最近由周冬雨和易烊千璽上演的《少年的你》火爆了各大電影院，目前票房已經突破5億大關，憑藉春青的愛情和校園欺凌事件，觀眾既感動又引起關注及討論。對於頻頻上演的一些校園暴力事件引起我們對於青少年的法律教育匱乏的重視，其實不僅是在校園，在足球史上也上演了多起暴力事件，對我們有關部門來說如何防範此類事件的爆發和如何做好教育引導也是非常重要的事情。
校園欺凌為什麼會出現？
各方該怎麼做？
研究表明最有效的做法是什麼？為什麼？
看完本文後，你要能回答出上面的問題！
讀外刊 · 看世界
A programme aims to empower teachers, students and parents to tackle bullying
A beautifully proportioned 17th-century house in north Dublin is perhaps an unlikely home for a campaign to eradicate bullying in schools around the State.
But Belvedere House, with its elegant, restored rooms, is part of Dublin City University’s St Patrick’s campus in Drumcondra and has been home to the National Anti-Bullying Centre (ABC) since 2014.
The centre’s director, Prof James O』Higgins Norman, who greets us in the white, porticoed entrance to the building, holds a prestigious UNESCO chair on Tackling Bullying in Schools and Cyberspace.
He is spearheading FUSE, a new anti-bullying and online safety programme devised at the centre for implementation by students, parents and school staff. The name comes from the idea that it is 「fusing together all the concerns and energies of the people involved」 and its aim is to empower children and teenagers to police themselves, knowing teachers and parents are in the background as a support.
According to ABC meta-analysis, 26 per cent of primary school children in the country say they have been bullied offline and 13 per cent online. In post-primary schools, 12 per cent of pupils report having been bullied offline, 10 per cent online.
All parents send their children out to school every day, hoping they will be happy and do well, he points out. 「When something like bullying occurs, it is a tremendous knock for the parents, traumatic for the child who is bullied and a cause of deep concern for the school. That is why in our FUSE programme we want to bring all three together to work together.」
With online bullying now the norm, children and teenagers can be targeted at all times, increasing the intensity of the victimisation. It is also highly challenging for schools, who can no longer regard the perimeter of the school yard as the boundary of their responsibilities for keeping children safe.
When dealing with bullying, schools have to be sensitive both to the rights of the person who is targeted but also to the one who is acting out in a bullying way – that child may be doing it as a result of trauma in their own life, he explains. Once parents get involved, it becomes very emotive.
「All of a sudden the school is not just dealing with the two kids involved, it is dealing with two sets of parents, extended families and sometimes a conflict in the local community can spill into the school, or vice versa.」
A quick and decisive response by the school will reduce the reach of the bullying.
Since the national action plan on bullying was published by the Department of Education in 2013, every school is required to have identified an appropriate anti-bullying programme and adapted it for its use.
「We know from our research that half the schools have done that and are doing it well; the other half are struggling to do that. They say they don’t know where to start; they don’t have the time; it’s a resource issue.」
O』Higgins Norman and his colleagues hope that FUSE will pave the way, with €1 million in funding from Facebook enabling them to offer it to all 700-plus secondary schools in the State over the next three years. Meanwhile, the programme will be extended as a pilot into 41 primary schools next year, with the support of the Social Innovation Fund Ireland.
While bullying can happen at any age, its incidence peaks from about fourth or fifth class in primary school to second or third year in secondary school, roughly ages 10-15. There are both psychological and sociological perspectives to the phenomenon.
「When we look at it from a psychological perspective, people who bully are often operating out of traumatised emotions or coming from a home where aggression is the norm,」 he says. 「Looking at it from a sociological perspective, we know when young people experience difference and they don’t understand it, they can sometimes act in a way that is aggressive.」
He remembers when he was a teacher himself, more than 20 years ago, the first child of colour came to the Dublin school in which he was working at the time. 「We welcomed that child as teachers and placed her in a classroom and continued with the teaching day. By the end of the day, that child was outside in the yard, up a tree, with kids throwing stones at her.」
As he sees it, the fault lay with the school staff. 「We hadn’t prepared the kids enough to know that a child of colour was the same as them.」 In his career in research since then, he has seen it proven that diversity education reduces bullying.
In Victorian times, bullying was seen as part of growing up, a 「toughening up」 process for boys, as depicted in the 1857 novel, Tom Brown’s School Days, by Thomas Hughes. However, in these more enlightened times, when we know much more about the causes and effects, schools today must reinforce a message of zero tolerance for bullying.
Not that they are helped in this regard by some of the world’s most prominent role models. For example, there were reports of a surge in school bullying across the United States in the wake of the 2016 presidential election.
To take a closer look, researchers in Virginia analysed a 「school climate」 survey taken by 150,000 students across their state. Looking at student responses around bullying from 2015 to 2017, they found higher rates of bullying and teasing in areas that voted for Donald Trump compared with those that voted for Hillary Clinton.（Trump: 我咋啦？🙄️
There had been very little difference in 2015 but, by 2017, student responses suggested that bullying rates were 18 per cent higher in areas that voted for Trump than in areas that supported Clinton.
Trump exhibits 「quite classic」 bullying behaviour 「and that has an effect on the ground」, says O』Higgins Norman. Today’s role models in politics, celebrity culture and reality TV are often the most aggressive individuals around.
「I think we need heroes who are positive role models, who inspire kindness and inclusion. If we can highlight those role models in our school community, that can also have a positive impact.」
In September, the first batch of 160 teachers from 90 secondary schools came here, to anti-bullying HQ, to start their FUSE training to become 「anti-bullying」 champions. Their 「mission」 includes briefing colleagues on their return and running a series of six workshops with second-year students. The young people’s practical projects will include presenting an anti-bullying information evening to parents.
Research shows that a whole-school approach, led by the students, is what is most effective in countering bullying. Yet 「sometimes adults want to rush in with solutions because it is intuitive for us to want to protect children,」 he says.
The 「peer-to-peer element is really important」, says Amy McArdle, safety policy manager at Facebook. The company constantly hears during youth consultations 「that there is nobody better placed to talk to young people about issues impacting young people’s lives than young people themselves」.
Facebook is funding FUSE because it wants to increase awareness around bullying and its impact on young people particularly, 「to increase reporting and ultimately reduce incidents of bullying on our platform」.
As to those who might take a jaundiced view of high-profile funding coming from a multi-billion dollar social media company that could be seen as part of the problem, she responds: 「I wouldn’t agree that we are part of the problem but rather the problem, which has existed long before the internet and long before social media, can manifest on our platform. What we are doing is taking our responsibility in that regard very seriously."
「We know there is no 『silver bullet』 that can ensure young people’s safety in any context so we apply a five-point approach: policies, tools, resources, feedback from users and partnerships with experts,」 says McArdle, adding that its bullying prevention hub is there to guide young people, parents and educators alike.
While O』Higgins Norman is bullish about his belief that bullying and cyber bullying can be eradicated from schools with a concerted effort by all, he concedes that even if that was done in every school in the country today, new children will arrive next September.
「So, eradication would only be temporary」 – unless the anti-bullying message is constantly reinforced.
And that starts in the home.
1. proportioned [prəˈpɔː.ʃənd] adj.
having parts of the size or shape that is described
成比例的，比例勻稱的
- We wandered through the beautifully proportioned rooms of the Winter Palace.
我們瀏覽了冬宮裡錯落有致、美侖美奐的眾多宮室。
- She has the dancer's finely proportioned physique.
她有著舞蹈演員那樣曼妙勻稱的身材。
- [humorous] The generously proportioned (= fat) singer has to have all his garments specially made.
那位體態臃腫的歌唱家不得不定做所有的衣服。
2. eradicate [ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt] vt. C2
to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
根除；消滅；杜絕
- The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
政府聲稱正盡其所能根治腐敗。
- The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated.
這種曾奪去數百萬人生命的疾病現在已被根除了。
3. portico [ˈpɔː.tɪ.kəʊ] CN
a covered entrance to a building, usually a large and impressive building, that is supported by columns
柱廳，柱廊
註：
1. 該詞的複數形式為porticoes或者porticos
2. 文中的porticoed即「帶有柱廊的」，什麼叫「帶有柱廊的入口」呢？看圖⬇️
4. chair
the position of being in charge of a meeting or committee; the person who holds this position
（主持會議或委員會的）主席席位；委員長職位；（會議或委員會的）主席；委員長
- She takes the chair in all our meetings.
她主持我們所有的會議。
- Who is in the chair today?
今天誰主持？
- He was elected chair of the city council.
他當選為市議會主席。
註：
該詞以單數形式出現
5. spearhead [ˈspɪə.hed] vt.
to lead something such as an attack or a course of action
領導（攻擊、行動等）；充當…的先鋒；帶頭做
- British troops spearheaded the invasion.
英軍充當入侵的先鋒。
- Joe Walker will be spearheading our new marketing initiative.
喬‧沃克將會負責推行我們新的營銷計劃。
6. fuse [fjuːz] vi./vt.
to join or become combined
融合；結合
- Genes determine how we develop from the moment the sperm fuses with the egg.
從精子和卵子結合的那一刻起，基因就決定了我們會如何成長。
- The bones of the skull are not properly fused at birth.
出生的時候頭骨結合得並不緊密。
- In Istanbul, East and West fuse together in a way that is fascinating to observe.
在伊斯坦堡，觀察東西方的融合是件令人興味盎然的事。
7. police vt.
to control or guard a public event or area by using members of the police or a similar force
維持…的治安，巡查；在…部署警察
- The march will be heavily policed by an anti-riot unit.
防暴警察將對示威遊行進行嚴密警戒。
註：
原文的police themselves即「保證自己的安全」的意思
8. traumatic [trɔːˈmæt.ɪk] adj. C2
If an experience is traumatic, it causes you severe emotional shock and upset.
（經歷）痛苦難忘的，造成精神創傷的
- Some of the most disturbed children had witnessed really traumatic things, such as rape and murder.
有些心理極不正常的孩子曾經目睹過給他們造成精神創傷的事情，例如強姦和謀殺。
9. pilot CN
a programme which is made to introduce and test the popularity of a new radio or television series
（電視或廣播的）試播節目
- If you'd seen the pilot, you'd know why they decided not to make a complete series of programmes!
如果你看了試播節目的話，就會明白他們為什麼決定不製作整套節目了。
- a pilot for a new sitcom
一出新情景喜劇的試播
註：
1. 根據上下文本文中的pilot應理解為「the programme」，再具體一點就是「FUSE」，這再次告訴我們，語言是相對靈活的東西，不要將其學「死」了
2. 該詞有形容詞和動詞的相關詞義：
作形容詞時，它的意思是試驗性的；試點的，並且它後面必須要加名詞，不能單獨用作表語：
- a pilot project/ study/ survey
試驗性項目/研究/調查
- a pilot episode
系列節目試播的一集
作及物動詞時，是試驗（新產品）的意思：
- We shall pilot several new cosmetic products to selected potential purchasers.
我們將安排一些選定的潛在顧客試用幾種新化妝品。
10. a person of color
it is a term used primarily in the USA to describe any person who is not white
有色人種
- He realized he was the only person of colour there.
他發現在那個地方，他是唯一的有色人種。
註：
其複數形式為people of color或persons of color，簡寫為POC或PoC
11. enlightened [ɪnˈlaɪ.tənd] adj.
showing understanding, acting in a positive way, and not following old-fashioned or false beliefs
有見識的；開明的；擺脫偏見的
- The school has an enlightened policy of teaching boys to cook.
這所學校教男孩子們做飯，這是一種開明的做法。
- These days she's much more enlightened in her views on education.
近來她對教育的看法開通多了。
12. on the ground
among the general public
在公眾中，在普通百姓中
- Their political ideas have a lot of support on the ground.
他們的政治觀點得到公眾廣泛支持。
13. counter [ˈkaʊn.tər] vt./vi.
to react to something with an opposing opinion or action, or to defend yourself against something
反駁；反對；對抗
- After the government bombed their camp, the rebels countered with an attack on the capital.
政府轟炸了叛軍的營地之後，叛軍襲擊首都作為還擊。
- When criticisms were made of the school's performance, the parents' group countered with details of its exam results.
當有人對學校的業績提出批評時，家長團舉出具體的考試成績予以反駁。
- Extra police have been moved into the area to counter the risk of violence.
加派了警察進駐該地區以鎮壓可能出現的暴力事件。
註：
從例句中我們可以看出，「用.進行對抗」就是encounter with...
14. intuitive [ɪnˈtʃuː.ɪ.tɪv] adj.
based on feelings rather than facts or proof
直覺的；憑直覺的
- an intuitive approach/judgment
憑直覺的方法／判斷
- Most people have an intuitive sense of right and wrong.
大多數人具有基於直覺的是非感。
15. jaundiced [ˈdʒɔːn.dɪst] adj.
judging everything as bad because bad things have happened to you in the past
（因從前不愉快的經歷而對世事）有偏見的，狹隘的
- He seems to have/take a very jaundiced view of life.
他的人生觀似乎十分偏狹。
- I'm afraid I look on all travel companies' claims with a jaundiced eye, having been disappointed by them so often in the past.
恐怕我對所有旅遊公司的宣傳都抱有成見，因為過去他們讓我失望太多次了。
16. silver bullet CN
a simple solution to a complicated problem
強有力的、一勞永逸的、適應各種場合的解決方案
- There was no silver bullet that could have prevented the atrocities.
還沒有治理暴行的一勞永逸的方法。
背景知識：
銀色子彈（英語：silver bullet）是一種由白銀製成的子彈，有時也被稱為銀彈。在西方的宗教信仰和傳說中，它作為一種武器，成為唯一能和狼人、女巫及其他怪物對抗的利器。銀色子彈也可用於比喻，喻作強有力的，一勞永逸的，適應各種場合的解決方案。
17. concerted [kənˈsɜː.tɪd] adj.
describes an effort or attempt that is determined and serious
協同一致的；齊心協力的；全力以赴的
- There has been a concerted campaign against the proposals.
人們一致行動反對這些提議。
- He's making a concerted effort to improve his appearance.
他在竭盡全力改善自己的形象。
註：
該詞後面得加名詞，不能單獨作表語