London (CNN)President Donald Trump has redoubled his criticism of the World Health Organization, threatening to permanently withdraw funding and cancel US membership even as it deals with a devastating global pandemic.
倫敦（CNN）總統唐納德•川普（Donald Trump）加倍批評世界衛生組織（World Health Organization），揚言要永久性撤資，並取消美國的會員資格，儘管美國正在應對一場毀滅性的全球流行病。
In a letter to WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Monday, Trump bemoaned "repeated missteps by you and your organization" and said he would permanently halt financial contributions if the WHO does not "commit to major substantive improvements in the next 30 days." Trump temporarily suspended funding to the organization last month.
川普周一致信世衛組織總幹事特德羅·阿達諾姆·蓋布雷耶蘇斯（Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus），對「你和你的組織屢次犯錯」表示遺憾，並表示如果世衛組織不「承諾在未來30天內作出重大實質性改善」，他將永久停止財政捐助。川普上個月暫時暫停向世衛組織提供資金。
The threat is in line with Trump's track record of extracting the US from various international bodies and treaties.
這一威脅符合川普將美國從各種國際機構和條約中解救出來的記錄。
But it's a remarkable ultimatum for an American President to issue during a global public health crisis which has so far claimed more than 300,000 lives.
但對於一位美國總統來說，在一場全球公共衛生危機中發布最後通牒是一個了不起的決定，這場危機迄今已奪去30多萬人的生命。
The move, made after the first day of the WHO's annual summit, leaves Trump isolated on the global stage. China called on the US to "stop the blame game" on Tuesday, while the EU said "it is not the time for finger pointing". Leaders of several countries, including France and Germany, also stressed the importance of the WHO's work in battling the pandemic during Monday's meeting.
這一舉動是在世界衛生組織年度峰會第一天之後做出的，讓川普在全球舞臺上與世隔絕。中國周二呼籲美國「停止指責遊戲」，而歐盟則表示「現在不是指責的時候」。包括法國和德國在內的幾個國家的領導人在周一的會議上也強調了世衛組織在抗擊這一流行病方面的工作的重要性。
f Trump follows through on the threat, however, it could have significant consequences in the US and around the world.
然而，如果川普堅持這一威脅，它可能會在美國和世界各地產生重大後果。
What does the WHO do?
世衛組織做什麼？
The WHO is a UN agency founded in 1948, only several years after the UN itself was formed. The agency was created to coordinate international health policy, particularly on infectious disease.
世衛組織是1948年成立的一個聯合國機構，在聯合國成立僅幾年之後。該機構的成立是為了協調國際衛生政策，特別是關於傳染病的政策。
The organization is comprised of and run by 194 member states. Each member chooses a delegation of health experts and leaders to represent the country in the World Health Assembly, the organization's decision and policy-making body
該組織由194個會員國組成和管理。每個成員國選出一個由衛生專家和領導人組成的代表團，代表該國參加世界衛生大會，該組織的決策和決策機構
The member states directly control the organization's leadership and direction -- the assembly appoints the WHO director general, sets its agenda and priorities, reviews and approves budgets, and more. The WHO has more than 150 field offices globally, where staff on the ground work with local authorities to provide guidance and health care assistance.
會員國直接控制本組織的領導和方向——大會任命世衛組織總幹事，制定議程和優先事項，審查和批准預算，等等。世衛組織在全球有150多個外地辦事處，當地工作人員與地方當局合作提供指導和保健援助。
The World Health Organization's headquarters in Geneva.
世界衛生組織日內瓦總部。
In the 70 years since its founding, the WHO has had its share of successes: it helped eradicate smallpox, reduced polio cases by 99%, and has been on the front lines of the battle against outbreaks like Ebola. More recently, it is helping countries battle the dengue outbreak in South and Southeast Asia, providing local clinics and health ministries with training, equipment, financial aid and community resources.
世界衛生組織自成立以來的70年裡取得了成功：它幫助根除天花，減少了99%的脊髓灰質炎病例，並一直站在抗擊伊波拉等疫情的前線。最近，它正在幫助各國抗擊南亞和東南亞的登革熱疫情，為當地診所和衛生部提供培訓、設備、財政援助和社區資源。
But the WHO has also faced criticism for being overly bureaucratic, politicized, and dependent on a few major donors.
但世衛組織也因過於官僚化、政治化和依賴少數主要捐助者而受到批評。
How is it funded?
它是如何獲得資金的？
The WHO is funded by several sources: international organizations, private donors, member states, and its parent organization, the UN.
世衛組織的資金來源有幾個：國際組織、私人捐助者、會員國及其上級組織聯合國。
Each member state is required to pay dues to be a part of the organization; these are called "assessed contributions," and are calculated relative to each country's wealth and population. These dues only make up about a quarter of the WHO's total funding.
每個會員國都必須繳納會費，才能成為本組織的一部分；這些會費稱為「分攤會費」，是根據每個國家的財富和人口計算的。這些會費只佔世界衛生組織總經費的四分之一左右。
The rest of the three quarters mostly come from "voluntary contributions," meaning donations from member states or partners.
其餘四分之三的資金主要來自「自願捐款」，即會員國或合作夥伴的捐款。
Of all the countries, the US is by far the largest donor; in the two-year funding cycle of 2018 to 2019, it gave $893 million to the WHO. But most of this total was given voluntarily; the US paid $237 million in the required membership dues, and another $656 million in the form of donations.
在所有國家中，美國是迄今為止最大的捐助國；在2018年至2019年的兩年籌資周期中，美國向世衛組織提供了8.93億美元。但其中大部分是自願捐贈的；美國支付了2.37億美元的會費，另外6.56億美元的捐款。
US donations make up 14.67% of all voluntary contributions given globally. The next biggest donor is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, an American private organization, which gave $531 million in the same period.
美國捐款彌補14.67%在全球提供的所有自願捐款中。第二大捐贈者是比爾和梅琳達·蓋茨基金會，這是一個美國私人組織，在同一時期捐贈了5.31億美元。
The amount that countries decide to contribute on top of their mandatory dues varies significantly by nation. The UK, for example, give $335 million to the body voluntarily -- around eight times its required payment of $43 million. Similarly, about 80% of Germany's contribution is voluntary.
各國決定在強制性會費之外繳納的數額因國家而異。例如，英國自願向該機構提供了3.35億美元——大約是要求支付的4300萬美元的8倍。同樣，德國約80%的捐款是自願的。
But only around 12% of China's contributions were voluntary between 2018 and 2019, and less than a third of France's payments were voluntary.
但在2018年至2019年期間，中國的捐款中只有約12%是自願的，法國的捐款中只有不到三分之一是自願的。
Why is Trump criticizing the WHO?
川普為什麼批評世衛組織？
Some of the WHO's critics have long alleged that member states hold different levels of influence in the agency due to their political and financial capabilities.
世衛組織的一些批評者長期以來一直聲稱，成員國由於其政治和財政能力，在該機構擁有不同程度的影響力。
Major donors like the US are perceived by some as holding outsized influence, which has historically caused friction; during the Cold War, the Soviet Union and its allies left the WHO for a number of years because they felt the US had too much sway in the organization.
一些人認為，像美國這樣的主要捐助國擁有巨大的影響力，這在歷史上造成了摩擦；在冷戰期間，蘇聯及其盟國離開世衛組織好幾年，因為他們覺得美國在世衛組織中的影響力太大。
More recently, the same skepticism has been aimed toward the WHO's relationship with China; critics have questioned whether the WHO is independent enough, given China's rising wealth and power.
最近，同樣的懷疑也針對世衛組織與中國的關係；批評者質疑，鑑於中國不斷增長的財富和權力，世衛組織是否足夠獨立。
That line of criticism has been seized on by Trump, who initially praised the WHO and China's responses to the coronavirus but changed his tone in recent weeks.
這一批評路線被川普抓住了，川普最初讚揚了世衛組織和中國對冠狀病毒的反應，但最近幾周改變了語調。
Trump had commended both parties throughout March for their handling of the crisis, but condemned them in mid-April. Then, in his Monday letter, he accused the WHO of "political gamesmanship" for praising China's strict domestic travel restrictions while being "inexplicably against my closing of the United States border."
川普在整個3月都讚揚兩黨對危機的處理，但在4月中旬譴責了他們。隨後，他在周一的信中指責世衛組織「政治手腕」，讚揚中國嚴格的國內旅行限制，同時「莫名其妙地反對我關閉美國邊境」
He went on to highlight the WHO's reaffirmation of "China's now-debunked claim that the coronavirus could not be transmitted between humans."
他接著強調，世衛組織重申了「中國現在已經揭穿的冠狀病毒不能在人與人之間傳播的說法」
What happens if the US pulls out?
如果美國撤資怎麼辦？
The WHO would lose a significant chunk of its funding if the US stopped sending payments or withdrew entirely from the organization.
如果美國停止支付或完全退出該組織，世衛組織將損失相當一部分資金。
Whether other nations would increase their contributions to plug the gap remains to be seen, but it is clear that other world leaders would be concerned about the prospect -- particularly given the state of the Covid-19 pandemic.
其他國家是否會增加對填補這一差距的貢獻還有待觀察，但很明顯，其他國家的領導人會擔心這一前景，特別是考慮到Covid-19的流行狀況。
"We need a strong WHO to tackle Covid-19, and the WHO is us, its member states," Emmanuel Macron said in a pre-recorded statement to the World Health Assembly on Monday.
「我們需要一個強有力的世衛組織來對付Covid-19，世衛組織就是我們，它的成員國，」埃曼紐爾·馬克龍在周一世界衛生大會的一份預先錄製的聲明中說。
German Chancellor Angela Merkel also urged international cooperation to defeat the pandemic. "We are experiencing a global crisis with hundreds of thousands of people who have been infected, and affected with social and economic consequences that show that virtually no country has been spared by this pandemic," Merkel said. "So no country can solve this problem alone. We must work together."
德國總理默克爾也敦促國際合作戰勝這一流行病。」默克爾說：「我們正在經歷一場全球危機，數十萬人受到感染，並受到社會和經濟後果的影響，這表明幾乎沒有一個國家能夠倖免於這種流行病。」所以沒有一個國家能單獨解決這個問題。我們必須共同努力。」
And on Tuesday, the EU strongly criticized any attempts to pull apart the WHO.
而在周二，歐盟強烈批評任何試圖拆散世界衛生組織的企圖。
"Global cooperation and solidarity through multilateral efforts are the only effective and viable option to win this battle as we have underlined several times," spokesperson for the European Commission Virginie Battu-Henriksson said Tuesday. "This is the time for solidarity, it is not the time for finger pointing or undermining multilateral cooperation."
歐盟委員會發言人維吉尼•巴圖•亨利克森（Virginie Battu Henriksson）周二表示：「通過多邊努力實現全球合作和團結是贏得這場戰爭的唯一有效和可行的選擇，我們已經多次強調這一點。」現在是團結的時候，不是指責或破壞多邊合作的時候。」
It therefore seems unlikely that any decision by the US to leave would encourage other states to follow suit. The move would more likely be met with a chorus of disapproval from most countries and international organizations, similar to the global response after Trump announced his intention to withdraw from the Paris Climate Accord in 2017.
因此，美國做出的任何離開決定似乎都不太可能鼓勵其他國家效仿。此舉更有可能遭到大多數國家和國際組織的一致反對，類似於川普宣布有意在2017年退出巴黎氣候協議後的全球反應。
The US would also be left with less access to WHO resources as it fights its coronavirus outbreak, and little say on how the WHO operates, if it stopped being a member state. Given the size of its contributions, it is currently a major player within the organization.
在抗擊冠狀病毒爆發的過程中，美國也將無法獲得世衛組織的資源，如果美國不再是一個會員國，它對世衛組織的運作方式也幾乎沒有發言權。鑑於其貢獻的規模，它目前是本組織的主要參與者。