今天上午一邊參考文獻，一邊修改文章。讀到幾篇針對果實各部位用詞不太嚴謹的文獻，把自己給讀懵了，一度以為自己搞錯了。
遂決定做好詳細的筆記，以免下次忘記，被幹擾。也方便以後查找對應的學術中文和學術英文。
包括4個部分：1⃣️果實各部位名稱，2⃣️果實（單果）的分類，3⃣️種子各部分的名稱，4⃣️果和聚花果。
因為手邊沒有種子課本，如果總結錯誤的地方，請一定給我留言，修改。感謝！
首先上圖。這張圖非常詳細介紹了果實的科學名詞和日常生活用詞的區別。
果柄：peduncle
葉柄：petiole
日常生活中，無論葉柄還是果柄都稱為stalk
外果皮：exocarp，對應日常稱果皮為：skin
中果皮：mesocarp，對應日常稱為果肉：flesh
內果皮：endocarp，對應桃子核，日常稱為：stone。只有核果的內果皮是核，其他果實沒有stone這個稱呼。
果皮：pericarp，是外中內果皮的統稱。
種子：seed，對應桃仁，almond
種子皮：seed coat
果實（單果）的分類
Fleshy Fruits肉質果—defined as having a fleshy pericarp at maturity.
包含五種類別：
a. Berry漿果—consisting of one or more carpels with one or more seeds, the ovary wall is fleshy. 包括葡萄、西紅柿，及各種被稱為berry的果子，蔓越莓craneberry，藍莓blueberry等。
例外的是草莓、木莓、桑葚雖然叫strawberry，raspberry，mulberry，也含有berry，其實屬於Aggregate Fruits聚花果。
b. Pepo瓠果—an accessory fruit is defined as a berry with a hard rind, the receptacle partially or completely encloses the ovary. 例如西瓜等葫蘆科作物，南瓜的拉丁名就是Cucurbita pepo。
c. Hesperidium柑果—a specialized berry with a leathery rind. 例如檸檬橙柚，柚子叫grapefruit，但不是漿果，有點兒冷。
d. Drupe核果—sometimes called a 「stone」 fruit（因為內果皮木質化形成核）. It is derived from a single carpel and usually containing one seed (pit). The exocarp of a drupe consists of a very thin skin. 例如桃李杏櫻桃，一些薔薇科鼠李科的果實，海南椰子也是。
e. Pome梨果—(an accessory fruit) is derived from several carpels, receptacle and outer portions of the flower. The pericarp is fleshy with an inner portion of the pericarp papery or cartilaginous forming a core where the seeds are located（內果皮含有石細胞stone cell，但不是stone fruit）. 例如蘋果梨子。
The Dry Fruits are classified into two groups: the dehiscent fruits（裂果） and the indehiscent fruits（閉果）.
a. Dehiscent Fruits—these fruits will split open when mature. The splitting process is known as 「dehisce」…hence the name for this group of fruits.
裂果分為四類：
1) Follicles蓇葖果—composed of one carpel and splitting along one suture line. 比如八角茴香，花椒，馬利筋等。
2) Legumes莢果—composed of a single carpel and splitting along two suture lines. 包括豌豆花生。
3) Capsule蒴果—composed of several carpels and opening at maturity in one of four ways: 1) along the line of carpel union (septicidal dehiscence); 2) along the middle of each carpel (loculicidal dehiscence); 3) by pores at the top of each carpel (poricidal dehiscence); 4) along a circular, horizontal line (circumscissle dehiscence). 例如百合棉花等。
4) Silique角果—composed of two carpels which separate at maturity leaving a persistent partition between them. 十字花科，擬南芥，芥菜，白菜，甘藍等
b. Dry Indehiscent Fruits—are defined as fruits that do not split open at maturity. There are several categories of dry indehiscent fruits.
閉果分為五類：
1) Achene (or sometimes called an akene)瘦果—defined as a one-seeded fruit with the seed attached to the fruit at one point only. 包括向日葵，蒲公英（Dandelion parachutes）。
2) Caryopsis or Grain穎果—is defined as a one-seeded fruit in which the seed is firmly attached to the fruit at all possible points. 包括大部分的糧食作物和雜草，小麥玉米水稻。
3) Samara翅果—a one- or two-seeded fruit with the pericarp bearing a wing-like outgrowth. The samara is really a modified achene. We sometimes refer to this type of fruit as 「helicopter」 seeds. 包括會飛的果子，榆樹，槭樹，楓樹。
4) Schizocarp分果—consists of two carpels which at maturity separate along the midline into two one-seeded halves, each of which is indehiscent. 包括胡蘿蔔的種子。
5) Nut堅果—a hard one-seeded fruit, generally formed from a compound ovary, with the pericarp hard throughout. 這個好記，各種堅果，chestnuts慄子🌰，walnuts胡桃，pecans核桃，acorns橡子等。
種子的各部位
以小麥種子為例：
圖上沒有的部分是果皮外的一層穎殼：Husk。
包括芒：Apex（Awn）；外稃Lemma；外殼：Hull。
乾果的果皮稱為糠：Bran。包括果皮：pericarp；種皮：Testa/Seed Coat/Spermoderm；珠心層：Hyaline layer/Nucellar Layer。
胚乳：endosperm
糊粉層：Aleurone cell layer
胚：embryo
胚芽：Plumule
胚盤：Scutellum
胚根：Radicle
聚合果和聚花果（復果）
Aggregate Fruits聚合果—consist of a number of matured ovaries formed in a single flower and arranged over the surface of a single receptacle.
The individual ovaries of the aggregate fruit are known as fruitlets.
Each individual fruitlet will contain a stony pit…
so in reality an aggregate fruit is composed of many tiny drupes. 包括草莓，木莓，桑葚等。
Multiple Fruits聚花果（復果）—consist of the matured ovaries of several to many flowers more or less united into a mass. Multiple fruits are almost invariably accessory fruits. 包括菠蘿，菠蘿蜜Jackfruit和麵包果Breadfruit。