好吧,這呆萌貨還穿著藍鞋子,受不了了,今天來認識一下!
藍腳鰹鳥(學名:Sula nebouxii)是一種鰹鳥。它們棲息在熱帶及亞熱帶的太平洋島嶼,當中最著名的有厄瓜多的科隆群島(加拉帕戈斯群島),亦是查爾斯·達爾文首次對藍腳鰹鳥進行廣泛研究的地方。
藍腳鰹鳥平均長81釐米,重1.5公斤,雌鳥比雄鳥稍大。呈棕色的雙翼長而尖,尾巴呈楔狀。它們的頸部強壯而厚,頭部及頸部都呈淺棕色。藍腳鰹鳥的眼睛在喙的兩側,面向前方。它們有非常好的立體視覺。它們的眼睛是黃色的,雄鳥的虹膜比雌鳥的更黃。它們的鼻孔緊閉,適合它們潛水的特性。它們呼吸是經口部。它們的腳呈淡藍綠色至深水藍色。雄鳥及雛鳥腳的顏色較淺色。
The blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) is a marine bird in the family Sulidae, which includes ten species of long-winged seabirds. Blue-footed boobies belong to the genus Sula, which comprises six species of boobies. It is easily recognizable by its distinctive bright blue feet, which is a sexually selected trait. Males display their feet in an elaborate mating ritual by lifting their feet up and down while strutting before the female. The female is slightly larger than the male and can measure up to 90 cm (36 in) long with a wingspan of up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft).
The natural breeding habitats of the blue-footed booby are the tropical and subtropical islands of the Pacific Ocean. It can be found from the Gulf of California down along the western coasts of Central and South America down to Peru. Approximately one half of all breeding pairs nest on the Galápagos Islands. Its diet mainly consists of fish, which it obtains by diving and sometimes swimming underwater in search of its prey. While it sometimes hunts alone, the blue-footed booby mainly hunts in groups.
The blue-footed booby usually lays one to three eggs at a time. The species practices asynchronous hatching, which means that eggs that are laid first are hatched before the consequent eggs, resulting in a growth inequality and size disparity between siblings. This results in facultative siblicide in times of food scarcity, making the blue-footed booby an effective model for studying parent-offspring conflict and sibling rivalry.
藍腳鰹鳥分布在太平洋東岸,由加利福尼亞州至科隆群島及秘魯。它們是海鳥,只會在繁殖及養育雛鳥的時候才到東太平洋的巖岸上。
一隻藍腳鰹鳥可能需要防衛2個或3個築巢地點,直到藍腳鰹鳥在生蛋前的一個多星期才選定一個鳥巢。最終,這些鳥巢會組會一個巨大的群聚。在築巢的時候,雌鳥會終日面向太陽,因此,鳥巢的四周會布滿排洩物。
藍腳鰹鳥的示愛方式包括雄鳥會炫耀自己的腳及跳舞來吸引雌鳥。在跳舞期間,雄鳥會張開雙翼,雙腳踏在地上。藍腳鰹鳥是一夫一妻制的,但也有重婚的可能。它們會重回到自己的繁殖地。它們的繁殖期約為8-9個月。當交配時,雌鳥會巡行,雄鳥會將其頭部及尾巴提向天空,雙翼背向雌鳥。藍腳鰹鳥會發出沙啞的、多音節的呼嚕聲或是尖嘯聲。雄鳥會發出高音的哨叫聲,會對滑行而過的雌鳥舉頭嘯鳴。它們並非季節性繁殖的,而是機會主義者。
雌鳥每次會生2-3隻蛋。雄鳥及雌鳥會輪流孵蛋,而不孵蛋的則會負責監檢。由於藍腳鰹鳥沒有孵卵斑,它們會用腳來保溫。雛鳥初期不能控制體溫,要到一個月大才可以。它們會每隔五天產一顆蛋。藍腳鰹鳥是兩種會哺育多於一隻雛鳥的鰹鳥之一。這是由於雄鳥適合潛入淺水中,經常提供食物予雛鳥。雛鳥會吃成年口中的反芻物。若父母沒有足夠的食物,它們只會餵最大的雛鳥,以確保最高的生存率。它們最初會保衛2-3個巢穴,直至生蛋前幾星期才選擇適合的。孵化期為41-45天。它們會在黑熔巖的凹陷處築巢。
The blue color of the blue-footed booby's webbed feet comes from carotenoid pigments obtained from its diet of fresh fish. Carotenoids act as antioxidants and stimulants for the blue-footed booby's immune function, suggesting that carotenoid-pigmentation is an indicator of an individual's immunological state. Blue feet also indicate the current health condition of a booby. Boobies who were experimentally food-deprived for forty-eight hours experienced a decrease in foot brightness due to a reduction in the amount of lipids and lipoproteins that are used to absorb and transport carotenoids. Thus, the feet are rapid and honest indicators of a booby's current level of nourishment. As blue feet are signals that reliably indicate the immunological and health condition of a booby, coloration is favored through sexual selection.
藍色的腳丫子是怎麼來的呢?是由於它們吃的新鮮魚類體內的胡蘿蔔素,胡蘿蔔素作為抗氧化劑和興奮劑作用於鳥兒的免疫機制,藍色成了免疫機能的顯示器。藍色也顯示了鳥兒的健康狀況,曾有實驗以48小時禁食來觀察藍色的褪變,證實了藍腳丫能正確顯示鳥兒的營養攝入情況。
藍腳鰹鳥差不多完全只吃魚類,特別是細小的沙丁魚、鯷科、鯖魚及飛魚。它們也會吃烏賊及下水。
藍腳鰹鳥會潛入水中,在水中遊泳追蹤獵物。它們會單獨、成對及甚至成群獵食。它們會組成約12隻的群族一同追蹤魚群。當帶頭的看見水中的魚類時,就會向其餘的成員發出訊號,所有一同潛入水覓食。不過,成員們不會一同吃食,而是單獨在早上或下午吃食。藍腳鰹鳥會從10-30.5米的空中,甚至高達100米的高空衝入水中。它們衝入水中的速度約為每小時97公裡,插入水深達25米的地方。它們會在水中即時吃食獵物。雄鳥較為細小,其尾巴較大,能輕易改變方向,故適合在淺水中獵食。雌鳥身體較大及可以取走更多食物,並將反芻的食物帶給雛鳥。雄鳥會在孵化的初期餵飼雛鳥,因它們會較快帶回食物。當食物需求增加時,雌鳥則負責提供食物。
The blue-footed booby is monogamous, although it has the potential to be bigamous. It is an opportunistic breeder, with the breeding cycle occurring every 8 to 9 months.The courtship of the blue-footed booby consists of the male flaunting his blue feet and dancing to impress the female. The male begins by showing his feet, strutting in front of the female. Then, he presents nest materials and finishes the mating ritual with a final display of his feet.The dance also includes "sky-pointing", which involves the male pointing his head and bill up to the sky while keeping the wings and tail raised.
在繁殖期間,雄鳥會不停地左右抬起那雙醒目的藍色大腳,在這求偶舞期間它還會張開上揚雙翅,來吸引雌鳥的注意,觸摸對方的鳥喙,或拿起樹枝或石塊,並將其放置在地面上,藍腳鰹鳥的腳用處很大。雄鳥在求愛期極力展示自己的腳,它一邊弓著背,一邊抬腳,一次一隻,然後單腿跳,從一隻腳到另一隻,目的就是要確保讓雌鳥能好好欣賞它的雙腳,以取得交配權。藍腳鰹鳥一般是一夫一妻制的,也有個別情況。
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