咖啡文化:禁用牛奶和糖是堅持還是傲慢?These coffee snobs ban milk and sugar

2021-02-23 思辯Debate
A bitter customer service experience for some?


       八年前的旅途中,我走進一家咖啡館想補充一劑醒晨咖啡因,因為睡眠不足。我很感激的是,幾分鐘後一杯完美的手泡咖啡(也就是把水倒進磨好的咖啡粉)就端給了我。

Eight years ago, when travelling, I dropped into a café for a dose of morning caffeine. Sleep deprived, I was grateful to be handed the perfect pour over – where you hand-pour the water over ground coffee – a few minutes later.

       但當我索要一點糖時,咖啡師卻一口回絕,告訴我他們不提供糖。我所習慣的那種詢問 「你想喝什麼樣的咖啡?」 文化,怎麼沒有了呢。我感覺受到了冒犯,但別無選擇,只能喝下不加糖的咖啡。

But when I asked for a bit of sugar, the barista flatly refused, telling me they didn’t offer it. What happened to the 『how do you take your coffee』 culture I was used to? Irritated, I had no choice but to drink it unsweetened.


      事實上,那杯咖啡是非常不錯的。我碰巧光顧的這家咖啡店是密蘇裡州堪薩斯城的咖啡館,名叫Oddly Correct Coffee Bar。後來發現,很多美食家都認為這是美國最好的咖啡館之一。

Actually, it was pretty good. Turns out I had stumbled upon Oddly Correct Coffee Bar, a cafe in Kansas City, Missouri. A café which I subsequently found out many foodies consider to be one of the top coffee spots in the US.

上圖 Above:Oddly Correct Coffee Bar.


       其所謂的魅力,一部分在於嚴格執行的咖啡文化規則。Oddly Correct 屬於新一代的高端咖啡店,這些咖啡店對糖、牛奶和奶油採取零容忍的政策,以保護他們相信的咖啡品質。其他高端店甚至選擇不再出售用小份濃縮咖啡調配的外賣咖啡,因為他們覺得如果不立即享用,咖啡的味道就會受到影響。

Part of its so-called charm is its enforcement of strict coffee culture rules. Oddly Correct is part of a new breed of high-end coffee shops that have adopted zero tolerance policies on sugar, milk and cream to preserve what they feel is coffee quality. Others simply opt out of selling smaller espresso-based drinks 『to go』 because they feel the taste suffers if not enjoyed right away.

上圖:店主 Gregory Kolsto  Above: the legend of nano-coffee-roaster Oddly Correct and its owner, Gregory Kolsto

       通常這類被稱為 『第三波的咖啡廳』 是屬於對咖啡狂熱,只使用高品質的烘培咖啡豆的咖啡館,他們認為在享用這些咖啡時不應該摻入其他味道,即便這個味道是出於顧客的要求。許多零容忍咖啡館認為,他們只是通過實施這些規則來重新教育咖啡客,但這樣做也是有爭議的。

Often called Third Wave coffee shops, these aficionados use high-quality roasted beans that they feel should be consumed unadulterated by additional flavours (even ones their customers might wish to add). Many of these zero-tolerance coffee shops feel that they are simply re-educating consumers by implementing these rules, but the issue is polarising.
       萊斯利(Sarah Leslie)說,「宣稱『 我們產品的質量如此之高,所以會有這些限制』,在一些地方奏效了;一些顧客看到後會說,『哇,這些人真的很認真』。不過這也可能疏遠那些剛剛開始接觸精品咖啡的人。」 萊斯利是歐洲和北美精品咖啡師貿易組織 「咖啡師協會領導委員會」(Barista Guild Leadership Council)的成員。

「To say 『we’re so high quality that we have these restrictions』, it has worked for some places; some customers see that and say 『wow, these people take it really seriously』. But it can also alienate people who are just getting into speciality coffee,」 says Sarah Leslie, a member of the Barista Guild Leadership Council, a trade group for speciality coffee baristas in Europe and North America.
      這一規則的擁躉,包括墨爾本 Aunty Peg's 咖啡店和布達佩斯的 Kontact Coffee 咖啡店,認為他們的顧客應該不加糖、牛奶和奶油 。但根據市場調研機構英敏特(Mintel)2019年的數據顯示,在全美超過32150家咖啡店,包括7720家獨立咖啡店中,零容忍咖啡的數量只佔非常小的比例。

Acolytes include Aunty Peg’s in Melbourne and Kontact Coffee in Budapest who believe their customers should shun sugar, milk and cream. But the number of zero-tolerance coffee shops remains a tiny fraction of the more than 32,150 coffee shops across the US, including 7,720 independents, according to 2019 figures from Mintel, a market research firm.

      當然,所謂的零容忍政策並非咖啡館所獨有,而是遍及整個餐飲服務領域。如今,很多餐廳拒絕提供全熟的牛排,拒絕迎合各種不同的用餐要求,甚至不提供顧客要求的一些調味品。

These days, more restaurants refuse to serve steak well done, cater to different meal requests or even serve the condiments that some customers may request.

Of course, so-called zero tolerance policies aren’t unique to coffee and are expanding throughout the food service sector. These days, more restaurants refuse to serve steak well done, cater to different meal requests or even serve the condiments that some customers may request.

      芝加哥食品行業營銷和趨勢專家崔斯坦諾(Darren Tristano)表示:「按照設定的方式提供食品,並且日復一日地保持一致性,這在食品行業正獲得越來越大的勢頭。對於食品企業來說,這往往意味著要為食客服提供更好、更快的服務,這有助於抵消習慣於 「消費者作選擇」 之顧客的失望不滿之情。

「Getting the food served just as intended and maintaining consistency day in and day out is gaining momentum in the industry,」 says Darren Tristano, a marketing and trends expert in the food industry who is based in Chicago. For the food businesses it often means providing better quality and faster service to customers, which helps to offset disappointment for 「customers used to options」, he adds.

『Accommodating, but not yielding』  包容但不屈服       在丹佛的 Black Black Coffee 咖啡廳,有一句這樣的口號,「需要添加補救的咖啡,一定不是好咖啡」。店主麥克內利(Josh McNeilly)說,在店名中標示 「黑咖啡」 的政策,有助於應對新顧客的期望。

At Black Black Coffee in Denver, the slogan is: 『If your coffee needs doctoring, it must be broken.』 Making the 『no-additions』 policy evident in the name has helped manage new customers』 expectations, says owner Josh McNeilly.


      顧客可以購買衝泡咖啡和冷萃咖啡。但糖和牛奶一定是不提供的。一些經典的飲品,比如瑪奇朵、可塔朵和卡布奇諾,會含有牛奶,但也沒有糖。

Customers can purchase pour overs and cold brew, but sugar and milk are not offered. Some classic drinks like the macchiato, cortado and cappuccino do come with milk but not sugar, he adds.
       理念是要讓顧客品嘗,來自哥倫比亞和衣索比亞等產地的咖啡豆品質,並像品嘗一杯葡萄酒一樣,喝出不同的風味。對麥克內利來說,在做了幾十年的咖啡師和咖啡豆買手後,這個規則已是不需思考。他說:「作為一名咖啡師,你告訴他們這是產自世界上最好的農場的咖啡豆,但他們還沒嘗,就把奶油和糖倒進去,真是令人傷心。」

「If your coffee needs doctoring, it must be broken」
The idea is to let customers taste the quality of beans from places such as Colombia and Ethiopia, and detect different notes similar to tasting a glass of wine. For McNeilly, after decades as a barista and coffee buyer, the rule was a no-brainer. 「As a barista you』d tell them that this is one of the best farms on Earth and they just go and dump cream and sugar in it without trying it,」 he says. 「It was heartbreaking.」

上圖:店主麥克內利認為,如果不是因為嚴格把控所供飲品,Black Black Coffee 會賺到更多的錢。Above: If it wasn’t so strict about what it served, Black Black could make a lot more money, owner Josh McNeilly says.

       不過在Oddly Correct咖啡店,也就是我第一次知道這種潮流的地方,聽說規則已開始略微鬆動。上個月,這家店開始在吧檯備些牛奶和奶油,供開口索要的顧客用。但也不公開擺在外面,在過去的幾個月只是私下提供。烘培師兼咖啡店合伙人施洛德(Mike Schroeder)說,這是為了讓店鋪更具包容性。

At Oddly Correct, where I first encountered this trend, the rules are relaxing slightly. Last month, the shop started stocking milk and cream behind the bar for people who ask (it’s still not sitting out in the open and was secretly poured for a few months before that) to be more inclusive, says Mike Schroeder, roaster and co-owner.
       糖仍是個禁忌,在萃取的咖啡裡添加牛奶這條規定的放鬆,已經帶來銷量上的增加。他補充說,儘管很少有人真的要奶油,但知道店裡提供,已經幫助改變了店鋪的形象,讓店鋪顯得更能接受人們對咖啡的不同選擇。「我們意識到,必須把圍牆移開一點,才能引導人們進入那種咖啡體驗。」

Sugar is still a no-no, but relaxing the policy around adding milk to brewed coffee has already led to an uptick in business, he says. Even though few people actually ask for the cream, knowing it’s available has helped change the shop’s image to be more accepting of different choices around coffee, he adds. 「We realised we had to move our fences out a little bit to guide people into that [coffee] experience.」

上圖:Oddly Correct已稍改規定,開始提供牛奶,但還是得需要顧客主動索取。Above: Oddly Correct has relaxed its policies slightly and started stocking milk – but you have to ask for it

       Oddly Correct咖啡店也開始增加供應一些帶糖飲品,例如用當地產的一種波本糖漿製作的香草拿鐵。咖啡師軟化了他們討論 『無添加』 規定的方式。他補充道:「我們學會了如何改善措辭和方法,以一種更受歡迎和包容的方式進行,但不會屈服於每一個要求。」

Oddly Correct has also added some sweeter drinks: a vanilla latte is sweetened with a locally made bourbon syrup, for instance. Baristas have softened the way they discuss the policies. 「We』ve learned how to refine our language and our approach in ways that are still welcoming and accommodating, but not yielding to every single request,」 he adds.

『Passion to educate』  教育的熱情      『零容忍咖啡店』 在大市場中擁有更大的利潤。在堪薩斯城的威奇託(Wichita)擁有一間咖啡廳的萊斯利說,當顧客留意咖啡的精心衝泡,並要求飲用黑咖啡,可以被視為高品質咖啡館的標誌。(即使在她的店,加了牛奶和糖的咖啡仍然受歡迎)她補充說,在世界大都市,「如果一家咖啡館被人看成是講究的精品Cafe,是一件再好不過的事。」

Zero-tolerance coffee shops in larger markets may see the most benefit. With a clientele that’s focus on meticulous preparation, the request to drink it black can be seen as a sign of quality, adds Leslie, who owns a shop in Wichita, Kansas, where sweetened coffee with milk is still popular. In larger global cities, 「it’s a positive thing to them to be seen as a coffee snob」, she adds.

      一些咖啡客說,正是這些咖啡館幫助他們學會品嘗咖啡,也最終改變了他們的偏好。丹佛Black Black Coffee咖啡店的常客、49歲平面設計師卡彭特(Charles Carpenter)說:「我現在很享受每天一杯黑咖啡。」

Some coffee drinkers say the shops have helped them learn about coffee – and they eventually change their preferences. 「My everyday drinking coffee I now prefer black,」 says Charles Carpenter, a 49-year-old graphic designer who visits Black Black in Denver.
       但卡彭特並沒有完全放棄對糖的放縱,特別是在寒冷的月份。他說:「我的小確幸就是在節假日裡享受蛋酒拿鐵。」

But he hasn’t totally given up his sweeter indulgences, especially during the colder months. 「My dirty little secret is I love eggnog lattes around the holidays,」 says Carpenter.

       在 Black Black 咖啡廳,麥克內利承認他的政策並不總是對商業有利,他的咖啡館在一些月份做得很辛苦才能盈利。他說:「如果我提供奶油、糖和大杯拿鐵,利潤很容易翻倍,但我熱衷於教育人們了解咖啡可能會有的風味。」

At Black Black, McNeilly concedes that his policy isn’t always good for business and the shop sometimes struggles to turn a monthly profit. 「It could easily be twice as profitable if I served cream and sugar and bigger lattes, but it’s my passion to try to educate people on what coffee could possibly taste like,」 he says.

       大多數顧客都是忠誠的常客,一周內光顧多次。商店的衝泡咖啡已被列入當地必嘗美味清單。這家店也提供食物,因此還能吸引到遠途而來的咖啡客。店裡增加一種咖啡果肉拿鐵以饗甜食愛好者(這款咖啡用提取了咖啡豆所剩餘的咖啡果肉,衝水,再加上少許糖漿和蒸汽牛奶)。

Most customers are loyal regulars and come back several times throughout the week. The shop’s pour overs are mentioned in must-try lists locally and it now also serves food, making it more of a destination for customers from further away. A cascara latte has also been added for those with a sweet tooth, combining cascara fruit that surrounds the coffee bean on the plant with a dash of simple syrup and steamed milk.
       為了緩和負面評價,麥克內利培訓他的團隊,如何向新顧客解釋其店的理念。他表示,咖啡師要花心思幫助顧客理解,為什麼他們不提供牛奶和糖,而不是簡單地告訴顧客不予提供。

To mitigate negative comments, McNeilly trains his team in how to explain the shop’s philosophy to first-time customers. Baristas focus on helping customers understand why milk and sugar aren’t served rather than simply telling them it’s not available, he adds.

       但有一件事他堅持不做,即對要糖和奶油不遂而感驚訝的顧客作出讓步。他說:「跟這樣的顧客說 『好吧,我給你糖和牛奶,但請不要大肆聲張』,是一件很容易做到的事,但我們從來不做。」

But one thing he hasn’t done? Given in to surprised customers who demand sugar and cream. 「It would be the easy route to say 『OK fine, I』ll give you cream and sugar, just don’t make a big deal out of it』... but we』ve never actually done it,」 he says.漫談意式和美式、拿鐵、卡布奇諾和摩卡

思辯:鑒於篇幅,以下推文只發中文稿。

       咖啡已經成為風行全球的飲料,世界各地人們每天喝掉20億杯,英國人每天喝下9500萬杯咖啡。

       咖啡從種植到製作也形成一個重要的產業鏈,和咖啡相關的產業2019年為英國經濟貢獻了200億英鎊的價值。

       如果你也喝咖啡的話,喜歡的是那種款式的咖啡呢?濃縮咖啡、拿鐵咖啡、卡布奇諾還是摩卡?你知道這幾種咖啡最初從何而來?

Latte 拿鐵

       拿鐵是英國最受歡迎的咖啡款式,2018/19年消費量高達9億杯拿鐵咖啡。拿鐵也被視為是最容易接受的一種咖啡飲品。如果你連拿鐵都不喜歡的話,那就很難喜歡其他種類咖啡了。

       基本上,拿鐵就是一份意式濃縮咖啡,加上用蒸汽加熱的牛奶,最上面再加一層奶泡。

       意式濃縮咖啡是用高壓將熱水注入研磨很細的咖啡粉,然後經過濾網滴流出來的濃度很高的黑色咖啡汁液。

       咖啡最早在非洲和中東地區被發現,但是搭配牛奶調製咖啡飲用則是歐洲人的發明。

       根據牛津英語字典,caffè e latte(加了牛奶的咖啡)最早在1867年由小說家豪韋斯(William Dean Howells)在英語中使用。

       當時的歐洲人,主要是早上在家裡喝一杯這種加了牛奶的拿鐵咖啡。但加了溫熱牛奶的咖啡比較甜,不像濃縮咖啡那麼苦,深受美國遊客喜歡。

       據說是美國觀光客將拿鐵咖啡的做法帶到美國去的。1980年代在西雅圖將其標準化,成為我們現在所熟知的拿鐵咖啡,世界各地很多地方咖啡館都賣拿鐵咖啡。

       不過還是要提醒你,如果你在羅馬或米蘭的咖啡館點一杯拿鐵的話,很有可能你會得到一杯牛奶,而不是拿鐵咖啡。


Cappuccino 卡布奇諾

         卡布奇諾和拿鐵兩款咖啡主要內容都一樣:濃縮咖啡,蒸汽加熱牛奶和熱奶泡,但差別在於牛奶的分量。

       和拿鐵相比,卡布奇諾加了更多的熱牛奶泡沫,因此液態牛奶含量較少,而且奶泡上面一般還會灑上一層巧克力粉或肉桂粉。

       卡布奇諾的原文雖然是來自於拉丁文,但這種咖啡飲品最初源自於奧地利。

       維也納的咖啡館18世紀時開始在咖啡裡面加上鮮奶油和糖,這時的咖啡顏色就像天主教嘉布遣會(Capuchin)修道士所穿的帽兜罩袍的顏色一樣,於是就因此為名。

       慢慢的卡布奇諾從維也納傳到義大利和歐陸各地城市。隨著咖啡機器技術的進步,卡布奇諾也逐漸標準化成為我們今天熟知的咖啡飲料。


Americano 美式咖啡

       顧名思義,美式咖啡也是一種美國人喜愛的咖啡飲品。在英國,美式咖啡受歡迎程度第三,排在拿鐵和卡布奇諾之後。

       美式咖啡由一份濃縮咖啡加上熱水調製而成,據信是二戰期間派遣到歐洲戰場的美國士兵的喜愛而流傳世界的。

       據說,派遣到歐洲的美軍不習慣歐式咖啡的濃厚,於是歐洲的咖啡館在濃縮咖啡裡面加上熱水稀釋調和,最後成了今天美式咖啡。


Mocha 摩卡

       現在人們提到摩卡,想到的是加了熱巧克力的咖啡,但最初並不是這樣的。

       摩卡是中東國家葉門的一個港口城市(Mokha),人們將這裡出口的許多種類的咖啡豆稱為摩卡。

       葉門的咖啡豆,和其他地方的咖啡豆不一樣,有一點巧克力的味道。然而隨著歐洲的巧克力越來越普遍,人們開始在咖啡裡另外加入巧克力並以摩卡咖啡為名。

       現在,咖啡館的摩卡咖啡做法各有差異,有的是在熱巧克力中加入一份濃縮咖啡,也有的是在拿鐵咖啡中加入巧克力粉或巧克力糖漿。


冰咖啡

       當然,並非所有人都喜歡喝熱的咖啡,冰咖啡也非常流行,尤其是在炎熱的地區和夏天裡,冰咖啡是另一種消暑選擇。

       2016年,冰咖啡在英國只佔有4%的市場份額,但是冰咖啡和冷泡/冷萃取咖啡的接受程度逐年擴大。

       傳統的冰咖啡,是熱咖啡加上冰塊或冰牛奶調製而成,冷泡/冷萃取咖啡則完全是由冷水調製。

       近年來連鎖咖啡店在夏天推出含有咖啡成分的冰涼飲料:法布奇諾,讓咖啡成為一種時尚流行的生活飲品,更是進一步擴大了冰咖啡的市場。

       不管是熱咖啡還是冰咖啡,加了牛奶的白咖啡,或是不加牛奶的黑咖啡,看完這篇文章,你該初步了解各種不同咖啡的典故囉!


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