美國為什麼吸引人,美國夢? | 何為美國精神(新政解析)

                                          

美國全稱「美利堅合眾國」，始於16世紀歐洲對北美的殖民。隨著北美殖民地與宗主英國的矛盾日益尖銳，導致在1775年爆發美國獨立戰爭，到1783年戰爭結束後，英國承認北美殖民地獨立。

美國的一大特點，是它的宏大創製能力。比如，美國從制憲立國開始，就有一種以全局的眼光、來創建制度體系的能力。而這種能力在二戰期間，達到了頂峰。具體的體現，即美國為戰後的全球、所精心設計的一系列前所未有的機構和制度。

柏拉圖在《理想國》中，討論了諸如人應該如何生活？正義是什麼？.

The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States, the set of ideals (Democracy, Rights, Liberty, Opportunity, and Equality) in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility for the family and children, achieved through hard work in a society with few barriers. In the definition of the American Dream by James Truslow Adams in 1931, "life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement" regardless of social class or circumstances of birth.

Joe Biden：I pledge to be a President who seeks not to divide, but to unify. Who doesn't see Red and Blue states, but a United States. And who will work with all my heart to win the confidence of the whole people.

全球燈塔

Hello.

My fellow Americans, and the people who brought me to dance: Delawareans. 

I see my buddy Tom, Senator Tom Carper, down there. And I think, I think Senator Coons is there. And I think the governor’s around and…Is that Ruth Ann? And that’s former Governor Ruth Ann Minner. Most importantly, my sisters-in-law, my sister, Valerie. Anyway.

Folks, the people of this nation have spoken.

They』ve delivered us a clear victory. A convincing victory. 

A victory for 「We the People.」

歷史人文，美國精神深入人心，形成了美國強大的凝聚力。

美國精神（American Spirit）的核心是獨立、自由和平等，美國是移民國家，基本無封建歐亞大陸普遍的專制思想，自由和民主的思想長期深入人心。

We』ve won with the most votes ever cast for a presidential ticket in the history of this nation – 74 million.

Well, I must admit it surprised me tonight. We’re seeing, all over this nation, all cities and all parts of the country, indeed across the world, an outpouring of joy, of hope, renewed faith in tomorrow to bring a better day.

And I’m humbled by the trust and confidence you』ve placed in me. 

第一批102名清教徒不堪當時天主教的迫害，於1620年9月，乘坐「五月花號」帆船離開英國駛向北美大陸，經過兩個多月的艱苦航行，在麻薩諸塞州的普利茅斯登陸上岸，他們制定出第一份體現了「主權在民」思想的文件，這就是《五月花號公約》。這份文件是乘客中的成年人在船上簽署的，卻為未來美國按照契約精神建國奠定了基礎。

I pledge to be a President who seeks not to divide, but unify.

Who…who doesn’t see Red states and Blue states, only sees the United States. And who』ll work with all my heart, with the confidence of the whole people, to win the confidence of all of you. 

And for that is what America, I believe, is about. It’s about people. And that’s what our administration will be all about. I sought this office to restore the soul of America.

To rebuild the backbone of this nation – the middle class. And to make America respected around the world again and to unite us here at home.

It’s the honor of my lifetime that so many millions of Americans have voted for that vision. And now the work of making that vision is real. It’s a task, the task of our time.

最初北美大陸是英國的殖民地，由於英國長久以來對殖民地進行剝削，嚴重阻礙北美殖民地經濟的發展，1764年頒布《食糖條例》，要求北美殖民地的人民必須繼續大量購買英國的食糖以及咖啡、酒等商品；1765年頒布《印花稅法》，對北美所有印刷品直接徵稅。激起了北美人民的強烈反抗，"無代表，不納稅！"這成了當時殖民地抗稅的口號。1775年4月的列剋星頓槍聲意味著北美人民武裝反抗英國的開始，1776年7月4日大陸會議通過《獨立宣言》，宣告了美國的誕生。

Folks, as I said many times before, I’m Jill’s husband. 

And I would not be here without her love and tireless support of Jill, and my son Hunter, and Ashley, my daughter, and all our grandchildren and their spouses, and all our family. They’re my heart.

Jill is a mom – a military mom – an educator. She’s dedicated her life to education, but teaching isn’t just what she does – it’s who she is. 

For American educators, this is a great day for you all: You’re going to have one of your own in the White House, and Jill is going to make a great First Lady. I’m so proud of her.

《獨立宣言》莊嚴宣告：「我們認為以下真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主賦予每個人一些不可剝奪的權利，其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。正是為了保障這些權利，人類才在自己中間建立起政府……」《獨立宣言》宣揚的思想也是未來美國精神的基礎和核心。

美國吸引大量移民的最重要的是美國國所獨具的美國精神和普遍的自由、民主和平等的思想。美國前總統裡根美國說過：美國沒有黃昏。「我們這裡，每天都是旭日東升，到處都是嶄新的機會，可以編織各種夢想」。「這就是美國，每個人不分男女都幻想著能給人以希望的美國。

I』ll have the honor of serving with a fantastic vice president – who you just heard from Kamala Harris – who makes history as first woman, first Black woman, the first woman from South Asian descent, the first daughter of immigrants ever elected in this country. Don’t tell me it’s not possible in the United States. 

It’s long overdue, and we’re reminded tonight of those who fought so hard for so many years to make this happen. But once again, America’s bent the arc of the moral universe more towards justice. 

Kamala, Doug – like it or not – you’re family. You』ve become an honorary Biden, and there’s no way out.

To all those of you who volunteered, and worked the polls in the middle of this pandemic, local elected officials – you deserve a special thanks from the entire nation.

And to my campaign team, and all the volunteers, and all who gave so much of themselves to make this moment possible, I owe you, I owe you. I owe you everything.

And to all those who supported us: I’m proud of the campaign we built and ran. I’m proud of the coalition we put together, the broadest and most diverse coalition in history. 

正因為如此，我們對全世界來說就像一塊磁鐵，吸引人們冒著被子彈擊中的危險以生命為代價越過柏林圍牆來到這裡，吸引人們冒著九死一生的危險乘一葉扁舟渡過波濤洶湧的大洋來到這裡」。我們可以這樣得出結論，是思想、價值觀，而不是權力和財富決定了人的最終長遠的行為、決定和人生目標。

Democrats, Republicans, Independents.

Progressives, moderates, conservatives.

Young and old.

Urban, suburban, rural.

Gay, straight, transgender.

White. Latino. Asian. Native American.

I mean it. Especially for those moments…and especially for those moments when this campaign was at its lowest ebb – the African American community stood up again for me. You』ve always had my back, and I』ll have yours.

I said at the outset I wanted to represent this campaign to represent and look like America, we』ve done that. Now that’s what I want the administration to look like and act like.

尼克森曾說：歸根到底是思想而不是武器決定歷史，美國精神形成了美國強大的凝聚力，也使得美國成為了全世界人民的希望。

 

For all those of you who voted for President Trump, I understand the disappointment tonight.  I』ve lost a couple of times myself. 

But now, let’s give each other a chance. It’s time to put away the harsh rhetoric, lower the temperature, see each other again, listen to each other again. 

And to make progress, we have to stop treating our opponents as our enemies. They are not our enemies. They are Americans. They’re Americans.

宗教，美國清教徒價值觀促使美國人民高度自律和勤奮。

美國最初是一個清教徒建立起來的國家。清教徒信奉加爾文主義（Calvinism），認為《聖經》才是唯一最高權威，任何教會或個人都不能成為傳統權威的解釋者和維護者。

The Bible tells us to everything there is a season – a time to build, a time to reap, and a time to sow. And a time to heal. This is the time to heal in America.

Now this campaign is over – what is the will of the people? What is our mandate?

I believe it’s this: America has called upon us to marshal the forces of decency, the forces of fairness. To marshal the forces of science and the forces of hope in the great battles of our time. 

The battle to control the virus.

The battle to build prosperity.

The battle to secure your family’s health care. 

The battle to achieve racial justice and root out systemic racism in this country.

And the battle to save our planet by getting climate under control.

The battle to restore decency, defend democracy, and give everybody in this country a fair shot. That’s all [that] they’re asking for: a fair shot.

清教徒發源於英國16世紀末，英國清教徒勢力開始形成規模，並有組織的反抗國教天主教。針對這種異教徒行為，英國議會通過了《信奉國教法》，並對清教徒進行大規模逮捕、酷刑、迫害。堅定信仰的清教徒只能逃到荷蘭等歐洲鄰國避難，但仍然逃脫不了宗教迫害。為了徹底逃脫宗教迫害，他們把目光投向了美洲。當時未開發的的新大陸地域遼闊，物產富饒。

清教徒是最為虔敬、生活最為聖潔的新教徒，他們認為「人人皆祭司，人人有召喚」。認為每個個體可以直接與上帝交流，反對神甫集團的專橫、腐敗和繁文縟節、形式主義。他們主張簡單、實在、上帝面前人人平等的信徒生活。清教徒的精神和價值觀其實也是美國精神的重要來源。

清教徒思想同白手起家的創業者精神高度相同，因此更能得到廣大的創業者、自由職業者、自僱者的高度認可。

Folks, our work begins with getting COVID under control. 

We cannot repair the economy, restore our vitality, or relish life’s most precious moments – hugging our grandchildren, our children, our birthdays, weddings, graduations, all the moments that matter most to us – until we get it under control.

On Monday, I will name a group of leading scientists and experts as Transition Advisors to help take the Biden-Harris COVID plan and convert it into an action blueprint that will start on January the 20th, 2021.

That plan will be built on bedrock science. It will be constructed out of compassion, empathy and concern. 

I』ll spare no effort, none – or any commitment – to turn around this pandemic.

Folks, I’m a proud Democrat. But I will govern as an American president. I』ll work as hard for those who didn’t vote for me – as those who did. 

Let this grim era of demonization in America begin to end – here and now.

Refusal of Democrats and Republicans to cooperate with one another – it’s not some mysterious force beyond our control. 

清教徒認為人開創產業必須要禁慾和儉省節約。他們限制一切縱慾、享樂甚至消費行為，將消費性投入和支出全部用在生產性投資和擴大再生產上，如此必然導致資本的積累和經濟的快速發展。不是縱慾和貪婪積累了財富，而是克制和勤儉促使了社會財富的快速增長，可以看出這與馬克思的財富來自於剝削的剩餘價值理論正好相反。因此美國價值觀長期是與前蘇聯東歐社會主義國家的思想相對抗的。

清教徒崇尚商業活動，在商業中誠實守信、珍視信譽、決不坑蒙拐騙，美國產品和服務是一流的，不僅僅是由於市場的選擇，而且也是由於美國人的信仰。清教徒企業家不僅追求利潤，而且具有對社會的回報意識，擔當社會責任，匡扶社會正義，積極參與社會公益事業，主動承擔了巨大的公共義務，早期的約翰·洛克菲勒、安德魯·卡耐基，到現在的比爾·蓋茨、巴菲特，都為社會公益作出了巨大的貢獻。

It’s a decision, a choice we make. 

And if we can decide not to cooperate, then we can decide to cooperate. And I believe that this is part of the mandate given to us from the American people. They want us to cooperate in their interest.

And that’s the choice I』ll make. And I』ll call on Congress – Democrats and Republicans alike – to make that choice with me.

The American story is about slow, yet steadily widening the opportunities in America. 

And make no mistake: Too many dreams have been deferred for too long. 

政治，美國的憲法和民主制度最為完備和合理。

We must make the promises of the country real for everybody – no matter their race, their ethnicity, their faith, their identity, or their disability.

Folks, America has always been shaped by inflection points – by moments in time where we』ve made hard decisions about who we are and what we want to be. 

Lincoln in 1860 – coming to save the Union.

FDR in 1932 – promising a beleaguered country a New Deal. 

JFK in 1960 – pledging a New Frontier. 

And twelve years ago – when Barack Obama made history – and told us, 「Yes, we can.」

華盛頓、富蘭克林、漢密爾頓、麥迪遜等美國開國元勳遠見卓識，他們對人性的看法都有清醒的認識，他們同意聖經中關於人類罪的本性的觀點。《聖經》裡明示人人都有罪，孟德斯鳩的三權分立正是基於人性惡的認識，絕對的權力會導致絕對的腐敗。

美國制憲先聖在《聯邦黨人文集》中所說：防止把某些權力逐漸集中於同一部門的最可靠辦法，就是給予各部門的主管人抵制其他部門侵犯的必要法定手段和個人的主動。在這方面，如同其他各方面一樣，防禦規定必須與攻擊的危險相稱。野心必須用野心來對抗。人的利益必然是與當地的法定權利相聯繫。用這種方法來控制政府的弊病，可能是對人性的一種恥辱。但是政府本身若不是對人性的最大恥辱，又是什麼呢？如果人人都是天使，就不需要任何政府了。

建立最初美國政府的開國元勳們對政府普遍都採取警惕的態度，擔心政府會導致專制。正如後來美國前總統裡根認為的：「我們對政府持正當的懷疑態度，以制止它採取過分的行動，但在它幫助改善我國公民生活時，我們也樂於利用它的力量」。

Well, folks, we stand at an inflection point. 

We have an opportunity to defeat despair, to build a nation of prosperity and purpose. 

We can do it. I know we can. 

I』ve long talked about the battle for the soul of America. 

We must restore the soul of America. 

Our nation is shaped by the constant battle between our better angels and our darkest impulses. And what presidents say in this battle matters. 

It’s time for our better angels to prevail. 

Tonight, the whole world is watching America. And I believe at our best, America is a beacon for the globe.

We will lead not only by the example of our power, but by the power of our example. 

I』ve always believed – many of you heard me say it – I』ve always believed we can define America in one word: Possibilities. 

That in America, everyone should be given an opportunity to go as far as their dreams and God-given ability will take them.

You see, I believe in the possibilities of this country. 

We’re always looking ahead. 

Ahead to an America that is freer and more just. 

Ahead to an America that creates jobs with dignity and respect. 

Ahead to an America that cures diseases – like cancers and Alzheimer’s. 

Ahead to an America that never leaves anyone behind. 

Ahead to an America that never gives up, never gives in.

This is a great nation. It’s always been a bad bet to bet against America. 

美國國父們經過激烈討論最後達成共識，他們借鑑了英國政治學家洛克「有限政府」和法國法學家孟德斯鳩「三權分立」的理論，並且將這些理論創造性地與北美殖民地的具體實際相結合，建立了人類第一個民主政權，制定了經得起歷史考驗的美國憲法。

三權分立制度是美國國家權力組成和運行的基本制度，人民將權力不僅僅交給政府，而且是將權力交給政府立法、行政和司法三個不同的部門，三權互相制衡，以防止任何一個部門權力過大，防止篡奪，形成一個權力制約權力的政府，核心思想是對政府權力的分立和制衡，防止政府侵犯每一個普通公民的權利。

We’re good people. 

This is the United States of America. 

And there’s never been anything…never been anything we』ve been not able to do when we』ve done it together.

Folks, in the last days of the campaign, I』ve begun thinking about a hymn that means a lot to me and my family, particularly my deceased son Beau. It captures the faith that sustains me and which I believe sustains America.

And I hope – and I hope it can provide some comfort and solace to the 230,000 Americans who』ve lost a loved one to this terrible virus this year. My heart goes out to each and every one of you. Hopefully, this hymn gives you solace as well. And it goes like this: 

「And He will raise you up on eagle’s wings, 

Bear you on the breath of dawn, 

And make you just shine like the sun, 

And hold you in the palm of His Hand.」 

And now, together – on eagle’s wings – we embark on the work that God and history have called upon us to do.

With full hearts and steady hands, with faith in America and in each other, with a love of country, a thirst for justice, let us be the nation that we know we can be. 

美國具體的三權分立制度是將立法權、行政權、司法權分別隸屬於國會、總統和聯邦法院三個獨立部門。國會分為參眾兩院，負責立法,由選民直接選舉產生，只對選民負責，不受行政機關的幹預，總統無權解散國會，不能決定議員的工資待遇。

國會（立法機構）可以制定和通過法律，但是總統（行政機構的代表）有權否決之。而國會如果超過三分之二的人同意，則可進一步否決總統的否決權。

總統掌握行政權，組織政府，由各州選民選出的選舉人選票產生，也是對選民負責。

最高法院有權解釋美國憲法和法律，宣布美國國會的立法是否違憲，最高法院同時還可以判定美國總統的行為是否違憲，最高法院大法官在總統因彈劾案受審時擔任庭審。

在美國民選代議制政府的基礎上，依靠分權和制衡，使任何一個利益集團和派別都無法佔據絕對優勢的地位，從而達到利益相對平衡和杜絕專制暴政的目的。

A nation united. 

A nation strengthened. 

A nation healed. 

The United States of America.

Ladies and gentlemen, there’s never, never been anything we』ve tried we』ve not been able to do.

So remember: as my grandpa…grandpappy said when I walked out of his home, when I was a kid up in Scranton, said: 「Joey, keep the faith.」 And our grandmother, when she was alive, she yelled: 「No, Joey, spread it.」 

Spread the faith.

God love you all. May God bless America, and may God protect our troops.

Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

三權分立制度使得美國自身具備了對國家政策錯誤的極強的免疫力和糾錯力，政府行政機構、總統沒有絕對的權力，會受到立法機構議會和司法機構最高法院的鉗制，政策制定必須說服國會，不容易受到個人或個別團體的利益的影響；任何錯誤的政策很難被通過，或者被長期執行，即使有，國會或新當選的總統將會得到及時撤銷或予以修改糾正。

It was not the campaign anyone predicted. It took place amidst a once-in-a-century pandemic and unprecedented social unrest. He was running against an unconventional, precedent-defying incumbent. But in his third try for the presidency, Biden and his team found a way to navigate the political obstacles and claim a victory that, while narrow in the electoral college tally, is projected to surpass Trump's overall national total by millions of votes.

These are the five reasons the son of a car salesman from Delaware finally won the presidency.

經濟制度，美國尊重市場和競爭。

Perhaps the biggest reason Biden won the presidency was something entirely out of his control.The coronavirus pandemic, as well as claiming more than 230,000 lives, also transformed American life and politics in 2020. And in the final days of the general election campaign, Donald Trump himself seemed to acknowledge this.

"With the fake news, everything is Covid, Covid, Covid, Covid," the president said at a rally last week in Wisconsin, where cases have spiked in recent days.

A poll last month by Pew Research, suggested Biden held a 17 percentage point lead over Trump when it came to confidence about their handling of the Covid outbreak.

競爭是市場經濟必然產生的現象，競爭迫使企業提高產品和服務質量、促進科技創新、降低成本、從而提高整個國家經濟運行效率。保護競爭，反對不正當競爭，是發展經濟的必然要求。在美國，競爭被認為是合情合理、正大光明的活動，是事物發展的一般規律。是一種普遍被社會接受的價值觀。

雖然競爭並不是美國所獨有，但美國的競爭確有不同之處。這不僅在於競爭在美國已經成為人們普遍的接受和高度適應，更重要的還在於，美國社會在文化上和法律制度上為競爭提供了有利的環境，並從總體上給予了公平競爭和有效競爭的保障。

Over the course of his political career, Biden established a well-earned reputation for talking himself into trouble. His propensity for gaffes derailed his first presidential campaign in 1987, and helped ensure that he never had much of a shot when he ran again in 2007.

But at least some credit should be given to a concerted strategy by the Biden campaign to limit their candidate's exposure, keeping a measured pace in the campaign, and minimising the chances that fatigue or carelessness could create problems.

Perhaps in a normal election, when most Americans weren't worried about limiting their own exposure to a virus, this strategy would have backfired. Maybe then Trump's derisive "hidin' Biden" jabs would have taken their toll.

The campaign sought to stay out of the way and let Trump be the one whose mouth betrayed him - and, in the end, it paid off.

美國反不正當競爭的法律由1890年以來通過、制定和實施的一系列法規及其修正案組成，統稱為反託拉斯法。構成反託拉斯法核心的基本法規有三個，即《1890年謝爾曼反託拉斯法》、《1914年克萊頓法》和《1914年聯邦貿易委員會法》。除此以外，反託拉斯法還包括歷年來對上述法規進行修改和補充的一些重要法規。主要是：《1918年維伯---波密倫出口貿易法》、《1933年惠勒---利法》、《1950年賽東---克富維法》，以及聯邦貿易委員會頒布的其他各種貿易法規。上述法規在性質上基本屬於「禁止型」立法，即原則上將壟斷和不正當競爭行為看成違法而加以禁止。

The week before election day, the Biden campaign unveiled its final television adverts with a message that was remarkably similar to the one offered in his campaign kickoff last year, and his nomination acceptance speech in August.

The election was a "battle for the soul of America", he said, and a chance for the national to put what he characterised as the divisiveness and chaos of the past four years behind it.

Beneath that slogan, however, was a simple calculation. Biden bet his political fortunes on the contention that Trump was too polarising and too inflammatory, and what the American people wanted was calmer, steadier leadership.

"I'm just exhausted by Trump's attitude as a person," says Thierry Adams, a native of France who after 18 years living in Florida cast his first vote in a presidential election in Miami last week.

Democrats succeeded in making this election a referendum on Trump, not a binary choice between the two candidates.

Biden's winning message was simply that he was "not Trump". A common refrain from Democrats was that a Biden victory meant Americas could go for weeks without thinking about politics. It was meant as a joke, but it contained a kernel of truth.

自由競爭的市場，消費者的受益是最大的，無論是通過直接的市場價格的下降，還是間接的促進合理競爭、提高生產效率、降低成本都將有利於整個社會。因此美國對市場和競爭高度尊重，也就極大地促進了社會生產力的發展。

 

During the campaign to be the Democratic candidate, Biden's competition came from his left, with Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren who ran well-financed and organised campaigns that generated rock-concert sized crowds.

Despite this pressure from his liberal flank, Biden stuck with a centrist strategy, refusing to back universal government-run healthcare, free college education, or a wealth tax. This allowed him maximise his appeal to moderates and disaffected Republicans during the general election campaign.

This strategy was reflected in Biden's choice of Kamala Harris as his running mate when he could have opted for someone with stronger support from the party's left wing.

勞資關係，美國沒有煽動勞資矛盾，鼓勵勤勞和高效。

Earlier this year, Biden's campaign coffers were running on empty. He entered the general election campaign at a decided disadvantage to Trump, who had spent virtually his entire presidency amassing a campaign war chest that approached a billion dollars.

From April onward, however, the Biden campaign transformed itself into a fundraising juggernaut, and - in part because of profligacy on the part of the Trump campaign - ended up in a much stronger financial position than his opponent. At the beginning of October, the Biden campaign had $144m more cash on hand than the Trump operation, allowing it to bury the Republicans in a torrent of television advertising in almost every key battleground state.

美國是完全的市場經濟國家，市場是無情而殘酷的，正因為企業要應付越來越激烈的市場競爭，這就要求他對各種供應商、員工都提出了更高的要求，而美國的早期法律制度沒有對僱員過於袒護，導致美國人民比其他資本主義國家的人民更勤勞和積極進取，美國生產關係、勞資關係極大地發揮了僱主和僱員個人的生產力和創造力，尤其是僱員的生產力和創造力。

美國政府沒有對企業懷有敵視的態度或把企業視為唐僧肉，企業稅負社保相對比較低。

Money isn't everything, of course. Four years ago, the Clinton campaign had a sizeable monetary lead over Trump's shoestring operation.

But in 2020, when in-person campaigning was curtailed by coronavirus and Americans across the country spent considerably more time consuming media in their homes, Biden's cash advantage let him reach voters and push his message out until the very end. It allowed him to expand the electoral map, putting money into what once seemed to be longshot states like Texas, Georgia, Ohio and Iowa. Most of those bets didn't pay off, but he put Trump on the defence, flipping what was once reliably conservative Arizona and staying highly competitive in Georgia.

Money gives a campaign options and initiative - and Biden put his advantage to good use.

市場規模，美國擁有巨大的國內市場，國民經濟產業齊全。

Biden was projected as the winner of the presidential election after days of vote-counting, securing more than 75 million votes, just over 50% of the national popular vote. As of Saturday evening, he is projected to get at least 290 electoral votes with a handful more on the table. 

Biden's claim of victory, however, is not uncontested. In one tweet Saturday, despite the vote totals favoring Biden, Trump said "I WON THIS ELECTION, BY A LOT!"

Biden called the celebrations that broke out across the country Saturday "an outpouring of joy, hope, renewed faith that tomorrow will bring a better day."

"I pledge to be a president who seeks not to divide but unify. Who doesn't see red states and blue states, only sees the United States."

To Trump supporters, he said: "I understand the disappointment tonight. But now let's give each other a chance. It's time to put away the harsh rhetoric, lower the temperature... To make progress we have to stop treating our opponents as our enemies. They are not our enemies, they are Americans."

The president-elect also said he wants the parties to begin "to cooperate with one another," calling polarization between the parties "a choice."

"If we can decide not to cooperate, then we can decide to cooperate," Biden said, claiming cooperation as part of the "mandate" from his election. "They want us to cooperate in their interest, and that's the choice I'll make."

美國領土面積937萬平方公裡，人口3.257億（2017年），而且每年不斷有新的移民湧入，因此擁有巨大的國內市場。美國傳統的工農業都高度發達，同時以商業、物流、通信、金融、文化、教育、信息技術、服務為主的第三產業也一樣高度發達。國家強大必須軍事強大，經濟發達才能提供雄厚的物質基礎，才能做到軍事強大。

第一次世界大戰中，美國大量出售軍火物資，並最後參戰遠徵歐洲，奠定了一戰協約國勝利的堅實基礎。

第二次世界大戰中，美國強大的工業為打敗軸心國作出了巨大的貢獻。戰後各列強元氣大傷，美國經濟軍事力量則繼續保持強勁的增長，2000年，美國GDP的規模幾乎相當於緊隨其後的日本、德國、法國三國GDP的總和，相當於中國GDP的8倍，俄羅斯GDP的20倍。2018年7月世界銀行（World Bank）公布了2017年全球及世界各國的GDP（國內生產總值）。

按照世界銀行公布的版本，全球GDP為80.684萬億美元。美國仍然是全球第一，去年約為19.39萬元美元，全球佔比約為24.032%。美國成為人類歷史上第一個也是目前為止唯一的世界超級大國。

Also part of Biden's mandate, he said, is to address the coronavirus crisis, an issue that defined the presidential campaign and which many say potentially led to his victory.

"Our work begins with getting COVID under control," Biden said, noting his plan to announce a panel of coronavirus advisers for his transition team. He added that Americans will not be able to experience "all the moments that matter most to us until we get it under control."

Projections showed Biden winning in Pennsylvania and Nevada, which put him over the 270 electoral votes required to win the presidency. 

Biden is the oldest person ever elected to the presidency. Harris is the first woman elected to the vice-presidency. 

Ahead of Biden's speech, music was playing and supporters were dancing at the event. The campaign passed out glow sticks and American flags to supporters. There are some 400 cars at the event, most of which are adorned with Biden-Harris signs. Supporters loudly honked their horns as Harris took the stage. 

政府經濟職能，美國顯示出靈活性和調控性。

"When our very democracy was on the ballot this election, with the very soul of America at stake," Harris told supporters. "You ushered in a new day for America."

"For four years you marched and organized for equality and justice. And then you voted. And you delivered a clear message. You chose hope and unity, decency, science and yes, truth."Harris also addressed the history of the moment, as she is set to break one of the highest glass ceilings in American society. 

"While I may be the first woman in this office, I will not be the last," she said. "Because every little girl watching tonight sees that this is a country of possibilities."

Regarding Harris, Biden lauded that she is the "first daughter of immigrants ever elected in this country. Don't tell me it's not possible in the United States." 

Biden's unifying tone follows a contentious campaign, one during which Trump consistently hammered him with personal attacks."America, I’m honored that you have chosen me to lead our great country," Biden said in a Saturday tweet. "The work ahead of us will be hard, but I promise you this: I will be a president for all Americans — whether you voted for me or not. I will keep the faith that you have placed in me."

經濟職能是指政府為國家經濟的發展，對社會經濟生活進行管理的職能。主要有經濟立法、經濟調控計劃、公共服務、市場監管等。美國政府的經濟管控政策也是在歷史長期的發展中逐步成熟的。

美國自由主義市場經濟和國家調控的經濟思想交相輝映，互為補充，因而美國經濟比歐洲國家、蘇聯東歐社會主義國家增長更強勁，更能克服經濟危機和解決各種矛盾。

Biden will enter office on Jan. 20 at the head of a divided nation, after a year that included an impeachment trial for Trump, a pandemic that has killed over 200,000 people, race-related protests and riots and more. He will also helm a Democratic Party in which many are calling for radical change and an  progressive agenda. 

But Biden has been resistant to that, remaining steadfast in his opposition to things like banning fracking or eliminating private health insurance. 

The Biden event Saturday night was drive-in style, like many of his campaign events have been. It comes after a day of general silence from the president, outside of a handful of tweets. 

經濟立法幹預

1929—1933年資本主義世界經濟危機，羅斯福1933年3月就任總統後推行新政，他反對自由放任，主張加強國家對經濟幹預和指導，提供失業救濟和增加就業崗位。1933年3月9日至6月16日，美國國會應羅斯福總統之請召開特別會議。羅斯福先後提出各種諮文，督促和指導國會的立法工作。國會則迅速通過《緊急銀行法》、《聯邦緊急救濟法》、《農業調整法》、《國家工業復興法》、《田納西河流域管理法》等。

從大蕭條以後，美國政府開始對經濟進行全面的宏觀調控。工業、農業、金融業也完全納入政府的調控之中。美國不再是市場供求決定價格和資源分配，而是靠政府管制和指導。美國政府的支出佔GDP的比重從19世紀的2-5%，在羅斯福新政後達到20-25%。當然政府管制和指導時間不易過長，主要還是要靠市場自身的自動修復能力，但政府干預畢竟穩定了人民的信心，也穩定了美國的經濟，這個就是政府調控的最大貢獻。

Trump has not yet conceded the race and is planning to pursue recounts and legal challenges in multiple states."We all know why Joe Biden is rushing to falsely pose as the winner, and why his media allies are trying so hard to help him: they don’t want the truth to be exposed," a statement from Trump Saturday read. "Beginning Monday, our campaign will start prosecuting our case in court to ensure election laws are fully upheld and the rightful winner is seated. The American People are entitled to an honest election: that means counting all legal ballots, and not counting any illegal ballots."

But those challenges are extremely unlikely to lead to a positive electoral result for the president. 

直接制定產業計劃幹預經濟有序快速健康發展

柯林頓政府：信息高速公路計劃。

1992年，柯林頓在其競選文件《復興美國的設想》中強調指出：「50年代在全美建立的高速公路網，使美國在以後的20年取得了前所未有的發展。為了使美國再度繁榮，就要建設21世紀的『道路』，它將使美國人得到就業機會，將使美國經濟高速增長。」

 歐巴馬政府：先進位造業計劃。

為重振製造業，美國政府出臺了一系列政策措施，通過財政支持、引導投資、稅收減免、提高勞動者素質等方式，大力支持製造業尤其是先進位造業的發展。

Even if some misconduct or fraud is found, and some votes are changed or thrown out, it appears impossible that any such challenges could close the gaps between Biden and Trump in those states, based on the history of past recounts and legal challenges. Those efforts would also need to succeed in multiple states, in contrast to Al Gore's 2000 challenge which was only in Florida. 

美國財政政策

美國主要運用稅收手段進行調節，嚴格依法管理財政預算。政府對發行國債持審慎態度。財政政策長期發揮作用。面向全球發行國債，靠外國資本實現財政收支平衡和維持美元的世界霸主地位。縱觀美國財政政策歷史，20世紀30年代的經濟大蕭條是一個分水嶺，在此之前，美國奉行自由放任的市場經濟，主張預算平衡；而在此之後，政府財政政策開始逐漸成為重要的宏觀調控手段，發揮刺激經濟、調節需求等重要作用。

美國貨幣政策

美國的貨幣政策的制定和執行職責由美國聯邦儲備委員會承擔。貨幣政策是美國調控國民經濟和社會發展的主要宏觀政策工具，服務於本國經濟。在貨幣政策執行過程中，美聯儲積極運用有關金融工具以儘量減少利率和貨幣信貸量的變化，努力達到兼顧 「充分就業、市值穩定」的兩大目標的目的。

Harris, who will become the first female vice president and first person of color to serve as vice president, tweeted 「We did it.」 The senator from California’s tweet included a short video of her on a phone call congratulating Biden.

On Friday, the former vice president touted the record-breaking 74 million votes for the Democratic ticket and emphasized that "the people spoke loudly for our ticket."

Biden highlighted that a "record number of Americans of all races, faiths, religions, chose change over more of the same. They』ve given us a mandate for action on COVID, the economy, climate change, systemic racism. They』ve made it clear they want the country to come together."

But many Republicans question the strength of Biden's mandate.

多種族、民族，各民族的融合，海納百川。

"The core values of this nation, our standing in the world, our very democracy, everything that has made America America is at stake,」 Biden said as he announced his candidacy for president in April of last year, ending months of intrigue and media speculation.

Biden entered a record-setting, jam-packed field of contenders for the nomination and repeatedly took attacks from his more progressive rivals over his stance on the issues and his record during his four-plus decades as a senator from Delaware and vice president in the Obama administration. During summer and fall 2019, Biden was in the line of fire as the front-runner in the race.

美洲大陸被發現後，各國移民大量湧入，長期以來對美國勞動力市場的多元化做出了顯著的貢獻。移民帶來了更多的生產工具和生產方式，以及各種思想。在200多年的歷史中各民族相互融合，相互學習借鑑，美國民族逐步融合成世界上最勤勞、最高效、最民主的民族。

Biden, who had struggled with fundraising since his campaign launch, saw his standing in the polls deteriorate at the end of last year and early this year, as progressive champion Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont, soared. The former vice president appeared on the ropes in February, after disappointing showings in the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary, the first two contests in the presidential nomination calendar.But a landslide victory in the South Carolina primary on the last day of February, followed by sweeping victories three days later in the coast-to-coast Super Tuesday contests, vaulted Biden back to front-runner status.

物理學家愛因斯坦、美國電話電報公司（AT&T）創辦人、電話發明者亞歷山大•貝爾、「鋼鐵大王」安德魯•卡內基、蘋果公司創始人的賈伯斯、谷歌公司（Google）創辦人之一謝爾蓋•布林都是移民、雅虎公司（Yahoo）創始人楊致遠，都對美國作出了巨大的貢獻。

在美國科學研究領域，許多移民做出了重大貢獻，分別獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎、物理學獎、化學獎和經濟學獎。自1901年至2016年，各國共有911人和組織獲得諾獎，美國獲獎者有350個，其中100多人是美國移民，沒有出生在美國。

Most of his rivals quickly dropped out of the race as moderates and establishment Democrats rallied around Biden. After a continued streak of primary victories in March and early April, Sanders – Biden’s last rival for the nomination – ended his bid and endorsed his rival.

Biden entered a general election contest against Trump badly behind the GOP incumbent in the crucial fundraising and campaign organization metrics. At the same time, the White House race instantly was upended as the pandemic swept the nation, forcing millions to self-isolate and shuttering major parts of the economy, triggering the worst recession since the Great Depression eight decades ago.

 

地理，美國幅員遼闊、資源豐富，遠離歐亞大陸避免周邊威脅。

As Biden was working to unite the Democrats following a bruising primary, the general showdown between him and Trump instantly became a referendum on the president’s handling of the pandemic and the economy, giving Biden a race he could win.

Biden spent the remainder of the spring, summer and fall continuously pillorying the president’s efforts to combat the coronavirus and revive the economy, and spelling out his proposals.

The president had been raising money for his reelection ever since he took over the White House in January 2017, and he enjoyed a massive early fundraising advantage. As Trump started airing ads on TV in the key battlegrounds, Biden remained dark. The Democrat didn’t make his first major ad buy on television until the middle of June.

But thanks in part to a surge in fundraising in late spring through summer, including record-shattering campaign cash hauls in August and September, Biden dramatically outraised the president as the general election heated up -- and he outspent Trump on TV ads the past three months. In the digital ad wars, Biden also enjoyed a slight spending advantage.Biden held his own in both presidential debates – disproving the repeated attacks by Trump and his campaign questioning the 77-year old nominee’s mental acuity. And, Trump’s brief hospitalization after contracting COVID-19, as well an autumn surge in the coronavirus in key states across the country, kept the campaign’s spotlight firmly on an issue that did no favors for the president’s reelection chances.  

The final stretch of the campaign saw Biden playing offense and the president on defense – with most of the campaign stops in states Trump narrowly captured in 2016.

Biden’s closing themes were the same as those he used when he announced his candidacy.

美國特有的地理優勢，有兩大優勢

適於吸收大量移民，美國獨立後，國土從大西洋沿岸推進到太平洋沿岸，而美國處於的位置正好是北美的溫帶地區，是最適合人類居住的環境，農業、畜牧業發展可以為大量人口的提供食物。

所以美國人口可以增加到3.25億與這個環境密切相關，更高維度氣候寒冷、領土面積比美國大的加拿大就沒有這種人口承載能力。

美國自然資源豐富，資源品類齊全，煤、石油、天然氣、鐵礦石、鉀鹽、磷酸鹽、硫磺等礦物儲量均居世界前列。人口的增加和自然資源豐富使得美國經濟得以大規模迅猛發展。

"The heart and soul of this country’s at stake,」 Biden told Florida voters during a stop in Broward County last week as he promised to bring compassion and empathy back to the White House.

And, Biden continued to emphasize his goal to unite the nation, repeatedly stressing that 「I’m running as a proud Democrat but I』ll govern as an American president to unite and to heal. I』ll work as hard for those who didn’t support me as those who do. That’s the job of the president: a duty of caring, caring for everyone.」

Taking aim at the president’s war of words with many of the nation’s leading public health officials, Biden highlighted that 「we choose hope over fear, we choose unity over division, and we choose science over fiction, and yes, we choose truth over lies.」

因為獨處北美大陸，除了建國初期的英國，沒有任何國家能威脅美國的安全，所以美國的國家安全情況要比傳統的歐亞強國要好的多。

因為缺少軍事威脅，美國可以避免戰爭的危險，在美國未強大之前，可以不需要保持高額軍費來維持龐大軍隊，集中精力發展經濟，長期的和平也吸引了更多移民和資金。

歐洲各列強長期經常處於軍事對峙或戰爭狀態，英、法、德、意、俄（前蘇聯）爆發了多次戰爭乃至兩次世界大戰，每次戰爭都付出巨大的人員傷亡和財富損失。

蘇聯二戰共有2680萬人死亡，德國二戰死亡約800萬人，英國死亡40萬人，法國死亡30人，法國、德國、義大利全境和蘇聯西部淪為戰場，英國東半部受到空襲，這對這些國家經濟都產生毀滅性影響。

二戰中美國本土基本沒有受到戰爭破壞，龐大的工業成為了民主國家的兵工廠，同時美國二戰投入1400萬兵力，在大西洋、太平洋同時作戰，貢獻巨大但損失較小，僅損失38萬軍人，戰爭對美國影響非常有限，反而激發起了強大的生產能力，因此更加突顯美國的強大。

 

Biden now has two and a half months to assemble a cabinet and top officials who instantly will have to cope with the biggest challenges ever faced by an incoming president and administration – from the worst pandemic to strike the world in a century, and the worst economic recession to grip the nation since The Great Depression eight decades ago.Biden will be squeezed from both sides – by reeling Republicans who may look to run the same playbook that stymied President Obama and Biden as they took over in the White House in 2009. But, he』ll also face pressure from his left flank.

The left will be looking for top progressives to land leading roles in Biden’s administration, and will be pushing hard to implement their agenda on the economy, social justice, civil rights and judicial reform, and on combating climate change.

美國精神

Firebrand lawmakers on the left – such as Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York – kept the peace during the general election, but with the Democrats』 common foe now defeated – infighting may soon commence, with the left scrutinizing every move by a politician firmly planted in the center-left of the party.

Also hovering over Biden: questions over his durability and whether he』ll run for re-election in four years. The last thing the president-elect needs at the onset of his tenure in the White House is to be collared with lame-duck status.

Biden hasn’t ruled out seeking a second term. Asked in August if he was open to running for re-election, he said 「absolutely,」 in an interview with ABC News.

當大多數把目光聚焦在下一任美國總統拜登的身上時，美國媒體並沒有冷落他的搭檔。

憑此一役，卡瑪拉·哈裡斯創造了多項歷史：她將成為首位非裔、首位亞裔也是第一位女性美國副總統。多元身份成為了解讀卡瑪拉·哈裡斯的首要標籤，同時也給她的競選之路帶來了不少麻煩。

Biden ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination, formally declaring his candidacy at the Wilmington train station on June 9, 1987. He was attempting to become the youngest president since John F. Kennedy. When the campaign began, Biden was considered a potentially strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability on the stump, his appeal to Baby Boomers, his high profile position as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his fundraising appeal. He raised $1.7 million in the first quarter of 1987, more than any other candidate.

今年55歲的哈裡斯出生於加州，她的父母分別是印度移民和牙買加移民。從黑人大學霍華德大學和加州大學黑斯廷斯法學院畢業之後，哈裡斯曾在舊金山地區長期從事地方檢察官工作，2010年當選加州州檢察長，2016年當選加州聯邦參議員。

為了獲得加州華人社區的認同，她還給自己取了個中文名「賀錦麗」。歐巴馬在任總統期間曾稱她為「加州最美女檢察長」，卻被平權運動人士指責為不尊重女性，一度引發不小的輿論爭議。

By August 1987, Biden's campaign, whose messaging was confused due to staff rivalries, had begun to lag behind those of Michael Dukakis and Dick Gephardt, although he had still raised more funds than all candidates but Dukakis, and was seeing an upturn in Iowa polls. In September 1987, the campaign ran into trouble when he was accused of plagiarizing a speech that had been made earlier that year by Neil Kinnock, leader of the British Labour Party. Kinnock's speech included the lines:

"Why am I the first Kinnock in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? [Then pointing to his wife in the audience] Why is Glenys the first woman in her family in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? Was it because all our predecessors were thick?"

2016年希拉蕊代表民主黨競選總統之後，美國會不會迎來第一位女總統很長時間是2020大選的熱門話題。2018年，被外界標榜為「女版歐巴馬」的哈裡斯與伊莉莎白·沃倫等人一同成為了角逐民主黨總統候選人的六位女性之一。在競選黨內候選人期間，哈裡斯還與她未來的搭檔拜登就公立學校的強制校車接送問題展開過激烈的辯論。哈裡斯在民主黨內的支持率一度排名前幾位，最後因為資金不足在去年12月宣布退選。

2020年8月拜登在選擇他的競選搭檔時，哈裡斯的多元身份為她帶來了很多加分。尤其在「黑人的命很重要」（Black Lives Matter）運動爆發以後，民主黨迫切需要一位能夠代表黑人與少數族裔的副總統候選人。在共和黨不斷就拜登年事已高大做文章之時，55歲的哈裡斯有效平衡了年齡上的差異。更關鍵的是，相比於其他女性候選人，對方陣營在哈裡斯身上找不到太多的政治把柄，這也就成為了選前民調領先的拜登「最安全」的選擇。

While Biden's speech included the lines:

"I started thinking as I was coming over here, why is it that Joe Biden is the first in his family ever to go to a university? [Then pointing to his wife in the audience] Why is it that my wife who is sitting out there in the audience is the first in her family to ever go to college? Is it because our fathers and mothers were not bright? Is it because I'm the first Biden in a thousand generations to get a college and a graduate degree that I was smarter than the rest?"

Biden had in fact cited Kinnock as the source for the formulation on previous occasions. But he made no reference to the original source at the August 23 Democratic debate at the Iowa State Fair being reported on, nor in an August 26 interview for the National Education Association. Moreover, while political speeches often appropriate ideas and language from each other, Biden's use came under more scrutiny because he fabricated aspects of his own family's background in order to match Kinnock's. Biden was soon found to have earlier that year lifted passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which Biden aides took the blame) and a short phrase from the 1961 inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, and in two prior years to have done the same with a 1976 passage from Hubert H. Humphrey.

多元身份讓哈裡斯脫穎而出，但也沒給她帶來不必要的麻煩。《時代》雜誌記者記錄了被提名民主黨副總統候選人的當天，哈裡斯在「維基百科」網站上遭遇了身份認同大戰。「她的父親是牙買加裔，母親是印度裔，跟非裔美國人有半點關係嗎？」因為維基百科向公眾開放了詞條的編輯權，大批網友在哈裡斯的詞條下修訂和留言。僅僅24小時內，哈裡斯的人物詞條就被修改了295次，同時附帶了19000字的文字辯論。

除了有色人種的身份，哈裡斯也將成為美國首位女副總統。在哈裡斯之前，民主黨眾議員拉爾丁·費拉羅曾在1984年成為美國第一位女性副總統候選人。2008年，阿拉斯加州前州長薩拉·佩林曾搭檔共和黨人麥凱恩一起參與總統大選。希拉蕊·柯林頓在2016年成為首位獲得主要政黨總統提名的女性。

A few days later, Biden's plagiarism incident in law school came to public light. Video was also released showing that when earlier questioned by a New Hampshire resident about his grades in law school, Biden had stated that he had graduated in the "top half" of his class, that he had attended law school on a full scholarship, and that he had received three degrees in college, each of which was untrue or exaggerations of his actual record.

The Kinnock and school revelations were magnified by the limited amount of other news about the nomination race at the time, when most of the public were not yet paying attention to any of the campaigns; Biden thus fell into what The Washington Post writer Paul Taylor described as that year's trend, a "trial by media ordeal". Biden lacked a strong demographic or political group of support to help him survive the crisis. He withdrew from the nomination race on September 23, 1987, saying his candidacy had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.

也正因如此，有色人種和女性的身份結合才讓哈裡斯的當選顯得更具裡程碑意義。Anna Kambhampaty和Cady Lang就此回顧了美國平權運動的歷史。儘管1920年美國憲法修正案規定女性擁有選舉權，但實際的社會壓迫剝奪了黑人和亞裔女性投票的權利。直到1965年，美國女性有色人種的政治權利才逐漸得到保障。又過了55年，美國才迎來第一位有色人種女性來擔任副總統。

After Biden withdrew from the race, it was revealed that the Dukakis campaign had secretly made a video highlighting the Biden–Kinnock comparison and distributed it to news outlets. Later in 1987, the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility cleared Biden of the law school plagiarism charges regarding his standing as a lawyer, saying Biden had "not violated any rules".

In February 1988, after suffering from several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by long-distance ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center and given lifesaving surgery to correct an intracranial berry aneurysm that had begun leaking; the situation was serious enough that a priest had administered last rites at the hospital. While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, which represented a major complication. Another operation to repair a second aneurysm, which had caused no symptoms but was also at risk from bursting, was performed in May 1988. The hospitalization and recovery kept Biden from his duties in the U.S. Senate for seven months. Biden has had no recurrences or effects from the aneurysms since then. In retrospect, Biden's family came to believe that the early end to his presidential campaign had been a blessing in disguise, for had he still been campaigning in the midst of the primaries in early 1988, he might well have not have stopped to seek medical attention and the condition might have become unsurvivable.

「女性總是受到更多的社會規訓」，《大西洋月刊》認為哈裡斯的遭遇會讓難以計數的女性感同身受，「如果哈裡斯一樣，我們（女性）已經習慣於因直言不諱受到批評，因為有野心和抱負而被視作威脅」，而哈裡斯的成功將成為打破這些禁忌的第一步。

Biden was a long-time member of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 until 1995 and he served as ranking minority member on it from 1981 until 1987 and again from 1995 until 1997.

While chairman, Biden presided over the two most contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings in history, those for Robert Bork in 1987 and Clarence Thomas in 1991. In the Bork hearings, Biden stated his opposition to Bork soon after the nomination, reversing an approval in an interview of a hypothetical Bork nomination he had made the previous year and angering conservatives who thought he could not conduct the hearings dispassionately. At the close, Biden won praise for conducting the proceedings fairly and with good humor and courage, as his 1988 presidential campaign collapsed in the middle of the hearings. Rejecting some of the less intellectually honest arguments that other Bork opponents were making, Biden framed his discussion around the belief that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy that extend beyond those explicitly enumerated in the text, and that Bork's strong originalism was ideologically incompatible with that view. Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote, and then rejected in the full Senate by a 58–42 margin.

背後故事

賀錦麗的父親來自牙買加，母親來自印度。之所以有一個中文名字，還要從她的職業經歷說起。

法學博士畢業的她，在縣檢察官辦公室做基層，之後調任舊金山檢察官辦公室。 

當時，舊金山是美國華人最大聚集地之一，華人總數量僅次於紐約。

為了爭取華裔的選票，哈裡斯在朋友的幫助下，取了賀錦麗這個名字。

之後，只要哈裡斯到華人社區競選拉票，必定以她的中文名字介紹自己：「我是賀錦麗。」 

這一舉動，使得哈裡斯成為非華裔候選人使用官方中文名字的第一人。

實際上，哈裡斯作為印度和牙買加混血兒，曾經取得很多個第一：

加州第一個當選為地方檢察官的黑人女性

加州第一個成為加州司法部長的女性

加州第一個印度裔參議員

美國史上第二位女參議員

美國史上首位南亞裔女參議員

現在，她又是第一位成為副總統的黑人女性、亞裔美國人。 

哈裡斯並不是含著金湯勺長大的姑娘，她在單親家庭中長大，母親的教育對她產生了深遠的影響。

哈裡斯曾經這麼說：「母親是我最喜歡的超級英雄，她是我的導師和嚮導，是我做一切的原因。」

In the Thomas hearings, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often long and convoluted, sometimes such that Thomas forgot the question being asked. Viewers of the high-profile hearings were often annoyed by Biden's style. Thomas later wrote that despite earlier private assurances from the senator, Biden's questions had been akin to a beanball. The nomination came out of the committee without a recommendation, with Biden opposed. In part due to his own bad experiences in 1987 with his presidential campaign, Biden was reluctant to let personal matters enter into the hearings. Biden initially shared with committee, but not the public, Anita Hill's sexual harassment charges, on the grounds she was not yet willing to testify. After she did, Biden did not permit other witnesses to testify further on her behalf, such as Angela Wright (who made a similar charge) and experts on harassment. Biden said he was striving to preserve Thomas's right to privacy and the decency of the hearings. The nomination was approved by a 52–48 vote in the full Senate, with Biden again opposed. During and afterwards, Biden was strongly criticized by liberal legal groups and women's groups for having mishandled the hearings and having not done enough to support Hill. Biden subsequently sought out women to serve on the Judiciary Committee and emphasized women's issues in the committee's legislative agenda.

新政拜登組

拜登組過渡團隊，川普蓬佩奧拒絕承認

Biden was involved in crafting many federal crime laws. He spearheaded the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, also known as the Biden Crime Law, which included the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, which expired in 2004 after its ten-year sunset period and was not renewed. It also included the landmark Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which contains a broad array of measures to combat domestic violence. In 2000, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Morrison that the section of VAWA allowing a federal civil remedy for victims of gender-motivated violence exceeded Congress's authority and therefore was unconstitutional. Congress reauthorized VAWA in 2000 and 2005. Biden has said, "I consider the Violence Against Women Act the single most significant legislation that I've crafted during my 35-year tenure in the Senate." In 2004 and 2005, Biden enlisted major American technology companies in diagnosing the problems of the Austin, Texas-based National Domestic Violence Hotline, and to donate equipment and expertise to it in a successful effort to improve its services.

雖然按照美國傳統，一旦美聯社根據計票統計宣布勝負，敗選一方就會立刻承認敗選，大方恭喜勝選總統（這一傳統已經堅持了170年）。2008年，敗給奧馬巴的共和黨人麥凱恩是這麼做的。麥凱恩的敗選演講，至今仍被認為是美國史上最經典的敗選演講之一：「今天，我是我所熱愛的這個國家的最高職位的一位候選人，但今夜，我卻將仍然是她的一位僕人。這是對所有人的祝福，我想信亞利桑那州的人民會同意這一點。今夜，在我的心中，我比以往任何一個夜晚都更加深愛這個國家，深愛這個國家的全體國民，無論他們是投票支持了我，還是他們支持了歐巴馬參議員。」

當然，2016年敗給川普的民主黨人希拉蕊也是這麼做的。但幾乎所有人都提前預料到了，川普不會這麼做。現在，川普仍然堅持認為選舉存在舞弊，在多州發起了訴訟，共和黨內大佬麥康奈爾也緊跟著川普的腳步，沒有承認敗選。

數日過去，甚至連多國政要都已經恭喜了拜登當選，例如和川普「稱兄道弟」的印度總理納倫德拉-莫迪、以色列總理本雅明-內塔尼亞胡、匈牙利總理維克託-歐爾班。而加拿大總理特魯多、英國首相鮑裡斯-詹森、法國總統馬克龍、德國總理默克爾、愛爾蘭總理米歇爾-馬丁這5位甚至已經直接和拜登通過電話。這比公開祝賀的共和黨參議員還多一位。報導顯示，截至周二，只有四名共和黨參議員對拜登的勝利表示祝賀。他們是麗莎-穆爾科斯基（阿拉斯加），米特-羅姆尼（猶他州），蘇珊-柯林斯（緬因州）和本-薩斯（內布拉斯）。

Biden was critical of the actions of Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, and said "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another Independent Counsel is granted the same powers. Biden voted to acquit on both charges during the impeachment of President Clinton.

As chairman of the International Narcotics Control Caucus, Biden wrote the laws that created the U.S. "Drug Czar", who oversees and coordinates national drug control policy. In April 2003, he introduced the controversial Reducing Americans' Vulnerability to Ecstasy Act, also known as the RAVE Act. He continued to work to stop the spread of "date rape drugs" such as flunitrazepam, and drugs such as Ecstasy and Ketamine. In 2004, he worked to pass a bill outlawing steroids like androstenedione, the drug used by many baseball players.

Biden's "Kids 2000" legislation established a public/private partnership to provide computer centers, teachers, Internet access, and technical training to young people, particularly to low-income and at-risk youth.

不過，對拜登一方而言，無論川普承認不承認敗選似乎都沒有關係。上周六，他和副總統哈裡斯都發表了勝選宣言。而本周，他已經開始提前上班，不僅公布了過渡網站，還直接開始組建過渡團隊。

在過渡網站上，拜登哈裡斯團隊公布了新一屆政府將要優先處理的四大問題：新冠病毒、經濟危機、種族衝突和氣候變化。每一項又公布了數十項的具體措施，涉及免費檢測、全國強制執行戴口罩、擴展新冠失業保險、禁止警察鎖喉等。

綜合媒體消息，拜登哈裡斯過渡團隊的人員名單也十分有看頭。據POLITICO報導，過渡團隊中將有一半成員是女性。另外，至少有40%成員是有色人種或LGBTQ人士。（不過，過渡團隊決絕單獨以有色人種或LGBTQ提供單獨統計數據。）美國廣播電臺的消息則顯示，多名歐巴馬時期的重要官員全都榜上有名。

Biden was also a long-time member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. In 1997, he became the ranking minority member and chaired the committee in January 2001 and from June 2001 through 2003. When Democrats re-took control of the Senate following the 2006 elections, Biden again assumed the top spot on the committee in 2007. Biden was generally a liberal internationalist in foreign policy. He collaborated effectively with important Republican Senate figures such as Richard Lugar and Jesse Helms and sometimes went against elements of his own party. Biden was also co-chair of the NATO Observer Group in the Senate. A partial list covering this time showed Biden meeting with some 150 leaders from nearly 60 countries and international organizations. Biden held frequent hearings as chair of the committee, as well as holding many subcommittee hearings during the three times he chaired the Subcommittee on European Affairs.

Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991. Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "lift and strike" policy of lifting the arms embargo, training Bosnian Muslims and supporting them with NATO air strikes, and investigating war crimes. Both the George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement. In April 1993, Biden spent a week in the Balkans and held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević. Biden related that he told Milošević, "I think you're a damn war criminal and you should be tried as one." Biden wrote an amendment in 1992 to compel the Bush administration to arm the Bosnians, but deferred in 1994 to a somewhat softer stance preferred by the Clinton administration, before signing on the following year to a stronger measure sponsored by Bob Dole and Joe Lieberman. The engagement led to a successful NATO peacekeeping effort. Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" that related to foreign policy. In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the NATO bombing campaign against Serbia and Montenegro, and co-sponsored with his friend John McCain the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on President Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milosevic over Serbian actions in Kosovo. In 1998, Congressional Quarterly named Biden one of "Twelve Who Made a Difference" for playing a lead role in several foreign policy matters, including NATO enlargement and the successful passage of bills to streamline foreign affairs agencies and punish religious persecution overseas.

據美國廣播電臺美東時間10日最新消息，過渡團隊成員將負責美國財政部、國防部、教育部及司法部等機構的交接工作。多元化的顧問委員會和來自白宮各部門的（前）領導及工作人員組成了500人的超龐大過渡團隊。這一團隊，目前正準備幫助當選總統拜登和副總統哈裡斯在上任第一天應對美國所面臨的緊迫挑戰，並負責確保川普政府與拜登-哈裡斯政府之間的權力移交成功，「團隊將承擔起領導國家復原、重建中產階級和經濟的責任。」

目前，聯邦機構政府服務管理局（GSA）延遲確認拜登在上周大選中獲勝。蓬佩奧在周二的簡報會上也拒絕承認拜登的過渡團隊。但據《華爾街日報》消息，拜登表示，川普(Donald Trump)拒絕承認敗選「令人尷尬」，但不會妨礙他為入主白宮所做的交接工作。

Biden had voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991, siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition. Biden was a strong supporter of the 2001 war in Afghanistan, saying "Whatever it takes, we should do it." Regarding Iraq, Biden stated in 2002 that Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security, and that there was no option but to eliminate that threat. In October 2002, Biden voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, justifying the Iraq War. While he soon became a critic of the war and viewed his vote as a "mistake", he did not push to require a U.S. withdrawal. He supported the appropriations to pay for the occupation, but argued repeatedly that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about the cost and length of the conflict.

過渡團隊都有誰？

By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted, and he opposed the troop surge of 2007, saying General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work. Biden was instead a leading advocate for dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states. In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq. Rather than continuing the present approach or withdrawing, the plan called for "a third way": federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis "breathing room" in their own regions. In September 2007, a non-binding resolution passed the Senate endorsing such a scheme. However, the idea was unfamiliar, had no political constituency, and failed to gain traction. Iraq's political leadership united in denouncing the resolution as a de facto partitioning of the country, and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad issued a statement distancing itself.

In March 2004, Biden secured the brief release of Libyan democracy activist and political prisoner Fathi Eljahmi, after meeting with leader Muammar Gaddafi in Tripoli. In May 2008, Biden sharply criticized President George W. Bush for his speech to Israel's Knesset in which he suggested that some Democrats were acting in the same way some Western leaders did when they appeased Hitler in the runup to World War II. Biden stated: "This is bullshit. This is malarkey. This is outrageous. Outrageous for the president of the United States to go to a foreign country, sit in the Knesset ... and make this kind of ridiculous statement." Biden later apologized for using the expletive. Biden further stated, "Since when does this administration think that if you sit down, you have to eliminate the word 'no' from your vocabulary?"

多名歐巴馬時期官員加入，或利好移民和留學

Biden was a familiar figure to his Delaware constituency, by virtue of his daily train commuting from there, and generally sought to attend to state needs. Biden was a strong supporter of increased Amtrak funding and rail security; he hosted barbecues and an annual Christmas dinner for the Amtrak crews, and they would sometimes hold the last train of the night a few minutes so he could catch it. He earned the nickname "Amtrak Joe" as a result (and in 2011, Amtrak's Wilmington Station was named the Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Railroad Station, in honor of the over 7,000 trips he made from there). He was an advocate for Delaware military installations, including Dover Air Force Base and New Castle Air National Guard Base.

In 1975, Biden broke from liberal orthodoxy when he took legislative action to limit desegregation busing. In doing so, he said busing was a "bankrupt idea [that violated] the cardinal rule of common sense," and that his opposition would make it easier for other liberals to follow suit. Three years later, Wilmington's federally mandated cross-district busing plan generated much turmoil, and in trying to legislate a compromise solution, Biden found himself alienating both black and white voters for a while.

在拜登團隊公布的500人過渡名單中，涉及到多名奧馬巴時期白宮成員。例如，美籍華人盧沛寧，他曾任美國勞工部副部長，在2009年至2013年擔任歐巴馬內閣的秘書長，預計將負責勞工部的交接。盧沛寧畢業於普林斯頓大學伍德羅·威爾遜學院並在哈佛法學院深造，是歐巴馬的同學。

美國第11任美國勞工部長塞斯·哈裡斯(Seth D. Harris）［盧沛寧前一任勞工部副部長］，和歐巴馬時期的平等就業機會委員會（EEOC）主席珍妮·楊（她於2012年至2017年擔任平等就業機會委員會的成員，並於2014年至2017年擔任該委員會的主席）也都在盧沛寧團隊中。

Beginning in 1991, Biden served as an adjunct professor at the Widener University School of Law, Delaware's only law school, teaching a seminar on constitutional law. The seminar was one of Widener's most popular, often with a waiting list for enrollment. Biden typically co-taught the course with another professor, taking on at least half the course minutes and sometimes flying back from overseas to make one of the classes.

前美國社會保障管理代理專員卡羅琳·科爾文將負責社會保障局團隊。

還有美國公民及移民服務局的前首席法律顧問尤爾·加杜（Ur Jaddou），她將負責國土安全部（DHS）的交接。過去4年，她曾多次為川普試圖廢除的「追夢人」（DACA）移民計劃辯護。如果她以後進入拜登正式團隊，相信對移民、留學均會是利好消息。

國防部的交接將由凱薩琳·希克斯負責，她在歐巴馬政府擔任過包括國防部副部長在內的多個職位。

負責五角大樓交接的團隊中也充滿了美國人熟悉的名字：沙龍·伯克（Sharon Burke），前國防部負責作戰能源的助理部長，前國防副部長（審計長）麥克·麥考德（Mike McCord），戰略和國際問題研究中心高級研究員，安德魯·亨（Andrew Hunter）。

Biden was a sponsor of bankruptcy legislation during the 2000s, which was sought by MBNA, one of Delaware's largest companies, and other credit card issuers. Biden allowed an amendment to the bill to increase the homestead exemption for homeowners declaring bankruptcy and fought for an amendment to forbid anti-abortion felons from using bankruptcy to discharge fines; the overall bill was vetoed by Bill Clinton in 2000 but then finally passed as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act in 2005, with Biden supporting it. The downstate Sussex County region is the nation's top chicken-producing area, and Biden held up trade agreements with Russia when that country stopped importing U.S. chickens.

In 2007, Biden requested and gained $67 million worth of projects for his constituents through congressional earmarks.

Biden sits on the board of advisors of the Close Up Foundation, which brings high school students to Washington for interaction with legislators on Capitol Hill.

吸納多名醫學專家，亞馬遜、戴爾等公司科技職工在列

拜登團隊的首要任務是控制美國仍在持續惡化的疫情。新冠疫情小組自然成為多方關注點。早在周一，過渡團隊便公布了新冠諮詢委員會名單，該名單由前美國食品和藥物管理局（FDA）局長大衛·凱斯勒（David Kessler）博士、前美國外科醫生莫西（Murthy博士）和耶魯大學研究員瑪塞拉·史密斯（Marcella Smith）博士共同領導，成員則包括13名公共衛生專家。

另外，多家媒體均指出，過渡團隊中還包括多名來自科技界的人士。包括亞馬遜國際稅務規劃主管Tom Sullivan、Airbnb合作與活動經理Clare Gallagher等。據推測，這可能是為了應對司法部對谷歌對反壟斷訴訟、FTC對Facebook的潛在訴訟等。

約翰·麥凱恩遺孀加入

Following his initial election in 1972, Biden was re-elected to six additional terms, in the elections of 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, usually getting about 60 percent of the vote. He did not face strong opposition; Pete du Pont, then governor, chose not to run against him in 1984. Biden spent 28 years as a junior senator due to the two-year seniority of his Republican colleague William V. Roth, Jr. After Roth was defeated for re-election by Tom Carper in 2000, Biden became Delaware's senior senator. He then became the longest-serving senator in Delaware history. In May 1999, Biden set the mark for youngest senator to cast 10,000 votes.

With a net worth between $59,000 and $366,000, and almost no outside income or investment income, Biden was consistently ranked as one of the least wealthy members of the Senate. Biden stated that he was listed as the second poorest member in Congress, a distinction that he was not proud of, but attributed to being elected early in his career. Biden realized early in his senatorial career how vulnerable poorer public officials are to offers of financial contributions in exchange for policy support, and he pushed campaign finance reform measures during his first term.

據每日郵報報導，已故共和黨參議員約翰·麥凱恩（John McCain）的遺孀辛迪·麥凱恩（Cindy McCain）於近日加入了即將上任的民主黨當選總統拜登的過渡團隊。

據《紐約郵報》報導，辛迪本身是一名商人和慈善家，她將為過渡團隊就婦女和兒童問題提供建議。她被納入過渡團隊標誌著希拉蕊和拜登之間聯盟的延續。在拜登與現任總統川普的競選中，她是最直言不諱支持拜登的共和黨人之一。

「我丈夫約翰生活的準則是：國家第一。是的，我們是共和黨人，但最重要的是我們是美國人。」今年9月，辛迪在推特上對拜登表示了支持:「在這場競選中，只有一位候選人堅持我們國家的價值觀，那就是拜登。」

During his years as a senator, Biden amassed a reputation for loquaciousness, with his questions and remarks during Senate hearings being especially known for being long-winded. He has been a strong speaker and debater and a frequent and effective guest on the Sunday morning talk shows. In public appearances, he is known to deviate from prepared remarks at will. According to political analyst Mark Halperin, he has shown "a persistent tendency to say silly, offensive, and off-putting things"; The New York Times writes that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything". Nor is Biden known for modesty; journalist James Traub has written that "Biden's vanity and his regard for his own gifts seem considerable even by the rarefied standards of the U.S. Senate."

Political writer Howard Fineman has said that, "Biden is not an academic, he's not a theoretical thinker, he's a great street pol. He comes from a long line of working people in Scranton—auto salesmen, car dealers, people who know how to make a sale. He has that great Irish gift." Political columnist David S. Broder has viewed Biden as having grown since he came to Washington and since his failed 1988 presidential bid: "He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much much better." Traub concludes that "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself."

四大新政方向解析

Biden ran for the Democratic nomination for president in 2008, and on the national ticket as eventual nominee Barack Obama's running-mate.

Biden had thought about running for president again ever since his failed 1988 bid.

Biden declared his candidacy for president on January 31, 2007, although he had discussed running for months prior, and first made a formal announcement to Tim Russert on Meet the Press on January 7, stating he would "be the best Biden I can be." In January 2006, Delaware newspaper columnist Harry F. Themal wrote that Biden "occupies the sensible center of the Democratic Party." Themal concludes that this is the position Biden desires, and that in a campaign "he plans to stress the dangers to the security of the average American, not just from the terrorist threat, but from the lack of health assistance, crime, and energy dependence on unstable parts of the world."

新冠病毒

During his campaign, Biden focused on the war in Iraq and his support for the implementation of the Biden-Gelb plan to achieve political success. He touted his record in the Senate as the head of major congressional committees and his experience on foreign policy. Despite speculation to the contrary, Biden rejected the notion of accepting the position of Secretary of State, focusing only on the presidency. At a 2007 campaign event, Biden said, "I know a lot of my opponents out there say I'd be a great Secretary of State. Seriously, every one of them. Do you watch any of the debates? 'Joe's right, Joe's right, Joe's right.'" Other candidates' comments that "Joe is right" in the Democratic debates were converted into a Biden campaign theme and ad. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama's, saying of the latter, "I think he can be ready, but right now I don't believe he is. The presidency is not something that lends itself to on-the-job training." Biden also said that Obama was copying some of his foreign policy ideas. Biden was noted for his one-liners on the campaign trail, saying of Republican then-frontrunner Rudy Giuliani at the debate on October 30, 2007, in Philadelphia, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11." Overall, Biden's debate performances were an effective mixture of humor and sharp and surprisingly disciplined comments.

拜登表示，聯邦政府必須迅速行動以支持家庭、企業、和在一線的護理人員面對新冠病毒的挑戰。政府將始終遵從科學，確保公共衛生決策被該領域的專家過目，提升政府的信譽和透明度，建立共同目標和問責制。

During his campaign, Biden focused on the war in Iraq and his support for the implementation of the Biden-Gelb plan to achieve political success. He touted his record in the Senate as the head of major congressional committees and his experience on foreign policy. Despite speculation to the contrary, Biden rejected the notion of accepting the position of Secretary of State, focusing only on the presidency. At a 2007 campaign event, Biden said, "I know a lot of my opponents out there say I'd be a great Secretary of State. Seriously, every one of them. Do you watch any of the debates? 'Joe's right, Joe's right, Joe's right.'" Other candidates' comments that "Joe is right" in the Democratic debates were converted into a Biden campaign theme and ad. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama's, saying of the latter, "I think he can be ready, but right now I don't believe he is. The presidency is not something that lends itself to on-the-job training." Biden also said that Obama was copying some of his foreign policy ideas. Biden was noted for his one-liners on the campaign trail, saying of Republican then-frontrunner Rudy Giuliani at the debate on October 30, 2007, in Philadelphia, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11." Overall, Biden's debate performances were an effective mixture of humor and sharp and surprisingly disciplined comments.

目前拜登政府針對控制新冠病毒的計劃有七點：

1）確保所有美國人都能獲得定期可靠免費的新冠測試

將新冠病毒檢測站點的數量加倍。

投資新一代檢測方法，包括家庭測試和即時測試，以將檢測能力擴大幾個數量級。

建立一個像羅斯福的戰爭生產委員會這樣的流行病檢測委員會，這是生產和分發數以千萬計的新冠測試的方式。

建立美國公共衛生工作隊，在全國範圍內動員至少100,000名人員，在風險最大的社區中進行病患接觸者追蹤和保護高危人群。

2）修復個人防護措施不足（PPE）的問題

充分利用《國防生產法》來提高口罩、防護面罩和其他個人防護裝備的生產，從而使國家個人防護設備的供應填補需求，尤其是補充重災區的商店和庫存。

儘快提升美國的採購和製造能力，以確保我們在危機中不依賴其他國家。

Biden made remarks during the campaign that attracted controversy. On the day of his January 2007 announcement, he spoke of fellow Democratic candidate and Senator Barack Obama: "I mean, you got the first mainstream African-American who is articulate and bright and clean and a nice-looking guy, I mean, that's a storybook, man." This comment undermined his campaign as soon as it began and significantly damaged his fund-raising capabilities; it later took second place on Time magazine's list of Top 10 Campaign Gaffes for 2007. Biden had earlier been criticized in July 2006 for a remark he made about his support among Indian Americans: "I've had a great relationship. In Delaware, the largest growth in population is Indian-Americans moving from India. You cannot go to a 7-Eleven or a Dunkin' Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent. I'm not joking." Biden later said the remark was not intended to be derogatory.

3）為社區提供清晰、有科學依據的抗疫指南，指導如何應對新冠病毒，以及為學校、小型企業和家庭提供抗疫資源

社交距離至關重要。政府會指導何時開放關閉酒吧、餐廳和其他空間；何時開放關閉學校，以及為使課堂安全需要採取哪些措施；對聚會規模的適當限制；以及何時需要居家隔離。

為州和地方政府建立基金，以防預算短缺導致各州面臨教師和急救人員的大幅削減。

呼籲國會通過一項緊急計劃，以確保學校擁有適應COVID-19所需的額外資源。

提供一個「重啟包」，以幫助小型企業支付安全運營的成本，包括有機玻璃和PPE等。

Overall, Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton; he never rose above single digits in the national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the initial contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates. Biden withdrew from the race that evening, saying "There is nothing sad about tonight.... I feel no regret."

Despite the lack of success, Biden's stature in the political world rose as the result of his campaign. In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although the two had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close, with Biden having resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom, and Obama having viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing. Now, having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaigning style and appeal to working class voters, and Biden was convinced that Obama was "the real deal".

Since shortly following Biden's withdrawal from the presidential race, Obama had been privately telling Biden that he was interested in finding an important place for him in a possible Obama administration. Biden declined Obama's first request to vet him for the vice presidential slot, fearing the vice presidency would represent a loss in status and voice from his Senate position, but subsequently changed his mind. In a June 22, 2008, interview on NBC's Meet the Press, Biden confirmed that, although he was not actively seeking a spot on the ticket, he would accept the vice presidential nomination if offered. In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss a possible vice-presidential relationship, and the two hit it off well personally. On August 22, 2008, Barack Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate. The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone who has foreign policy and national security experience—and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's "change" message. Other observers pointed out Biden's appeal to middle class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times. In accepting Obama's offer, Biden ruled out to him the possibility of running for president again in 2016 (although comments by Biden in subsequent years seemed to back off that stance, with Biden not wanting to diminish his political power by appearing uninterested in advancement). Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

4）計劃有效地平均分配治療資源和疫苗

投資250億美元於疫苗生產和分銷計劃，確保每位美國人都能免費獲得疫苗。

確保疫苗的安全性和有效性不會被任何政治因素幹涉。政府將嚴格遵守以下3條原則：由科學家負責安全性和有效性的所有決策；公開發布FDA批准的任何疫苗的臨床數據；並授權職業職員撰寫一份書面報告，以供公眾審查，並允許他們出庭並在未經審查的情況下公開發言。

確保美國的所有人（不僅是富裕的精英階層）都能得到應有的保護和治療，並且在新藥和療法進入市場時，價格能被普通人承擔。

5）保護老年人和其他高風險人士

建立COVID-19種族和民族差異專責小組，對不同種族在公共健康和經濟領域的差異提供建議和監督。在這場健康危機的末期，它將過渡到一個傳染病種族差異常設工作隊。

創建一個全國性的新冠病例時事追蹤平臺，美國人可以隨時查看自己所在的區域是否有風險。這些信息對於幫助所有人，尤其是年長的美國人和其他高風險人士，了解採取何種級別的預防措施至關重要。

After his selection as a vice presidential candidate, Biden was criticized by his own Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington Bishop Michael Saltarelli over his stance on abortion, which goes against the church's pro-life beliefs and teachings. The diocese confirmed that even if elected vice president, Biden would not be allowed to speak at Catholic schools. Biden was soon barred from receiving Holy Communion by the bishop of his original hometown of Scranton, Pennsylvania, because of his support for abortion rights; however, Biden did continue to receive Communion at his local Delaware parish. Scranton became a flash point in the competition for swing state Catholic voters between the Democratic campaign and liberal Catholic groups, who stressed that other social issues should be considered as much or more than abortion, and many bishops and conservative Catholics, who maintained abortion was paramount. Biden said he believed that life began at conception but that he would not impose his personal religious views on others. Bishop Saltarelli had previously stated regarding stances similar to Biden's: "No one today would accept this statement from any public servant: 'I am personally opposed to human slavery and racism but will not impose my personal conviction in the legislative arena.' Likewise, none of us should accept this statement from any public servant: 'I am personally opposed to abortion but will not impose my personal conviction in the legislative arena.'"

Biden's vice presidential campaigning gained little media visibility, as far greater press attention was focused on the Republican running mate, Alaskan Governor Sarah Palin. During one week in September 2008, for instance, the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism found that Biden was only included in five percent of the news coverage of the race, far less than for the other three candidates on the tickets. Biden nevertheless focused on campaigning in economically challenged areas of swing states and trying to win over blue-collar Democrats, especially those who had supported Hillary Rodham Clinton. Biden attacked McCain heavily, despite a long-standing personal friendship; he would say, "That guy I used to know, he's gone. It literally saddens me." As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed the Senate 74–25.

On October 2, 2008, Biden participated in the campaign's one vice presidential debate with Palin. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had won the debate overall. On October 5, Biden suspended campaign events for a few days after the death of his mother-in-law. During the final days of the campaign, Biden focused on less-populated, older, less well-off areas of battleground states, especially in Florida, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, where polling indicated he was popular and where Obama had not campaigned or performed well in the Democratic primaries. He also campaigned in some normally Republican states, as well as in areas with large Catholic populations.

6）重建和擴大防禦能力，以預測、預防和緩解來自全球的流行病毒威脅

立即恢復白宮國家安全委員會全球健康安全和生物防禦局，該局最初由歐巴馬政府設立。

立即恢復與世界衛生組織的關係。

重新啟動並加強美國國際開發署的病原體跟蹤計劃PREDICT。

擴大CDC部署的疾病偵查的數量，包括在北京重建辦事處。

Under instructions from the Obama campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid off-hand remarks, such as one about Obama being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention. Privately, Obama was frustrated by Biden's remarks, saying "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" Obama campaign staffers referred to Biden blunders as "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden. Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership. Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said that any unexpected comments had been outweighed by Biden's high popularity ratings. Nationally, Biden had a 60 percent favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin's 44 percent.

On November 4, 2008, Obama was elected President and Biden Vice President of the United States. The Obama-Biden ticket won 365 Electoral College votes to McCain-Palin's 173, and had a 53–46 percent edge in the nationwide popular vote.

Biden had continued to run for his Senate seat as well as for Vice President, as permitted by Delaware law. On November 4, Biden was also re-elected as senator, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell. Having won both races, Biden made a point of holding off his resignation from the Senate so that he could be sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009. He became the youngest senator ever to start a seventh full term, and said, "In all my life, the greatest honor bestowed upon me has been serving the people of Delaware as their United States senator." Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program. Biden resigned from the Senate later that day; in emotional farewell remarks on the Senate floor, where he had spent most of his adult life, Biden said, "Every good thing I have seen happen here, every bold step taken in the 36-plus years I have been here, came not from the application of pressure by interest groups, but through the maturation of personal relationships."

7）全國執行強制戴口罩

呼籲每個美國人在家外面都要戴口罩。每個州長都必須在自己的州強制執行該命令。

地方當局也需要強制執行國家命令。

As the presidential transition of Barack Obama began, Biden said he was in daily meetings with Obama and that McCain was still his friend. The U.S. Secret Service codename given to Biden is "Celtic", referencing his Irish roots.

Biden chose veteran Democratic lawyer and aide Ron Klain to be his chief of staff, and Time Washington bureau chief Jay Carney to be his director of communications. Biden intended to eliminate some of the explicit roles assumed by the vice presidency of his predecessor, Dick Cheney, who had established himself as an autonomous power center. Otherwise, Biden said he would not model his vice presidency on any of the ones before him, but instead would seek to provide advice and counsel on every critical decision Obama would make. Biden said he had been closely involved in all the cabinet appointments that were made during the transition. Biden was also named to head the new White House Task Force on Working Families, an initiative aimed at improving the economic well being of the middle class. As his last act as Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, Biden went on a trip to Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan during the second week of January 2009, meeting with the leadership of those countries.

經濟危機

Biden became the 47th Vice President of the United States on January 20, 2009, when he was inaugurated alongside President Barack Obama. Biden is the first United States Vice President from Delaware and the first Roman Catholic to attain that office. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens administered the oath of office to Biden.

In the early months of the Obama administration, Biden assumed the role of an important behind-the-scenes counselor. One role was to adjudicate disputes between Obama's "team of rivals". The president compared Biden's efforts to a basketball player "who does a bunch of things that don't show up in the stat sheet." Biden played a key role in gaining Senate support for several major pieces of Obama legislation, and was a main factor in convincing Senator Arlen Specter to switch from the Republican to the Democratic party. Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton regarding his opposition to sending 21,000 new troops to the war in Afghanistan. His skeptical voice was still considered valuable within the administration, however, and later in 2009 Biden's views achieved more prominence within the White House as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.

Biden made visits to Iraq about once every two months, including trips to Baghdad in August and September 2009 to listen to Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and reiterate U.S. stances on Iraq's future; by this time he had become the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress in the country. More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden’s responsibility, when the president said in 2009: "Joe, you do Iraq". Biden said Iraq "could be one of the great achievements of this administration." Biden's January 2010 visit to Iraq in the midst of turmoil over banned candidates from the upcoming Iraqi parliamentary election resulted in 59 of the several hundred candidates being reinstated by the Iraqi government two days later. By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit in 2011 of U.S. troops.

拜登已計劃將創造數百萬的高收入就業機會，使工人更容易組織工會和談判，並提供給美國工薪家庭必要的資源使他們過得更好。他還將確保工作家庭、小型企業和社區得到進一步的及時救濟：

向州、地方和部落政府提供所需的援助，以免解僱教育工作者、消防員和其他重要工人。

擴展COVID危機失業保險，以幫助失業的人。

為企業提供恢復計劃。

立即招募人們參加工作，包括通過公共衛生工作隊幫助他們抗疫。

Biden was also in charge of the oversight role for infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession, and stressed that only worthy projects should get funding. He talked with hundreds of governors, mayors, and other local officials in this role. During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of waste or corruption had occurred, and when he completed that role in February 2011, he said that the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.

It took some time for the cautious Obama and the blunt, rambling Biden to work out ways of dealing with each other. In late April 2009, Biden's off-message response to a question during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak, that he would advise family members against travelling on airplanes or subways, led to a swift retraction from the White House. The remark revived Biden's reputation for gaffes, and led to a spate of late-night television jokes themed on him being a loose-talking buffoon. In the face of persistently rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had "misread how bad the economy was" but maintained confidence that the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up. The same month, Secretary of State Clinton quickly disavowed Biden's remarks disparaging Russia as a power, but despite any missteps, Biden still retained Obama's confidence and was increasingly influential within the administration. On March 23, 2010, a microphone picked up Biden telling the president that his signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was "a big fucking deal" during live national news telecasts. White House press secretary Robert Gibbs replied via Twitter "And yes Mr. Vice President, you're right..." 

Senior Obama advisor Valerie Jarrett said that Biden's loose talk "is part of what makes the vice president so endearing ... We wouldn't change him one bit." Former Senate colleague Lindsey Graham said, "If there were no gaffes, there'd be no Joe. He's someone you can't help but like." Biden gained a long-running alter ego persona, "The President of Vice", on the satirical news site The Onion, which parodied his job title. Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.

Biden's most important role within the administration has been to question assumptions, playing a contrarian role. Obama said that, "The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me." Another senior Obama advisor said Biden "is always prepared to be the skunk at the family picnic to make sure we are as intellectually honest as possible." On June 11, 2010, Biden represented the United States at the opening ceremony of the World Cup, attended the England v. U.S. game which was tied 1–1, and visited Egypt, Kenya, and South Africa. Throughout, Joe and Jill Biden maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining some of their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.

Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of general predictions of large-scale losses for the party. Following large-scale Republican gains in the elections and the departure of White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden's past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important. He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty. In December 2010, Biden's advocacy within the White House for a middle ground, followed by his direct negotiations with Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, were instrumental in producing the administration's compromise tax package that revolved around a temporary extension of the Bush tax cuts. Biden then took the lead in trying to sell the agreement to a reluctant Democratic caucus in Congress, which was passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.

動員美國的製造業和創新能力。建立強大的工業基礎和以小企業為主導的供應鏈，以在全國範圍內保留和創造數以百萬計在製造業和技術領域的高薪工會工作。

建設現代基礎設施和清潔的未來能源。從長遠來看，美國需要更有韌性的經濟，這意味著投資於現代化可持續的基礎設施——從道路和橋梁、能源網和學校到通用寬帶。制定應對氣候危機、建立清潔能源經濟和解決環境惡化問題的計劃。

建立21世紀的護理和教育勞動力隊伍。在這場疫情中，工作的家長，尤其是女性，在繁重的工作和育兒方面承擔了巨大的負擔。拜登將使育兒所需的費用更低，確保老人和殘疾人能得到更好的護理，提高護理人員和教育工作者的薪資、福利和就業機會附加加入工會的選擇，在這些地區創造數百萬個高薪新工作。

In March 2011, Obama detailed Biden to lead negotiations between both houses of Congress and the White House in resolving federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoid a government shutdown. By May 2011, a "Biden panel" with six congressional members was trying to reach a bipartisan deal on raising the U.S. debt ceiling as part of an overall deficit reduction plan. The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next couple of months, but it was again Biden's relationship with McConnell that proved to be a key factor in breaking a deadlock and finally bringing about a bipartisan deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day that an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed. Biden had spent the most time bargaining with Congress on the debt question of anyone in the administration, and one Republican staffer said, "Biden's the only guy with real negotiating authority, and [McConnell] knows that his word is good. He was a key to the deal."

In October 2010, Biden stated that Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election. With Obama's popularity on the decline, however, in late 2011 White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research into the idea of Secretary of State Clinton replacing Biden on the ticket. The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama, and White House officials later said that Obama had never entertained the idea.

Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to President Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving". Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention, and since Biden had previously counseled the president to avoid the issue lest key Catholic voters be offended. Gay rights advocates seized upon the Biden stance, and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's unexpected remarks. Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out, while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart. The incident showed that Biden still struggled at times with message discipline; as Time wrote, "everyone knows [that] Biden's greatest strength is also his greatest weakness." Relations were also strained between the campaigns when Biden appeared to use his to bolster fundraising contacts for a possible run on his own in the 2016 presidential election, and the vice president ended up being excluded from Obama campaign strategy meetings.

The Obama campaign nevertheless still valued Biden as a retail-level politician who could connect with disaffected, blue collar workers and rural residents, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the Obama re-election campaign began in earnest in spring 2012. An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that proposed Republican relaxation of Wall Street regulations would "put y'all back in chains" led to a similar analysis of Biden's face-to-face campaigning abilities versus tendency to go off track. The Los Angeles Times wrote, "Most candidates give the same stump speech over and over, putting reporters if not the audience to sleep. But during any Biden speech, there might be a dozen moments to make press handlers cringe, and prompt reporters to turn to each other with amusement and confusion." Time magazine wrote that Biden often goes too far and that "Along with the familiar Washington mix of neediness and overconfidence, Biden's brain is wired for more than the usual amount of goofiness."

促進種族平等。推行一項專門的議程，減縮種族貧富差距，擴大保障性住房，投資於非裔、拉丁裔和印第安裔的企業家和社區，推進刑事司法改革，使每個族裔都有平等的教育機會。

每小時15美元的最低工資

通過《保護組織權利法》，為公共服務和聯邦政府工作人員提供討價還價的權利，並採取其他措施使工人更容易組織工會和集體談判。

減少就業歧視和職場中的騷擾，並通過工資平等法確保女性得到平等的報酬。將籤署有關帶薪全天病假以及帶薪家庭和病假12周的立法。 

通過提供公共選擇並降低護理和處方藥的成本來確保每個美國人都能獲得優質、負擔得起的醫療服務。

通過取消川普對企業的減稅政策和實施稅制改革來支付實施經濟計劃的持續成本，確保最富有的人付出應有的份額。

Biden was officially nominated for a second term as vice president on September 6 by voice vote at the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. He faced his Republican counterpart, Representative Paul Ryan, in the lone 2012 vice presidential debate on October 11 in Danville, Kentucky. There he made a feisty, emotional defense of the Obama administration's record and energetically attacked the Republican ticket, in an effort to regain campaign momentum lost by Obama's unfocused debate performance against Republican nominee Mitt Romney the week before.

On November 6, 2012, the president and vice president were elected to second terms. The Obama-Biden ticket won 332 Electoral College votes to Romney-Ryan's 206 and had a 51–47 percent edge in the nationwide popular vote.

In December 2012, Biden was named by Obama to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created to address the causes of gun violence in the United States in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Later that month, during the final days before the country fell off the "fiscal cliff", Biden's relationship with McConnell once more proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013. It made permanent much of the Bush tax cuts but raised rates on upper income levels.

Biden was inaugurated to a second term in the early morning of January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony in his official residence with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21). He continued to be in the forefront as, in the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the Obama administration put forth executive orders and proposed legislation towards new gun control measures (the legislation failed to pass).

During the discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the U.S. federal government shutdown of 2013 and the U.S. debt-ceiling crisis of 2013, Biden played little role. This was due to Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cutting the vice president out of any direct talks with Congress, feeling that Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.

Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to further related developments in the creation of the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden as co-chair along with Jarrett.

As Iraq fell apart during 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting that Biden had been right all along. Biden himself said that the U.S. would follow ISIL "to the gates of hell."

By 2015, a series of swearings-in and other events where Biden placed his hands on women and girls and talked closely to them had attracted the attention of both the press and social media. In one case, a senator issued a statement afterward saying about his daughter, "No, she doesn't think the vice president is creepy." On January 17, 2015, secret service agents heard shots were fired as a vehicle drove near Biden's Delaware residence at 8:28 p.m. outside the security perimeter, but the vice president and his wife, Jill were not home. A vehicle was observed by an agent leaving the scene at a high rate of speed.

On February 29, 2016, Biden gave a speech at the 88th Academy Awards to do with awareness for sexual assault, he also introduced Lady Gaga.

種族歧視

Almost 43 years after two family members died in an automobile accident, Biden and his family were struck by a second family tragedy on May 30, 2015: his son Beau died of brain cancer at age 46, after battling it for several years. The nature and seriousness of the illness had not been previously disclosed to the public, and Biden had quietly reduced his public schedule in order to spend more time with his son, who at the time of his death had been widely seen as the frontrunner to be the Democratic nominee for Governor of Delaware in 2016. The Vice President issued a statement saying, "The entire Biden family is saddened beyond words."

作為致力於改善黑人和棕色人種社區的承諾的一部分，拜登將努力建立一種使每個美國人在工作都享有公平的回報、並享有平等的成功機會的經濟，一種黑人、拉美人、亞裔和太平洋島民（AAPI）以及美國原住民都被歡迎且真正充分參與融入的經濟體。

為履行對民主黨選民的承諾，拜登·哈裡斯政府將：

通過新的小企業機會計劃刺激公私投資。

改革機會區以實現其諾言。

對均衡聯邦採購做出歷史性承諾。

確保拜登-哈裡斯住房計劃對房產進行大膽投資，並為黑人、棕色人種和原住民家庭提供負擔得起的住房。

實現與未來工作相關的管理、培訓和高等教育機會的公平。

提高黑人、棕色人種和原住民家庭的退休保障和財富。

確保有色工人得到公正的補償，並得到尊重。

確保基礎設施和清潔能源的投資公平。

支持經濟成功的第二次機會。

加強美聯儲對種族經濟差距的關注。

促進所有聯邦機構關鍵職位的領導多元化和問責制。

建立21世紀的護理基礎設施。

解決在農業裡長期存在的不平等問題。

During much of his second term, Biden was said to be preparing for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. He will be 74 on January 20, 2017, the date on which the successful candidate will be sworn in, which would have made him the oldest president on inauguration in history. With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton's favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a "Draft Biden 2016" PAC was established.

As of September 11, 2015, Biden was still uncertain whether or not to run. Biden cited the recent death of his son being a large drain on his emotional energy, and that "nobody has a right ... to seek that office unless they're willing to give it 110% of who they are."

拜登政府也將與國會合作，通過改革刑事司法系統實現對正義的承諾，其中包括：

全國範圍內禁止使用鎖喉。

停止將戰爭武器轉讓給警察部隊。

改善監督和問責制，創建使用武力標準的模型。

建立國家警察監督委員會。

On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and President Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to enter the race for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2016 election. In January 2016, Biden affirmed not running was the right decision, but he admitted to regretting not running for President "every day."

As of the end of January 2016, neither Biden nor President Barack Obama have endorsed any candidate for the 2016 Presidential Election. Biden did miss his annual Thanksgiving tradition of going to Nantucket, opting instead to travel abroad and meet with several European leaders, and took time to meet with Martin O'Malley, having previously met with Bernie Sanders. Neither of these meetings were considered endorsements, as Biden has said that he will meet with any candidate who asks.

氣候變化

Biden has supported deficit spending on fiscal stimulus in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; the increased infrastructure spending proposed by the Obama administration; mass transit, including Amtrak, bus, and subway subsidies; same-sex marriage; and the reduced military spending proposed in the Obama Administration's fiscal year 2014 budget.

A method that political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU). Biden has a lifetime liberal 72 percent score from the ADA through 2004, while the ACU awarded Biden a lifetime conservative rating of 13 percent through 2008. Using another metric, Biden has a lifetime average liberal score of 77.5 percent, according to a National Journal analysis that places him ideologically among the center of Senate Democrats as of 2008. The Almanac of American Politics rates congressional votes as liberal or conservative on the political spectrum, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006, Biden's average ratings were as follows: the economic rating was 80 percent liberal and 13 percent conservative, the social rating was 78 percent liberal and 18 percent conservative, and the foreign rating was 71 percent liberal and 25 percent conservative. This has not changed much over time; his liberal ratings in the mid-1980s were also in the 70–80 percent range.

氣候變化不僅對環境，而且對人類的健康、社區、國家安全和經濟福祉都造成了威脅。它以暴風雪、龍捲風等形式破壞了城鎮，導致地區動蕩而使國家安全處於危險之中。這將需要美國軍事支持的救濟，並使這些地區更容易受到恐怖襲擊。

拜登將以身作則，領導世界應對氣候變化。他不僅承諾美國重新加入關於氣候變化的《巴黎條約》，而且會做更多的工作。

他將立即投資創造可持續就業機會。在美國國家實驗室和大學的創新推動下，新興產業和區域經濟將重新振興，商業化為可以由美國工人製造的更好的新產品，並利用全國各地小型企業、家庭農場和創造就業機會提供的原料、材料和零件進行匯總。

Various advocacy groups have given Biden scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group. The American Civil Liberties Union gives him an 80 percent lifetime score, with a 91 percent score for the 110th Congress. Biden opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and supports governmental funding to find new energy sources. Biden believes action must be taken on global warming. He co-sponsored the Sense of the Senate resolution calling on the United States to be a part of the United Nations climate negotiations and the Boxer-Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate. Biden was given an 85 percent lifetime approval rating from AFL-CIO, and he voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

December 8, 2015 Joe Biden spoke in Ukraine's parliament in Kiev.

意義深遠的投資有：

基礎設施：創造數以百萬計的工會工作，以重建美國正在崩潰的基礎設施：從公路和橋梁到綠化和水系統，到電網和通用寬帶——為可持續增長奠定新的基礎，在全球經濟中提高競爭力，抵禦氣候變化的衝擊，並改善公共健康，包括無汙染的空氣和清潔的水資源。

汽車工業：從零件到材料再到電動汽車充電站，在美國汽車工業、國內汽車供應鏈和汽車基礎設施中創造100萬個新工作，使美國汽車工人和製造商贏得21世紀的勝利；並投資美國汽車工人，以確保他們的工作是好工作，並可以選擇加入工會。

交通：通過靈活的聯邦投資和強大的勞動保護措施，為每一個擁有100,000或更多居民的美國城市提供高質量、零排放的公共運輸選擇，從而創造好的工會職位並滿足這些城市的需求——從輕軌網絡到改善現有的公交和公交線路，到為行人和騎自行車的人安裝基礎設施。

電力部門：生產無汙染的的美國製造電力，在2035年之前實現無碳汙染的供電。

建築：在4年內對400萬棟建築物進行升級，並為200萬戶家庭提供耐候性，創造至少100萬個高薪工作機會並提供加入工會的選擇。通過資助直接現金返還和低成本融資來升級和電力化家用電器，並安裝更有效的窗戶，從而刺激建築改型和高效設備製造供應鏈，這將能削減住宅的能源費用。

住房：刺激建設150萬個可持續住房和住房單元。

Biden has received honorary degrees from the University of Scranton (1976), Saint Joseph's University (1981), Widener University School of Law (2000), Emerson College (2003), his alma mater the University of Delaware (2004), Suffolk University Law School (2005), and his other alma mater Syracuse University (2009).

Biden also received the Chancellor Medal from his alma mater, Syracuse University, in 1980, and in 2005, he received the George Arents Pioneer Medal—Syracuse's highest alumni award—"for excellence in public affairs."

In 2008, Biden received the Best of Congress Award, for "improving the American quality of life through family-friendly work policies," from Working Mother magazine. Also in 2008, Biden shared with fellow Senator Richard Lugar the Hilal-i-Pakistan award from the Government of Pakistan, "in recognition of their consistent support for Pakistan." In 2009, Biden received The Golden Medal of Freedom award from Kosovo, that region's highest award, for his vocal support for their independence in the late 1990s.

Biden is an inductee of the Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association Hall of Fame. He was named to the Little League Hall of Excellence in 2009.

創新：大幅降低關鍵清潔能源技術的成本，包括電池存儲、負排放技術、下一代建築材料、可再生氫和先進核能，並迅速將它們商業化，以確保這些新技術在美國製造。

農業與保護：創造氣候智能型農業、環境復原和保護方面的就業機會，包括25萬個疏通廢棄的石油和天然氣井以及回收廢棄的煤炭、硬巖和鈾礦的職位，從而為加入或繼續成為工會組織的成員提供好的工作選擇。在包括農村社區在內的遭受重創的社區中建立工會，以減少有毒物質的洩漏，並防止對當地環境的破壞。

環境正義：確保環境正義是我們在何處、如何以及與誰建立合作關係的關鍵考慮因素——在落後的社區中創造好的、工會的、中產階級的工作，在汙染最嚴重的社區改善環境。

Biden, Joe (2007). Promises to Keep. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6536-4. Also paperback edition, Random House 2008, ISBN 0-8129-7621-5.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (July 24, 2001). Administration's Missile Defense Program and the ABM Treaty: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-1959-3.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (February 12, 2002). Examining The Theft Of American Intellectual Property At Home And Abroad: Hearing before the Committee On Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-4177-7.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (August 1, 2002). Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2823-1.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (September 2003). Strategies for Homeland Defense: A Compilation by the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-2623-9.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (July 8, 2001). Putin Administration's Policies toward Non-Russian Regions of the Russian Federation: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2624-7.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (September 5, 2001). Threat of Bioterrorism and the Spread of Infectious Diseases: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2625-5.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (February 27, 2002). How Do We Promote Democratization, Poverty Alleviation, and Human Rights to Build a More Secure Future: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-7567-2478-3.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (January 2003). Political Future of Afghanistan: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-3039-2.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (January 2003). International Campaign Against Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-3041-4.

Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2002). Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS: Future Efforts in the U.S. Bilateral & Multilateral Response: Hearings before the Comm. on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-3454-1.

Biden Jr., Joseph R.; Jesse Helms (April 2000). Hague Convention On International Child Abduction: Applicable Law And Institutional Framework Within Certain Convention Countries Report To The Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-7567-2250-0.

Nicholson, William C. (ed.); with a foreword by Joseph Biden (2005). Homeland Security Law and Policy. C. C Thomas. ISBN 0-398-07583-2.

國家的誕生

 

The area that is today the United States was inhabited for thousands of years by various tribal peoples. The first European to arrive in the area was Christopher Columbus and the first to make landfall was Ponce de Leon who landed at Florida. France laid claim to the interior of the United States, while Spain claimed what is now the Southwest. 

The first English settlement was the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607. A few years later, in 1620, the Pilgrims arrived and founded Plymouth Colony. Eventually, England would have 13 colonies in eastern North America. By the 1700s the American colonies were growing unhappy with what they called "taxation without representation". In 1776, the United States declared its independence from England. The American Revolutionary War for independence would follow and, with the help of France, the colonies defeated England.

In 1861, the United States experienced a civil war when the southern states tried to secede from the Union. They were defeated after a bloody war and the country remained together. The country continued to industrialize and in the 1900s became one of the world's industrial leaders. 

In both world wars, the United States tried to remain neutral but ended up on the side of the United Kingdom and the Allies. In World War II, it was the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese that forced the US to enter the war. The US developed nuclear weapons and used 2 of them to bomb Japan, effectively ending the war and starting a cold war with the communist Soviet Union. 

In the late 1900s, the United States became one of the world's superpowers. The other superpower was the Soviet Union. Both countries had nuclear weapons. The two countries fought a Cold War for many years where battles were fought by spies, by a race for the most weapons, and in proxy wars like the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and Soviet-Afghanistan War. 

十八世紀下半葉，法國波旁王朝與大英帝國間的衝突與戰爭從歐洲延續到美洲殖民地。主要因為毛皮貿易，以及土地，自然資源，美洲控制權等原因，兩國之間爆發七年戰爭（1756-1763）。結局以英國和其殖民地戰勝法國與印第安人聯盟，英國奪取法屬加拿大和西班牙屬佛羅裡達告終。七年戰爭是18世紀最重要的事件之一，其加速殖民地獨立進程，並激發了法國人復仇的決心。

 

Long ago, small tribal peoples developed across the United States. The Woodland Period begins including the Adena culture and the Hopewell peoples. The Mississippian culture develops along the Mississippi River and the Ohio River. These people are known for building large mounds which can still be seen today.

The United States is inhabited by various historic tribes across the land such as the Apache, Cherokee, Chickasaw,Navajo, and Sioux.

The Vikings were probably the first white people to reach America. They believed to have explored part of the east coast of North America about 1,000 years ago. However, the exploration and settlement of America by Europeans did not begin for another 500 years. 

John A. Ruskamp Jr., Ed.D., identified  readable message preserved by petroglyphs likely inscribed by a group of Chinese explorers thousands of years ago. On the fringe of archaeology have long been claims that the Chinese reached North America long before Europeans. The disparate and widespread symbols he has found show many indications of authenticity. 

To date, Ruskamp has identified over 82 petroglyphs matching unique ancient Chinese scripts not only at multiple sites in Albuquerque, New Mexico, but also nearby in Arizona, as well as in Utah, Nevada, California, Oklahoma, and Ontario. Collectively, he believes that most of these artifacts were created by an early Chinese exploratory expedition, although some appear to be reproductions made by Native people for their own purposes.

Evidence of African presence in America before Columbus comes from the pen of Columbus himself. In 1920, a renowned American historian and linguist, Leo Weiner of Harvard University, in his book, Africa and the discovery of America, explained how Columbus noted in his journal that Native Americans had confirmed that 「black skinned people had come from the south-east in boats, trading in gold-tipped spears.」

In 1311 AD, another major wave of African exploration to the New World was led by King Abubakari II, the ruler of the fourteenth century Mali Empire. The king sent out 200 ships of men, crops, animals, cloth and crucially African knowledge of astronomy, religion and the arts to explore the Atlantic. There are still evidence of trade and exchanges between the Americans and Africans to date.

1492 Christopher Columbus discovers the Americas.

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed westward from Spain, seeking a short sea route to the Orient. He found, instead, a vast New World. Following Columbus' voyage, explorers, soldiers, and settlers from several European countries flocked to America. The process through which white people would take control of the native tribal people homeland was underway.

1513, Juan Ponce de Leon visits Florida.

Juan Ponce de Leon founded the first European settlement on what is today Puerto Rico and is credited to be the first European to reach Florida in 1513. He did not realize that he had landed on the mainland of North America and he thought it was an island. He named it Florida because he discovered it at Easter time which is known in Spanish as "Pascua Florida".

1540 Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto explores the Southeast.

Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and is best known for leading the first Spanish and European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States. He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River.

1565 St. Augustine is established as the first permanent settlement in the United States.

On September 8, 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés landed on the shore of what is now called Matanzas Bay and began the founding of the Presidio of San Agustin. Later the settlement would be called St. Augustine, Florida. Built near the place where Ponce de Leon, the European discoverer of Florida, landed in 1513. 

1607 The Jamestown settlement is founded by John Smith.

Jamestown on May 24, 1607, became the first permanent English settlement in North America. Jamestown was located on an island in the James River in what is now Virginia.

1620 The May flower lands with the pilgrims at Plymouth.

On December 18, 1620, the British ship Mayflower lands at modern-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, and its passengers prepared to begin their new settlement, Plymouth Colony. After exploring the region, they chose a cleared area previously occupied by members of a local Native American tribe, the Wampanoag. The tribe had abandoned the village several years earlier, after an outbreak of European disease. That winter of 1620-1621 was brutal, as the Pilgrims struggled to build their settlement, find food and ward off sickness. By spring, 50 of the original 102 Mayflower passengers were dead. The remaining settlers made contact with returning members of the Wampanoag tribe and in March they signed a peace treaty with a tribal chief, Massasoit. Aided by the Wampanoag, especially the English-speaking Squanto, the Pilgrims were able to plant crops–especially corn and beans–that were vital to their survival. The Mayflower and its crew left Plymouth to return to England on April 5, 1621.

1629 The Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.

Britain established the colony of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. 

1754 The war begins between France and Great Britain. Both ally with different Native American tribes.

In the 1750s tensions between the French and English rose because both sides claimed large areas of Nova Scotia, the French had built what the British considered illegal forts and had worked to incite French-speaking colonists to insurrection against their British rulers. Also known as the French-Indian War, the war broke up and was fought between Britain and France, along with their respective colonists and allied Indian groups, for control of land in North America. Occurring from 1754 to 1763, it helped trigger – and then formed part of the Seven Years War. 

1763 The British win the French and Indian War gaining most of France's territory in North America.

1765 The British government imposes the Stamp Act on the colonies. The colonies protest with the Stamp Act Congress.

1770 The Boston Massacre occurs.

The Boston Massacre is also known as the Incident on King Street, was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston. British troops had been stationed in the Province of Massachusetts Bay since 1768 in order to support crown-appointed officials and to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislations.

1773 Bostonians protest the Tea Act with the Boston Tea Party dumping tea into the Boston Harbor.

The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. Demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.

1775 The Revolutionary War begins with the Battle of Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress is held. The Battle of Bunker Hill occurs.

The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy, and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.

1776 The American colonies declare their independence as the United States of America.

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain and its king.

七年戰爭後，由於印第安人繼續尋求與歐洲人貿易的機會，並盡力遏制殖民者對內陸土地的擴張，白人與印第安人之間持續爆發衝突，如Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)，和The Paxton Boys (1764). 後者為邊境居民，其屠殺印第安人並獲得費城當地殖民政府的支持。為防止進一步衝突產生，英國設置界限(Proclamation line, 1763)，阻止殖民者向內陸遷移，是對英國和殖民地關係的第一個重大打擊。

 

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain and its king.

1781 The British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia. The Articles of the Confederation were ratified by the colonies.

The siege of Yorktown ended on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia. It was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis.

1783 The Revolutionary War officially ends with the Treaty of Paris.

The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States of America.

1787 The Constitution is adopted by the Constitutional Convention.

The U.S. Constitution established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, presided over by George Washington. 

1789 George Washington becomes the first President of the United States.

George Washington served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Previously, he led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War for Independence. He presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which established the U.S. Constitution and a federal government. 

1791 The Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution as the first ten amendments.

The Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution to guarantee the protection of the people from a strong central government. It served as a compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to achieve the ratification of the Constitution.

1812 The War of 1812 begins against Great Britain.

War of 1812, (June 18, 1812–February 17, 1815), fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent.

1815 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson defeat the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815, between the British Army and the United States. It took place directly after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814, before news of the treaty could reach the United States. American troops defeated a poorly executed British assault on New Orleans in slightly more than 30 minutes, despite the British having a large advantage in training, experience, and fielded troops.

1838, The Cherokee Nation is forced to march from the Southeast to Oklahoma in what is known as the Trail of Tears.

1849, Prospectors travel to California in the California Gold Rush. More about this on the up coming article about California gold rush.

1860, Abraham Lincoln is elected president.

Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th president of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. He preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy.

1861, The American Civil War begins.

The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between the northern United States and the southern United States. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. 

1863, The Union Army wins the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves in the South.

1865, The American Civil War comes to an end with General Robert E. Lee surrendering at the Appomattox Court House. President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated.

1865, Slavery is outlawed by the Thirteenth Amendment.

1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885.

1903, Wright Brothers invent the airplane and make their first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

英國和殖民地在戰後經歷極其短暫的溫床期，便因徵稅，監管，立法等問題產生一系列激烈衝突。英國因戰爭債臺高累，其認為在戰爭中為殖民地提供了庇護和軍事支持，理應徵收高額稅款；而殖民地認為自己已經提供了免費的兵員和當地物資支持，沒有理由徵稅。

The United States joins World War I on the side of the Allies declaring war on Germany.

The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to the United Kingdom, France, and the other Allied powers. 

Women gain the right to vote through the Nineteenth Amendment.

The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. Initially introduced to Congress in 1878, several attempts to pass a women's suffrage amendment failed until passing the House of Representatives on May 21, 1919, followed by the Senate on June 4, 1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification. On August 18, 1920, Tennessee was the last of the necessary 36 states to secure ratification. The Nineteenth Amendment was officially adopted on August 26, 1920.

World War II begins. The U.S. is initially neutral.

The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. The U.S. joins World War II on the side of the Allies.

After the December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the U.S. was pushed into World War II (1939-45), and everyday life across the country was dramatically altered. Food, gas and clothing were rationed. Communities conducted scrap metal drives. To help build the armaments necessary to win the war, women found employment as electricians, welders and riveters in defense plants. Japanese Americans had their rights as citizens stripped from them. People in the U.S. grew increasingly dependent on radio reports for news of the fighting overseas. The US Officially entered into World War 2.

The U.S. takes part in the Invasion of Normandy.

Germany surrenders and the U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. World War II comes to an end.

The United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, with the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict. In effect ending the second world war.

食糖法 (Sugar Act,1764) 與印花稅法案 (Stamp Act, 1765) 是最先引起殖民者們憤怒和抗議的稅種。其後波士頓大屠殺(Boston Massacre, 1770), 波士頓傾茶事件（BostonTea Party, 1773），以及要求殖民地無償為英軍提供住所等事件加劇衝突。人們高聲呼籲「沒有代表就不納稅」，以求殖民地代表在英國議會擁有實權。不公正的司法程序激化本就緊張的關係，尤其當時殖民者多數為新教教徒，並普遍受啟蒙運動影響，強調自身權利，享有自由。

殖民地精英以及一些反叛分子扇風點火，促成第一次大陸會議的召開（First Continental Congress, 1774）。除喬治亞外，共12個殖民地對獨立和保護自身利益等問題展開激烈討論，最後對互相聯合保護利益方面達成一致。儘管殖民地對宗主國的不滿達到巔峰，但是大陸會議依舊對英王投去橄欖枝，表示願意繼續效忠，結束敵對狀態。

 

很不幸，英王拒絕妥協。列剋星敦的槍聲(1775)標誌獨立戰爭的開始。第二次大陸會議（1775）的召開標誌大陸軍的成立。戰爭初期，愛國者（白人/新教教徒/清教徒）和保皇派（英國國教徒/少數民族/堅信跟隨英國能更容易獲得自由的奴隸）都只佔小部分，絕大多數人搖擺在兩者中間，舉棋不定。愛國者和保皇派最重要的任務就是說服中立派加入他們。為說服中立派，愛國者利用《常識》(Common Sense, 1776), 以及《獨立宣言》（Declarationof Independence，1776）作為思想武器，抨擊君主制的邪惡，批評英國政府的暴政，堅持主張殖民地獨立，吸引眾多支持者。

Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his "I have a dream" speech at the March on Washington.

"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement and among the most iconic speeches in American history.

Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the Moon.

We've all looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. On July 20, 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the very first human to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin. Their accomplishment placed the United States ahead of the Soviets in the Space Race and gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration.

 

薩拉託加戰役（Battle of Saratoga, 1777）為獨立戰爭轉折點，法國成為殖民地盟友，並在1778籤署盟約。約克鎮戰役（Battle of Yorktown, 1781）標誌獨立戰爭結束。巴黎協約（Treaty of Paris, 1783）代表美國正式獨立。戰後保皇派遷移到英屬加拿大，眾多為英軍戰鬥的黑人奴隸獲得自由。

 

獨立戰爭本質為一場代理人戰爭，是英法兩國在歐洲戰場以外的延續。法國期望通過殖民地分散和消耗英國的實力，使其無法全力應付歐洲事物。華盛頓素質參差不齊的民兵遊擊隊得到法國源源不斷物資彈藥，貸款，軍事顧問的支持；制海權完全依靠法國艦隊；戰場起主力作用的依舊是法國職業軍人。實質英國軍隊被法國軍隊擊敗。失去法國支持後，美軍羸弱的實力很快就得到證明。在1812年第二次獨立戰爭中，美軍在陸戰中全面崩盤，英軍與英屬加拿大殖民地民兵攻破首都華盛頓，焚毀國會大廈。

 

獨立戰爭後，人們對於社會不平等的意識加強，意識到蓄奴與立國思想「人人平等「相違背，促使一些個人和團體呼籲州和聯邦政府廢除奴隸制和實行更加廣泛的民主。尤其一些北方州，廢奴主義者們尋求法律途徑去解決問題。例如賓夕法尼亞州通過Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law (1780)來嘗試解決問題。法案規定凡是1780年後出生的奴隸身份將轉變為契約傭工（需要為僱主勞作7年左右，隨後獲得自由人身份），進口奴隸被禁止，所有奴隸需要每年在案登記，否則其可獲得自由人身份。儘管自由人的數量在逐漸增加，但是種族主義在新生的共和體系中也在成長。

Biden stressed, "We know the single most effective thing we can do to stop the spread of COVID is wear a mask." … until a vaccine is in production, "A mask remains the most potent weapon against the virus."

"I won't be president until Jan. 20 but message today to everyone is this - it doesn't matter who you voted for, where you stood before Election Day. It doesn't matter your party, your point of view.

"We can save tens of thousands of lives if everyone would just wear a mask for the next few months. Not Democrat or Republican lives, American lives," Biden highlighted.

"I implore you, wear a mask. Do it for yourself. Do it for your neighbor. A mask is not a political statement, but it is a good way to start pulling country together," the president-elect added.

女權運動剛剛開始起步。美國第二位總統John Adams的夫人給其寫信懇求他在美國獨立後關注女性權利。年輕的國家也意識到女性在社會中的重要性。男性公民的教育依賴女性；母親們需要培養孩子們的共和思想，稱為「Republican Motherhood」，對這個全新體制的國家很重要。但是，女性們依舊被排除在政治活動之外；除學會如何打理家務外無法再接受更多的教育；以及除教育孩子以外沒有更多的職業選擇。實際上，美國女權運動的歷程比廢奴運動更加艱辛。社會長期忽視女性的需求和權力，否認男女平等。女性直到20世紀初的第十九修正案才被憲法承認具有選舉權。

 

人權運動從建國以來就是美國立國基石「人人平等「的度量尺。對個人權力的擁護深入美國人民內心，至高無上，難以撼動。這也是為何人權在美國如此敏感的原因。儘管當下美國依舊無法完全解決這些從建國就存在的問題，但已經有極大的進步。

 

建國初期，儘管美國建立獨樹一幟的政治體系，位處時代革命先鋒，但依舊被時代以及自身文化淵源所限，制度十分不健全，且無法擺脫英國的影響。新型體制被舊封建體制所厭惡，歐洲老牌強國懼怕共和思想的傳播，懼怕歐洲人民人權意識覺醒，懼怕他們失去控制。敵對狀態十分不利於這個贏弱國家發展，美國必須學會在夾縫中求生存，完善自身體制，以最快速度提升自身實力，捍衛勝利果實。

 

As I said on Saturday, I’m humbled by the trust this country and the American people have placed in me and Vice President Elect Harris. And we’re ready to get to work, addressing the needs of the American people. Today our work begins. It starts with doing everything possible to get the COVID-19 under control so that we can reopen our businesses safely and sustainably, resume our lives and put this pandemic behind us.

And we just received positive news in this fight, announcement of progress made for a successful vaccine. Soon, expectation will run the process of and approvals. And the process results must also be grounded in science and fully transparent so the American people can have every confidence in any approved vaccine is safe and effective. At the same time, it’s clear that this vaccine, even if approved will not be widely available for many months yet to come. The challenge before us right now is still immense and growing. And although we are not in office yet, I’m just laying out what we expect to do and hope can be done, some of it between now and the time we are sworn in. So the purpose of this is to let you know what we’re going to do once sworn in.

There’s a need for bold action to fight this pandemic. We’re still facing a very dark winter. There are now nearly 10 million COVID cases in the United States. Last week we topped 120,000 new cases on multiple successive days. Infection rates are going up. Hospitalizations are going up. Deaths are going up. This crisis claimed nearly a thousand American lives a day, nearly 240,000 deaths so far. The projections still indicate we could lose 200,000 more lives in the coming months before a vaccine can be made widely available.

一個體制想飛速發展，必須通過完全不同的思想相互間碰撞，衝突，互補，不斷地實踐，並敢勇於踏出一條全新未知的路才能達到目標。

 

因共和思想以及殖民地時期英國所作所為，美國大眾極其厭惡，恐懼強權政府。儘管13州都籤署了聯邦條款（Article of Confederation,1781），承認並建立一個統一的聯邦政府，但條約沒有給予聯邦政府任何實權，其完全被13州政府架空。各州名義上接受一個統一政府的管理，實質各自保持獨立。聯邦政府主要職責為建立國家認同感和代表國際形象。其缺乏任何一個合格政府所需具備的職能：無權徵稅，無權徵兵，無權幹涉國際貿易和各州之間的貿易。並且構架不合理：只具備立法分支（國會），缺乏行政（總統）與司法（最高法院）分支，大小不同的州在國會上擁有數量相同的代表，通過一項法案需要至少9個州同意。這些極大的限制政府作用和效率，危害國家發展。人們奢望政府行使職能，卻不願賦予其執行職能的權力。

So we can’t forego the important work that needs to be done between now and then to get our country through the worst wave yet in this pandemic, to reduce the spread, to save lives. So that’s why today I』ve named the COVID-19 Transition Advisory Board comprised of distinguished public health experts to help our transition team translate the Biden-Harris COVID-19 plan into action. A blueprint that we can put in place as soon as Kamala and I are sworn into office on January 20th, 2021. And we will seek to add other members to this board to bring additional important perspective on public health and expertise throughout the transition.

This group will advise on detailed plans, built on a bedrock of science and to keep compassion, empathy and care for every American at its core, making rapid testing widely available… More widely available, much more widely available, and building a core of contact tracers who will track and curb this disease while we prioritize getting vaccines first to the most at risk populations, developing clear and detailed guidance, providing the necessary resources for small businesses, schools, childcare centers to reopen and operate safely and effectively during the pandemic, protecting both workers and the public, scaling up productive lifesaving treatments and therapeutics. And when it’s ready, making sure an approved vaccine is distributed equitably and efficiently and free for every American.

With cases rising once more, it’s imperative that we ramp up our production of personal protective equipment, to make sure our brave healthcare workers have what they need to do battle safely against this virus. We’re going to get states, cities and tribes, the test and the supplies they need. We’re going to protect vulnerable populations who are at risk, most at risk from this virus, older Americans and those with preexisting conditions. We’re going to address the health and economic disparities that mean this virus is hitting the Black, Latino, Asian American, Pacific Islanders, Native American communities, harder than white communities. Focusing on in these communities is one of our priorities, not an afterthought.

The bottom line, I will spare no effort to turn this pandemic around once we’re sworn in on January 20th, to get our kids back to school safely, our businesses growing, and our economy running at full speed again, and to get an approved vaccine manufactured and distributed as quickly as possible to as many Americans as possible free of charge. We』ll follow the science, we』ll follow the science. Let me say that again. And we』ll adjust the new data when it comes in and we』ll listen and work in cooperation with governors and local leaders of both parties who are fighting this virus in their communities this very day.

There is so much good work happening at state and local levels across the country, governors, mayors, they’re stepping up. The advisory board will listen and learn lessons from their experience. Because we know that we won’t fully defeat COVID-19 until we defeat it everywhere, my advisory council also includes experts on global health security so that we can restore U.S. global leadership to fight this pandemic. This is a crisis that affects everyone.

As I』ve said throughout this campaign, I will be a president for every American. This election is over. It’s time to put aside the partisanship and the rhetoric that designed to demonize one another. It’s time to end the politicization of basic responsible public health steps like mask wearing and social distancing. We have to come together to heal the soul of this country so that we can effectively address this crisis, as one country, where hardworking Americans have each other’s backs. And where we’re united in our shared goal, defeating this virus.

As we work toward a safe and effective vaccine, we know that the single most effective thing we can do to stop the spread of COVID is wear a mask. The head of the CDC warned this fall, that for the foreseeable future, a mask remains the most potent weapon against the virus. Today’s news does not change that urgent reality. I won’t be president until January 20th, but my message today is to everyone, is this, it doesn’t matter who you voted for, where you stood before election day, it doesn’t matter your party, your point of view, we can save tens of thousands of lives if everyone would just wear a mask for the next few months. Not Democrat or Republican lives, American lives. Maybe we』d save a life of a person who stocks the shelf at your local grocery store. Maybe saves the life of a member of your place of worship. Maybe saves the lives of one of your children’s teachers. Maybe saves your life.

So please, I implore you, wear a mask, do it for yourself, do it for your neighbor. A mask is not a political statement, but it is a good way to start pulling the country together. I want to be very clear, the goal of mask wearing is not to make your life less comfortable or take something away from you. It’s to give something back to all of us, a normal life. The goal is to get back to normal as fast as possible and masks are critical in doing that. It won’t be forever, but that’s how we』ll get our nation back, back up to speed economically. So we can go back to celebrating birthdays and holidays together. So we can attend sporting events together. So we can get back to the lives and connections we shared before the pandemic.

It doesn’t matter whether or not we always agree with one another. It doesn’t matter who you voted for. We are Americans and our country is under threat. We’re now called to do the same thing that generations of proud Americans have done when faced with a crisis throughout our history. Rise above our differences to Defend the strength and the vitality of our nation. That’s the character of patriots, that’s the character of America. We have to do this together. Wearing a mask seems like a small act. Maybe you think your individual choice won’t make any difference. Throughout our history, throughout the history of our nation, we』ve seen over and over how small acts add up to enormous achievements. It’s the weight of many small acts together that bend the arc of history.

I know there’s nothing that the American people can’t accomplish when we work together, as one people, with one mission. We can get this virus under control, I promise you. We can rebuild our economy back better than it was before. We can address race based disparities that damage our country. It’s in our power. So let’s wear a mask. Let’s get to work. Thank you. May God bless you. And for all those who have lost somebody, our heart goes out to you. We know what it’s like. Our heart goes out to you. May God protect our healthcare workers and all Americans. Thank you.

貿易、財政、州際和外交關係上的困難，以及國內動蕩，導致大眾普遍怨聲載道。Shey’s Rebellion（1786），一群不滿的負債農民襲擊了政府，致使人們急切呼籲修改聯邦條約和建立一個更加強大的中央政府。1787年，為修改確立新憲法召開的制憲會議（Constitutional convention）上各州代表辯論極其激烈，會議一度無法進行，直到偉大妥協 (The Great Compromises)挽救局面。在此期間，政黨雛形開始出現。由亞歷山大.漢密爾頓（Alexander Hamilton）和詹姆斯·麥迪遜（James Madison）領導的聯邦黨（The Federalist）呼籲建立強有力的中央政府，而以託馬斯·傑斐遜（ThomasJefferson）為首的反聯邦黨人（The Anti-Federalists）堅持認為州政府應該更優越。

 

會議主要圍繞四個主要問題展開激烈討論，事關實權，任何一方都不願鬆口。

如何選舉國會代表。人少的州希望各州代表數量相同，而大州希望代表數量根據本州的人口數量決定。最後決定成立上下兩院，上院各州各佔2席位，下院席位根據各州人口而定。

奴隸身份的定性。南方各州希望將奴隸計入人口統計中，以求在下議院獲得更多的席位，北方認為如果南方不給予奴隸真正的公民權利，就無法將其納入人口統計，更重要的，北方希望限制南方的權力。雙方達成妥協，每個奴隸算3/5個人計入人口統計。

權力制衡。人們依舊擔憂聯邦政府以及立法（國會）擁有過多權力，因此建立立法，司法，行政三分支來相互制衡。

各州權力。聯邦黨以聯邦條款為教訓，希望成立一個權力更大的中央政府，但反聯邦黨依舊希望各州保持自治。不可否認中央政府擁有更多權力，但新憲法明確規定中央政府可行使的權力，其餘未明確解釋的權力依舊由各州行使。

 

新憲法在1789年賦予權力成立新政府，人們希望通過契約法律授權，並限制政府權力。喬治.華盛頓被選為第一任總統，儘管其本人並不渴望這個職位。為保護這個新興國家，他採取最為穩妥，保守的發展政策。眾多後繼總統依舊秉承華盛頓的策略，使美國得以快速發展。

Good evening.

Congressman John Lewis, before his passing, wrote: "Democracy is not a state. It is an act."

And what he meant was that America\\'s democracy is not guaranteed.

It is only as strong as our willingness to fight for it, to guard it and never take it for granted.

And protecting our democracy takes struggle.

It takes sacrifice. There is joy in it and there is progress.

Because We The People have the power to build a better future.

And when our very democracy was on the ballot in this election, with the very soul of America at stake, and the world watching, you ushered in a new day for America.

To our campaign staff and volunteers, this extraordinary team — thank you for bringing more people than ever before into the democratic process and for making this victory possible.

To the poll workers and election officials across our country who have worked tirelessly to make sure every vote is counted — our nation owes you a debt of gratitude as you have protected the integrity of our democracy.

And to the American people who make up our beautiful country — thank you for turning out in record numbers to make your voices heard.

經濟上，華盛頓指派漢密爾頓為第一任財政部長。因戰爭和重建國家，美國欠下巨額債務，國庫極度空虛，為此他實施一項極具爭議的漢密爾頓金融計劃（Hamilton’s Financial Plan，1791)。

建立國家銀行。漢密爾頓提議建立一家主要由私人投資者出資，本金為1000萬美金的國家銀行。銀行具有流通貨幣，向財政部收借款的職能。但最大的問題是，憲法是否允許設立銀行？由於傑斐遜領導的民主共和黨（Democratic-Republican Party）質疑銀行的合憲性，圍繞銀行的爭論促使政黨的成立。

設立消費稅。此稅引起了賓夕法尼亞州西部農民的叛亂，人們抗議聯邦政府對威士忌徵收巨額稅款。華盛頓派遣12000名聯邦軍隊輕鬆鎮壓了起義，相比於Shey’s Rebellion（1786），這很好的證明新憲法賦予聯邦政府更大權力。

分攤債務，發行債卷。漢密爾頓建議各州債務與國家債務合併，重新在各州均分債務。他還希望發行新的，沒有任何利息的政府債券。詹姆斯·麥迪遜反對這項法案，因為它給聯邦政府太多權力，且維吉尼亞州已經償還他們的債務。

高關稅。漢密爾頓提議對進口商品徵收高關稅：保護本國工業發展，以及創收來償還國家債務。

 

I know times have been challenging, especially the last several months.

The grief, sorrow, and pain. The worries and the struggles.

But we\\'ve also witnessed your courage, your resilience, and the generosity of your spirit.

For 4 years, you marched and organized for equality and justice, for our lives, and for our planet.

And then, you voted. You delivered a clear message.

You chose hope, unity, decency, science, and, yes, truth.

You chose Joe Biden as the next President of the United States of America.

外交上，華盛頓執行最嚴格的中立政策。在美法有同盟條約的情況下，儘管沒有使用『中立』一詞，也未否定聯盟，但他宣布美國不會在第一次反法同盟戰爭中給予法國任何軍事支持。並於1795年與英國籤訂Jay’s Treaty，保證美國在英法戰爭中保持中立。他在告別演說（Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796）中警告政黨分裂和永久外國聯盟的危險性。中立政策有效的避免美國捲入歐陸爭霸中，幫助其度過羸弱期；但不可避免地遭到英法雙方共同的厭惡和孤立，這也成為第二次獨立戰爭的導火索。

 

在華盛頓任期內，美國與印第安人關係一直很緊張，尤其在俄亥俄河谷地區。在伐木之戰（Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794）之後，格林維爾條約（Treaty of Greenville, 1795）對印第安人的土地進行了補償。由於英國人持續對印第安進行援助以削弱美國影響，對俄亥俄河谷土地和資源的競爭更加激烈。在加利福尼亞，西班牙人在海岸沿線建立了傳教機構，利用對印第安人的奴役和徵服，希望長期佔領這片土地，同時繼續傳播他們的宗教，天主教。美西雙方籤訂平克尼條約（Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795），界定了美國和西班牙殖民地之間的邊界，並授予美國在密西西比河的航行權。

 

當聯邦政府根據憲法執政時，對聯邦政府與各州之間關係、經濟政策和外交行為等問題的持續爭執導致政黨的創立和發展。以亞歷山大·漢密爾頓為首的聯邦黨（Federalist Party）支持強大的聯邦政府、成立國家銀行、設立高關稅、支持英國、放寬憲法對政府的約束力。以託馬斯·傑斐遜為首的民主共和黨反對高關稅、國家銀行；支持法國、各州的權利和憲法對政府的嚴格限制。

Joe is a healer. A uniter. A tested and steady hand.

A person whose own experience of loss gives him a sense of purpose that will help us, as a nation, reclaim our own sense of purpose.

And a man with a big heart who loves with abandon.

It\\'s his love for Jill, who will be an incredible First Lady.

It\\'s his love for Hunter, Ashley, his grandchildren, and the entire Biden family.

And while I first knew Joe as Vice President, I really got to know him as the father who loved Beau, my dear friend, who we remember here today.

權利法案

 

政治體制以及新憲法逐步健全。1789年通過司法條例（Judiciary Act of 1789）,該法案建立最高法院以及聯邦法院，華盛頓指派約翰.喬伊(John Jay)為第一任大法官。在批准新憲法的過程中，對權力更大的保障需求促使權利法案（Bill of Right,1791）的誕生。權利法案即為前十項憲法修正案。

 

To my husband Doug, our children Cole and Ella, my sister Maya, and our whole family — I love you all more than I can express.

We are so grateful to Joe and Jill for welcoming our family into theirs on this incredible journey.

And to the woman most responsible for my presence here today — my mother, Shyamala Gopalan Harris, who is always in our hearts.

When she came here from India at the age of 19, maybe she didn't quite imagine this moment.

But she believed so deeply in an America where a moment like this is possible.

So, I'm thinking about her and about the generations of women — Black Women.

Asian, White, Latina, and Native American women throughout our nation's history who have paved the way for this moment tonight.

Women who fought and sacrificed so much for equality, liberty, and justice for all, including the Black women, who are too often overlooked, but so often Prove that they are the backbone of our democracy.

All the Women who worked to secure and protect the right to vote for over a century: 100 years ago with the 19th Amendment, 55 years ago with the Voting Rights Act, and now, in 2020, with a new generation of women in our country who cast their ballots and continued the fight for their fundamental right to vote and be heard.

Tonight, I reflect on their struggle, their determination and the strength of their vision — to see what can be unburdened by what has been — I stand on their shoulders.

And what a testament it is to Joe's character that he had the audacity to break one of the most substantial barriers that exists in our country and select a woman as his Vice President.

But while I may be the first woman in this office, I won't be the last.

Because every little girl watching tonight sees that this is a country of possibilities.

And to the children of our country, regardless of your gender, our country has sent you a clear message:

Dream with ambition, lead with conviction, and see yourself in a way that others might not see you, simply because they've never seen it before.

保護宗教，言論，出版，集會，抗議，請願權力。

有權持有和攜帶武器

和平時期士兵無權駐紮在民房 

有權拒絕不合理的搜查和羈押    

有權享受正規法律程序，禁止自證己罪以及雙重定罪

有權接受公平，公正，公開以及由陪審團審判的權力，如取證，聘請律師，知曉被指控的罪名等

陪審團審判權

禁止過高的罰款和保釋金，禁止無人道的刑罰

保護憲法中未提及的權力

將憲法未授予聯邦政府的權力保留給各州

And we will applaud you every step of the way.

To the American people:

No matter who you voted for, I will strive to be the Vice President that Joe was to President Obama — loyal, honest, and prepared, waking up every day thinking of you and your families. Because now is when the real work begins.

The Hard work. The Necessary work. The Good work.

The essential work to save lives and beat this pandemic.

To rebuild our economy so it works for working people.

To root out systemic racism in our justice system and society.

To combat the climate crisis.

To unite our country and heal the soul of our nation.

The road ahead will not be easy.

But America is ready. And so are Joe and I.

We have elected a president who represents the best in us.

A leader the world will respect and our children can look up to.

A Commander in Chief who will respect our troops and keep our country safe.

And a President for all Americans.