箱,把水加熱,或使室內空調機繼續運轉。
例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their 「expectation of life」, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
可是現在人們意識到,其中有些礦物質的蘊藏量是有限的,人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質「可期望存在多少年」,也就是說,經過若干年後,這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡。
(2)逆序法。英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時必須從原文後面開始翻譯。
例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
鋁總是跟其他元素結合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧結合;因為鋁跟氧有很強的親和力,由於這個原因,在自然界找不到游離狀態的鋁。所以,鋁直到19世紀才被人發現。
例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
因此,如果要使學生充分利用他們(上大學)的機會,就得為他們提供大量關於課程的更為詳盡的信息,作更多的指導。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。
(3)分句法。有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關係並不十分密切,翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣,把長句的從句或短語化成句子,分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫,有時需要適當增加詞語。
例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four.
大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力,這簡直令人難以置信。
例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.
人們常說,通過電視可以了解時事,掌握科學和政治的最新動態。從電視裡還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節目。
(4) 綜合法。上面我們講述了英語長句的逆序法、順序法和分句法,事實上,在翻譯一個英語長句時,並不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法,而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用,這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現。
尤其是在一些情況下,一些英語長句單純採用上述任何一種方法都不方便,這就需要我們的仔細分析,或按照時間的先後,或按照邏輯順序,順逆結合,主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。
例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
儘管警察已接到命令, 要作好準備以應付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門, 因為警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。
例2. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband`s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.
易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走,因為她憎惡她的丈夫像對待孩子一樣來對待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示,從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來養活自己,她要生存就必須有經濟上的權利。
2 被動語態使用頻繁(描述客觀);
It has been found experimentally that the ratio of the amounts of adenine(腺嘌呤) to thymine ['θami:n] (胸腺嘧啶), and the ratio of guanine(鳥嘌呤) to cytosine(胞嘧啶), are always very close to unity for deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)
3 名詞性詞組多;分詞使用頻繁;介詞短語多(可使語言精練);
Gene therapy involves the repair or correction of the machinery。
基因治療包括遺傳系統的修復或糾正
4 專業術語多;縮略詞多;合成詞多;插圖,表格,公式,數字所佔比例大。
4、生物學專業英語的內容
(1)掌握構詞法(派生,轉換,合成),擴大詞彙量。
(2)掌握拉丁文生物學名的發音、書寫;
(3)閱讀英文原始文獻資料,擴大知識面,掌握生物學專業英語的語言規律,提高閱讀,寫作,翻譯水平以及實際應用生物學專業英語的能力。
(4)鞏固英語基礎知識,提高應用英語的能力(大學英語教學大綱要求大學生修完大學英語基礎課程後必須學習專業英語。)
5、生物學專業英語的學習方法
(1) 識記專業詞彙,擴大閱讀範圍
(2) 鞏固英語語法基礎,掌握科技英語的語言特點
(3) 針對應用文體加強翻譯、寫作練習
6、生物學專業英語參考資料
《科技英語語法新編》新時代出版社1
BA (Biological Abstracts);Science (USA);Nature (GB.)
英漢生物學詞典(第三版)
英漢大學生物學詞彙
金山詞霸、有道詞典
On-Line Biology Book http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
Scope of field in Biology
Biology:The science of living organisms, concerned with the study of embryology [embriɑ:ldi](胚胎學), anatomy [ntmi](解剖學), physiology [fziɑ:ldi], cytology [satɑ:ldi], morphology [m:rfɑ:ldi], taxonomy, genetics, evolution, and ecology .生物學
Biochemistry:The study of the chemical substances that occur in living organisms, the processes by which these substances enter into or are formed in the organisms and react with each other and environment, and the methods by which the substances and processes are identified,characterized, and measured (Chemical processes associated with living things. )生物化學
Anatomy [ntmi]:The branch of morphology concerned with the gross (總的) and microscopic structure of animal, especially humans.解剖學
Immunology:The division of biological science concerned with the native or acquired resistance of higher animal forms and humans to infection with microorganisms.免疫學
Biophysics:The hybrid science involving the methods and ideas of physics and chemistry to study and explain the structures of living organisms and the mechanics of living processes.生物物理學
Cytology:The branch of biological science that deals with the structure, behavior, growth, and reproduction of cells and the function and chemistry of cells and cell component.細胞學
Ecology:The study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment.生態學
Embryology:The study of the development of the organisms and the zygote [zagot](受精卵), or fertilized egg.胚胎學
Evolution:The processes of biological and organic change in organisms by which descendants(後代) come to differ from their ancestors, and a history of the sequence of such change. 生物進化
Genetics:The science concerned with biological inheritance(遺傳), that is, with the causes of the resemblances and differences among related individuals.遺傳學
Histology [hstɑ:ldi]組織學
The study of their structure and chemical composition of animal tissues as related to their function.
Molecular biology:The branch of biology which attempts to interpret (解釋) biological events in term of the molecules in the cell.分子生物學
Taxonomy:The science of animal and plant classification.分類學
Physiology:The branch of biological science concerned with the basic activities that occur in cells and tissues of living organisms and involving physical and chemical studies of these organisms.生理學
Microbiology:The science and study of microorganisms, especially bacteria and rickettsiae(源自哈瓦德·泰勒 立克次,美國病理學家, 1871-1910年) and of antibiotic substances.
Virology [varɑ:ldi] :The science that deals with the study of viruses.病毒學
Mycology[makɑ:ldi]:A branch of biological science concerned with the study of fungi [fnda].真菌學
Botany [bɑtni] :The branch of biological science that focuses on the study of plants and plant life, including algae; deals with taxonomy, morphology, physiology, and other aspects.植物學
Paleontology [peliɑntɑldi] :The study of life in the geologic past as record by fossil remains.古生物學
Paleobotany:The study of fossil plants and vegetation of the geologic地質的past.古植物學
Zoology:The science that deals with the taxonomy, behavior, and morphology of animal life.動物學
Vertebrate zoology:A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy, behavior, and morphology of vertebrate animals.脊椎動物學
Invertebrate zoology :A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy, behavior, and morphology of invertebrate animals.無脊椎動物學