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Are China and India enemies, rivals or friends? The answer seems to be neither affirmative nor negative. According to such cultural traditions as 「pan-familism」 in Oriental society and the 「inclusive universalism」 shared by China and India, there exists a 「brother-like」 relationship between China and India that transcends their state personalities or sovereignty. In fact, China and India enjoyed such a relationship in the 1950s, when there was a popular slogan in India, 「Hindi-Chini bhai bhai」 (India-China, brothers-brothers).[1]More recently, Prime Minister Modi forthrightly remarked that China and India are 「two bodies with one spirit」, and president Xi Jinping stressed that China and India should walk shoulder to shoulder and speak with one voice to become 「closer partners for development」, 「cooperative partners for growth」 and 「global partners for strategic coordination」.[3]
However, resulting from various historical events and experiences, misconceptions and real tensions persist between China and India. On the one hand, some serious discrepancies continue to prevail between China and India in the context of security threats. On the other hand, evidence suggests latent 「direct confrontation」 of various degrees exist in the actual formulation and implementation of national policies by the two countries. But Non-traditional Security Cooperation between both countries has built a great cooperation bridge. China and India greatly expanded their government-to-government exchanges and trade relations by setting aside their challenges of traditional security. Since the beginning of the 21st century, their two-way trade has increased by more than twenty-fold, and mutual visits have almost tripled.
Besides promoting the preservation of traditional security in a constructive way, China and India are enhancing cooperation in the field of nontraditional security. In China and India, special emphasis is placed on four types（heterogenous, exogenous，dual-genous, endogenous）of nontraditional security threats.[2]The below fields are intertwined and should be given top priority in China and India.
Economic Security Cooperation India and China have taken multiple concrete steps for mutual economic security. Both countries have established strong institutional mechanisms for cooperation such as the Joint Economic Group on Economic Relations and Trade, Science and Technology (JEG), a Joint Study Group (JSG) and Joint Task Force (JTF). The two countries established a Strategic and Economic Dialogue (SED) in 2010. SED is a platform where both states discuss strategic macro-economic issues impacting both sides in the changing international economic order.
Energy Security Cooperation As China and India develop, their energy demands are inevitably increasing. Their cooperation on energy can enhance their economic growth. Both countries have comparative advantages, and should recognize each other’s strengths and support mutual development. Advanced technological exchange will promote stability in world energy markets, which could help overcome energy insecurity threats in the region.
Ethnic Separatism and Terrorism Chinese and Indian separatist movements are mainly based on religion, language and the perceived uneven distribution of natural resources. China and India signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Defence Cooperation in 2006, which was the first such agreement between the two countries. This allows the militaries of both countries to conduct joint anti-terrorism training and safeguard regional peace and stability. For example, the joint drill 『Hand-in-Hand 2013，2014，2015，2016』 focuses on anti-terrorism and is increasingly successful.
Water Security Cooperation Shared rivers between China and India traditionally have been a major source of dispute and controversy. China and India have a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on sharing hydrological information about the Brahmaputra River. According to the MoU, China will provide information (about rainfall and water level discharge) to India in forecasting floods likely to be caused by this river, which mostly result in disasters in north-eastern India.
Pandemic Diseases Cooperation Pandemics and infectious diseases are one of the leading NTS threats to the entire world. China and India also face the challenges brought on by the threat of infectious disease and pandemic. The large size and population of these countries poses even greater dangers for the spread of pandemic diseases. According to the World Health Organization, every year 1.1% of Chinese people lose their lives due to pandemic diseases.[4] It is extremely important for cooperation between the two neighbours, China and India, to deal with such NTS threats in the region.
Maritime Security Cooperation The non-traditional security challenges of piracy and maritime terrorism are also NTS threats in this region. China and India initiated mutual cooperation on anti-piracy in 2012. In recent times, China and India have assumed flexible and practical policies to make sure that the current wave of understanding should not become an obstacle to friendly relations. Ongoing NTS cooperation between these two countries could decisively transform their previous traditional approach, signaling more active and cooperative coexistence.
In sum, the combined population of China and India is currently 2.5 billion people, which accounts for 40% of world population. With this great human capital of these two 「unique」 civilizations, the influence that China and India exert in the world will be 「enormous」, 「multidimensional」 and 「persistent」. The theoretical paradigm of 「peace-cooperativism」[5]and the pattern of 「pluralistic win-win」 can help to strengthen bilateral mutual political trust. For this reason, non-traditional security cooperation between the two countries is of vital importance across different non-traditional security fields.
責任編輯：呂晴晴
主編郵箱：wangyue@pangoal.cn
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餘瀟楓
盤古智庫學術委員，浙江大學公共管理學院教授、博士生導師。浙江大學非傳統安全與和平發展研究中心主任，浙江大學非傳統安全管理博士點負責人，哈佛大學、牛津大學高級訪問學者，兼任中國人民外交學會理事、中共中央外聯部當代世界研究中心特約研究員、中國-上合組織司法交流合作培訓基地特聘專家等。主要從事非傳統安全理論研究。
在《中國社會科學》《中國社會科學文摘》《世界經濟與政治》《學術月刊》、Journal of Cambridge Studies、China Media Research等發表80餘篇論文。主持國家社會科學基金重大項目「中國非傳統安全威脅識別、評估與應對研究」、一般項目「中國非傳統安全應對能力建設研究」，以及福特基金會、國家質檢總局、浙江省政府等資助的多個項目。