本期精讀的文章來自The Economist對於澳大利亞袋鼠問題的報導An Australian drought is killing millions of kangaroos
袋鼠是澳大利亞的國家象徵之一,但它們正因為旱災而大批量死亡,這也讓更多的人呼籲政府改變管理袋鼠數量的方式。一些人認為如果將袋鼠作為家禽處理將更有利於袋鼠產業的發展,同時更能保障袋鼠的福利。但聯邦和各州政府對此並不上心,很多人也表達了對政府推卸責任的批評。
下面是文章的詳細分析:
首段介紹了文章背景:澳大利亞的袋鼠因為旱災正在大量死亡。
Well before the current spate of bushfires started ravaging eastern Australia, they were already dying in droves.
早在當前叢林大火肆虐澳大利亞東部之前,袋鼠們已經在大量死亡。
well在這裡是副詞,它與介詞短語搭配用於強調,意思是「大大的,遠遠的」,比如:Franklin did not turn up until well after midnight. 富蘭克林直到午夜過後很久才出現。
do something in droves是一個固定搭配,意思是「有大量的……在做某事」,比如:People were leaving the countryside in droves to look for work in the cities. 成群結隊的人離開農村到城裡找工作。
Lachlan Gall has seen 「several thousand」 kangaroo corpses splayed under trees or bogged in the mud of dried-out reservoirs on his 54,000 hectares (134,000 acres) in outback New South Wales. 「It’s distressing for the animals,」 he says. 「And it’s distressing for us to see.」
拉克蘭·蓋爾在新南威爾斯州內陸有54000公頃(134000英畝)土地,他在上面曾目睹數千隻袋鼠屍體散落在樹底下或陷入乾涸水庫的泥土中。他說:「這對那些動物來說是很痛苦的」,「看到這些動物死亡,我們也感到痛苦」。
Across Australia’s most populous state, at least 5m kangaroos are thought to have died gruesome deaths since one of the country’s worst droughts began nearly four years ago.
澳大利亞在近四年前遭遇了歷史上最嚴重的旱災之一,從那時開始,該國這一人口最多的州裡面預計至少有500萬袋鼠慘死。
要形容人口稠密可以用populous,比如要表達「上海是全球人口最稠密的城市之一」,可以說:Shanghai is one of the most populous cities in the world.
die a XX death也是一個固定表達,意思是「以……的方式死亡」,比如要表達「某人壽終正寢」,可以說 somebody died a natural death
The crisis has prompted calls for changes to how Australia manages a national emblem.
這場危機促使人們呼籲澳大利亞改變其管理袋鼠這一國家象徵的方式。
這裡可以學習一個句式:XX has prompted calls for… (XX促使人們呼籲……),比如我們可以說:
The worsening air quality in this country has promoted calls for stricter environmental regulations.
第二段介紹了澳大利亞袋鼠的基本情況。
「Roos」 once shared the landscape only with Aboriginals, who hunted them for food and revered them in rock art. The arrival of white settlers, and their sheep and cattle, sparked a competition for space and resources that remains unresolved.
袋鼠們曾經只與澳洲原住民共享風景,原住民狩獵它們以獲取食物,同時他們還在巖石藝術中表達了對袋鼠的尊敬。白人定居者以及他們帶來的牛羊引發了對空間和資源的爭奪,這一問題至今仍未解決。
On a recent drive Geoff Wise, a veterinarian from Dubbo, says he spotted a kangaroo dead of hunger or thirst or killed by a passing vehicle roughly every 200 metres.
一名來自達博(澳大利亞一個城市名)的獸醫傑夫·懷斯說,他在最近一次開車途中發現大約每隔200米就有一隻袋鼠死於飢餓,口渴或被過往車輛撞死。
第三段介紹了袋鼠的經濟以及環境價值。
Mr Wise chairs a body that recently convened a symposium about managing the kangaroo population better. State governments allow 「commercial harvesting」 of four kangaroo species for meat and hides.
懷斯先生是一家機構的主席,該機構最近召開了一次關於更好管理袋鼠種群的研討會。州政府允許對四種袋鼠進行「商業捕獵」以獲取肉和獸皮。
這一句中出現了不少熟詞生義的用法。第一句中chair意思是「主持(會議);擔任(委員會的)主席」,比如:The declaration was drafted by a committee chaired by Dr Robert Song. 宣言由羅伯特·桑博士領導的委員會起草。body意思是「機構,團體」,比如an advisory body 顧問團。
harvest不是指「收割莊稼」,而是指「捕獵」(to catch a number of animals or fish to eat),hide指的是「(用於製作皮革的)獸皮」(the strong thick skin of an animal which is used for making leather)
The kangaroo industry contributes about A$250m ($170m) a year to Australia’s economy. George Wilson of the Australian National University reckons it could be more if farmers could see kangaroos as livestock, not as competitors for the grass and water consumed by cattle and sheep.
袋鼠產業每年為澳大利亞經濟貢獻約2.5億澳元(1.7億美元)。澳大利亞國立大學的喬治·威爾遜認為,如果農民能夠將袋鼠視為家畜,而不是與牛羊爭奪草和水的競爭者,那麼袋鼠產業的貢獻可能會更多。
Kangaroos can survive on about 1.5 litres of water a day, a fraction of what cattle and sheep consume. They emit far less methane, a greenhouse gas, than cattle and sheep do.
袋鼠每天依靠1.5升水就可以生存,這相當於牛和羊每天耗水量的一小部分。它們排放的甲烷(一種溫室氣體)比牛和羊少得多。
survive on something意思是「依靠某事物維持生存」,比如要表達「這家人每月依靠3000元維持生計」,可以說:The family survives on 3,000 yuan a month.
又比如要表達「在大城市依靠我自己的工資維持生存很困難」,可以說:It is difficult to survive onmy salary in big cities.
第四段介紹了澳大利亞捕獵袋鼠的政策以及現狀。
The states typically permit licensed professionals to kill up to 15% of the total kangaroo population. Last year, for instance, the limit across the four states with the biggest number of roos was set at 7m.
澳大利亞各州通常允許有執照的專業人士捕殺不超過總數15%的袋鼠。比如對於四個袋鼠數量最多的州,去年的捕殺數量限制是700萬。
typically意思相當於usually/normal,意思是「通常」。
But for some time, the kangaroo cullers have used only a fraction of their quotas, sometimes killing just 3.5% of the population. That is because demand for kangaroo meat and hides has been falling.
但很長一段時間以來,袋鼠獵殺者們只使用了他們配額中的一小部分,有時只殺死了袋鼠總數的3.5%,這是因為對袋鼠肉和袋鼠皮的需求一直在下降。
for some time是一個固定搭配,相當於for a fairly long period of time,即「很長一段時間以來」。
cull作為動詞時是指「(為減少或限制數量而對動物)選擇性宰殺」,比如:The plan to cull large numbers of baby seals has angered environmental groups. 選擇性捕殺大量小海豹的計劃引起了環保組織的強烈憤慨。
結尾段表達了人們對政府坐視袋鼠問題不管的不滿。
Sussan Ley, the federal environment minister, attended Mr Wise’s symposium and tut-tutted about the problem. Farmers complain that the federal government and the states are shirking responsibility for animal welfare.
聯邦環境部長蘇珊·萊伊出席了懷斯先生的專題討論會,並對袋鼠管理問題表達了反對。農民抱怨聯邦政府和各州都在逃避保障動物福利的責任。
tut-tut這個詞用得很生動,tut是指人們表達反對或不滿時發出的嘖嘖聲,somebody tut-tuts about something可以用來表示「某人反對某事物」。
As Mr Gall notes, there is 「inherent animal cruelty in allowing drought to be the main population management tool for kangaroos」.
正如加爾先生所指出的,讓旱災成為管理袋鼠總數的主要工具本身就屬於虐待動物。
最後一句寫得很精彩,聯邦政府和各州不願意解決袋鼠問題,只能被動讓旱災充當減少袋鼠數量的角色。從這一句可以看出作者對政府推卸責任的批評。
今天我們學習了以下幾個重點句型和表達:
(1) do something in droves
(2) populous
(3) XX has prompted calls for…
(4) survive on something
感興趣的同學可以使用這些句型造句以加深印象。