GMAT OG 19版已經問世了一段時間，
網上也有了很多關於19版新題的講解，
但是基本都是關於語法部分的，
那我們今天就來看看閱讀部分的變化吧~~
19 OG 在 18 OG的基礎上新增了5篇文章，但是我們會發現這5篇文章其實之前在XDF800題裡面都收錄過，可見官方並沒有出新的文章，只是換湯不換藥額~~
今天我們會帶著大家重點分析其中的兩篇文章：
Line(1)One proposal for preserving rain forests is
to promote the adoption of new agricultural
technologies, such as improved plant varieties and
use of chemical herbicides, which would increase
(5) productivity and slow deforestation by reducing
demand for new cropland. Studies have shown
that farmers in developing countries who have
achieved certain levels of education, wealth, and
security of land tenure are more likely to adopt such
(10) technologies. But these studies have focused on
villages with limited land that are tied to a market
economy rather than on the relatively isolated, self‐sufficient
communities with ample land characteristic
of rain-forest regions. A recent study of the Tawahka
(15) people of the Honduran rain forest found thatfarmers
with some formal education were more likely to
adopt improved plant varieties but less likely to
use chemical herbicides and that those who spoke
Spanish (the language of the market economy) were
(20) more likely to adopt both technologies. Nonland
wealth was also associated with more adoption of
both technologies, but availability of uncultivated land
reduced the incentive to employ the productivity‐enhancing
technologies. Researchers also measured
(25) land-tenure security: in Tawahka society, kinshipties
are a more important indicator of this than are legal
property rights, so researchers measured it by a
household’s duration of residence in its village. They
found that longer residence correlated with more
(30) adoption of improved plant varieties but lessadoption
of chemical herbicides.
Questions 411–412 refer to the passage.
411.The passage suggests that in the study mentioned in line 14 the method for gathering information about security of land tenure reflects which of the following pairs of assumptions about Tawahka society?
1.The security of a household’s land tenure depends on the strength of that household’s kinship ties, and the duration of a household’s residence in its village is an indication of the strength of that household’s kinship ties.
2.The ample availability of land makes security of land tenure unimportant, and the lack of a need for secure land tenure has made the concept of legal property rights unnecessary.
3.The strength of a household’s kinship ties is a more reliable indicator of that household’s receptivity to new agricultural technologies than is its quantity of nonland wealth, and the duration of a household’s residence in its village is a more reliable indicator of that household’s security of land tenure than is the strength of its kinship ties.
4.Security of land tenure based on kinship ties tends to make farmers more receptive to the use of improved plant varieties, and security of land tenure based on long duration of residence in a village tends to make farmers more receptive to the use of chemical herbicides.
5.A household is more likely to be receptive to the concept of land tenure based on legal property rights if it has easy access to uncultivated land, and a household is more likely to uphold the tradition of land tenure based on kinship ties if it possesses a significant degree of nonland wealth.
412.According to the passage, the proposal mentioned in line 1 is aimed at preserving rain forests by encouraging farmers in rain-forest regions to do each of the following EXCEPT
1.adopt new agricultural technologies
2.grow improved plant varieties
3.decrease their use of chemical herbicides
4.increase their productivity
5.reduce their need to clear new land for cultivation
解析：
文章大意：
文章開始提出一個了建議：使用新的農業技術（具體兩個：1）改良作物品種；2）使用化學除草劑），目的是保護雨林；
給了一個study，說明在市場經濟相關的地區，教育，財富，和land tenure這三個因素下的農民對於2個技術的態度一樣；
給出一個新的study，說明在偏僻地區，3個因素下的農民情況各不一樣，然後分開討論。
基本文章結構：事實類文章
文章結構圖：
Proposal
Study ( marketed economy) : proposal √（education； wealth； land tenure）
Recent study (isolated areas) :
1) Education : improved plant varieties √herbicides X
2) Wealth : improved plant varieties ; herbicides X
3) Land tenure: kinship (longer duration)improved plant varieties √herbicides X
411.題幹分析：
從高亮的研究（recent study）中的關於land tenure的信息可以反映以下哪個說法？
定位文章：" Researchers also measured (25) land-tenuresecurity: in Tawahka society, kinship ties are a more important indicator ofthis than are legal property rights, soresearchers measured it by a household’s duration of residence in its village.They found that longer residencecorrelated with more (30) adoption of improved plant varieties but lessadoption of chemical herbicides. "
A: 正確：land tenure 是靠kinship 的強弱，而一家人居住時間的長短可以反映kinship的強弱，符合定位句；
B: 獲得大量的土地使得land tenure不重要（跨層wealth）
C: kinship 是比nonland wealth更加重要的一個指標（跨層 wealth）
D: 基於kinship 的land tenure 和基於 long duration 的land tenure, 分了兩個land tenure, 錯誤；
E: 基於legal property rights 錯誤。
412. 題幹分析：
第一句提到的proposal可以做到以下哪個選項除了哪個？（做不到以下哪個選項）
定位句：One proposal for preserving rain forests isto promote the adoption of new agricultural technologies, such as improvedplant varieties and use of chemical herbicides, which would increase(5) productivityand slow deforestation by reducing demand for new cropland.
A：採用農業技術，與文章一致，不選；
B：改良品種，與文章一致，不選；
C：√減少化學除草劑的使用，與文章相反，選擇；
D：增加產量，與文章一致，不選；
E：減少對於新土地的需求，與文章一致，不選。
Line(1)Carotenoids, a family of natural pigments, form
an important part of the colorful signals used by
many animals. Animals acquire carotenoids either
directly (from the plants and algae that produce
(5) them) or indirectly (by eating insects) and store them
in a variety of tissues. Studies of several animal
species have shown that when choosing mates,
females prefer males with brighter carotenoid-based
coloration. Owens and Olson hypothesize that the
(10) presence of carotenoids, as signaled by coloration,
would be meaningful in the context of mate selection
if carotenoids were either rare or required for
health. The conventional view is that carotenoids
are meaningful because they are rare: healthier
(15) males can forage for more of the pigments than
can their inferior counterparts. Although this may be
true, there is growing evidence that carotenoids are
meaningful also because they are required: they are
used by the immune system and for detoxification
(20) processes that are important for maintaining health.
It may be that males can use scarce carotenoids
either for immune defense and detoxification or for
attracting females. Males that are more susceptible
to disease and parasites will have to use their
(25) carotenoids to boost their immune systems, whereas
males that are genetically resistant will use fewer
carotenoids for fighting disease and will advertise
this by using the pigments for flashy display instead.
Questions 443–447 refer to the passage.
443.According to the 「conventional view」 referred to in line 13 of the passage, brighter carotenoid-based coloration in certain species suggests that an individual
1.lives in a habitat rich in carotenoid-bearing plants and insects
2.has efficient detoxification processes
3.has a superior immune system
4.possesses superior foraging capacity
5.is currently capable of reproducing
444.The idea that carotenoid-based coloration is significant partly because carotenoids are required for health suggests that a lack of bright coloration in a male is most likely to indicate which of the following?
1.Inefficient detoxification processes
2.Immunity to parasite infestation
3.Low genetic resistance to disease
4.Lack of interest in mating
5.Lack of carotenoid-storing tissues
445.The passage suggests that relatively bright carotenoidbased coloration is a signal of which of the following characteristics in males of certain animal species?
1.Readiness for mating behavior
2.Ability to fight
3.Particular feeding preferences
4.Recovery from parasite infestation
5.Fitness as a mate
446.The passage implies which of the following about the insects from which animals acquire carotenoids?
1.They do not produce carotenoids themselves.
2.They use carotenoids primarily for coloration.
3.They maintain constant levels of carotenoids in their tissues.
4.They are unable to use carotenoids to boost their immune system.
5.They are available in greater abundance than are carotenoid-bearing plants.
447.Information in the passage suggests that which of the following is true of carotenoids that a male animal uses for detoxification processes?
1.They were not acquired directly from plants and algae.
2.They cannot be replenished through foraging.
3.They cannot be used simultaneously to brighten coloration.
4.They do not affect the animal’s susceptibility to parasites.
5.They increase the chances that the animal will be selected as a mate.解析：
文章大意：
Carotenoids是一種天然染料，動物有兩種獲取他的方式。雌性選擇伴侶的時候更傾向於選擇有brighter carotenoids-based coloration的伴侶。老觀點認為Carotenoids重要是因為它的稀有性。但是O&O認為它重要是因為2個原因：稀有性和健康性。
基本文章結構：新老觀點對比
文章結構圖：
Carotenoids-pigment
Olson（New）: C rare & required for health→C meaningful
↑immune, detoxification→√health
Old: C rare→C meaningful
443.題幹分析：
先明確問的是在老觀點看來，有carotenoids-based染色說明什麼。
那麼直接可以定位文中老觀點的內容：" The conventional view is that carotenoids aremeaningful because they are rare: healthier males can forage for more of the "
A: 無關選項
B: 這是新觀點提及的概念，而非老觀點
C:這是新觀點提及的概念，而非老觀點
D:√定位句說：" 由於carotenoids很稀少，越健康的雄性能找到越多的pigments "。由於在這篇文章中pigments就指代Carotenoids，所以如果一個雄性體內的carotenoids越多，就可以說明它搜尋能力更強。
E:無關選項
444. 題幹分析：
問" coloration 重要是因為 carotenoids 是健康所需 " 這個觀點表明如果缺乏它會怎樣？
可以明確題幹的觀點屬於新觀點，然後就可以定位原文 "Males that are more susceptible to disease andparasites will have to use their carotenoids to boost their immune systems,whereas males that are genetically resistant will usefewer carotenoids for fighting disease and will advertise this byusing the pigments for flashy display instead.
"這意味著如果雄性更容易收到疾病攻擊那麼就要利用carotenoids，自然體內的coloration就少了；而如果是自身抵禦能力較強的雄性，它們就不會使用那麼多carotenoids來對抗疾病，那麼體內的coloration水平就更高。
A：無關概念，題目沒有提到detoxification的效率高低問題，也沒有把它的效率和carotenoids的水平高低進行聯繫。
B：與分析答案方向相反，能夠免疫疾病的動物應該體內carotenoids更多，因為它們不需要利用carotenoids來提抗疾病。
C：√由題幹定位句分析可得：如果動物體內carotenoids較少，它們就是自身抵禦疾病的能力較差，用掉了carotenoids來抵禦疾病。
D：文章沒有提到雄性對於伴侶的interest，只說了雌性對於它們的伴侶是否有興趣
E：不在定位範圍，且與文章信息不符。文章開頭說所有動物都可以把carotenoids儲存在不同的組織中。
445.題目問有bright carotenoid-based coloration的雄性有以下什麼特點？定位原文第6行" Studies of severalanimal species have shown that when choosing mates, females prefermales with brighter carotenoid-based coloration. "
A：不在定位範圍
B：不在定位範圍
C：不在定位範圍
D：不在定位範圍
E：√fitness此處翻譯為" 適當，適合"。文中說雌性更喜歡brightercarotenoid-based coloration的雄性，可以推得這樣的雄性對於雌性來說更適合作為伴侶。
446.由於題幹提問對象是給動物提供carotenoids的昆蟲，文中只有段首第5行提到了昆蟲，所以可以直接定位" acquire carotenoidseither directly (from the plants and algae that produce them) orindirectly (by eating insects) and store them in a variety of tissues. "
A：√原文說plants and algae是獲取carotenoids的直接來源，它們可以產生carotenoids；那麼根據定位句信息可以推斷獲取carotenoids的間接來源（即通過吃昆蟲）一定是無法直接產出carotenoids的。
B：不在定位範圍
C：不在定位範圍
D：不在定位範圍
E：不在定位範圍
447.題目問的是用來解毒的carotenoids怎麼樣了？定位新觀點：It may be that males can usescarce carotenoids either for immune defense and detoxification orfor attracting females.
A: 與文章信息不符，文章開頭說了它可以直接從植物和藻類中獲取。
B: 選項是傳統老觀點的內容，和題幹分析不符
C:√重點關鍵詞就是選項中的simultaneously，對應原文的either…or…。
D:
E: 原文中描述Carotenoids的作用有：免疫疾病和解毒，或者吸引異性。注意原文說的是" either or-或者 "，即如果把carotenoids用來解毒了，那就不能用來吸引異性了。
大家都知道，
GMAT閱讀更多是考察文章的邏輯關係，
但是語言必定是第一維度，
也就是大家的單詞和長難句必須要過關。
那麼想要突破GMAT單詞的小夥伴們趕緊看過裡，
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