Oxford's 2020 Word of the Year? It's Too Hard to Isolate
牛津2020「年度詞」?很難單挑出一個
Jennifer Schuessler 珍妮弗·許斯勒
Oxford Languages's annual Word of the Year is usually a tribute to the protean creativity of English and the reality of constant linguistic change, throwing a spotlight on zeitgeisty neologisms like 「selfie」, 「vape」 and 「unfriend」.
Sure, it isn't all lexicographic fun and frolic. 2017 saw the triumph of 「toxic」. Last year, the winner was 「climate emergency」.
But then came 2020, and you-know-what.
This year, Oxford Languages, the publisher of the Oxford English Dictionary, has forgone the selection of a single word in favor of highlighting the coronavirus pandemic's swift and sudden linguistic impact on English.
「What struck the team as most distinctive in 2020 was the sheer scale and scope of change,」 Katherine Connor Martin, the company's head of product, said in an interview. 「This event was experienced globally and by its nature changed the way we express every other thing that happened this year.」
The Word of the Year is based on usage evidence drawn from Oxford's continually updated corpus of more than 11 billion words, gathered from news sources across the English-speaking world. The selection is meant 「to reflect the ethos, mood or preoccupations」 of the preceding year, while also having 「lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.」
The 2020 report does highlight some zippy new coinages, like 「Blursday」, 「covidiots」 and 「doomscrolling」. But mostly, it underlines how the pandemic has utterly dominated public conversation, and given us a new collective vocabulary almost overnight.
Take, for starters, 「pandemic」: Use of the term increased more than 57,000 percent since last year. 「Coronavirus」 also surged, breaking away from run-of-the-mill topical words.
Back in January, it was neck-and-neck with 「impeachment」, then surging because of the proceedings against President Trump. But by April, 「coronavirus」 had become one of the most common nouns in English, overtaking even stalwarts like 「time」.
The Oxford report also highlights words and phrases relating to social justice, including 「Black Lives Matter」, 「Juneteenth」, 「decolonize」, and 「allyship」, some of which surged dramatically starting in late May, amid the protests following the killing of George Floyd in police custody. But those increases, while notable, were nowhere near those of pandemic-related terms.
And the pandemic may have actually reduced the frequency of other topical words. Last year, Oxford released an all-climate related short list, topped by 「climate emergency」. But in March, as the pandemic took hold, the frequency of the word 「climate」 itself abruptly plunged by almost 50 percent.
The pandemic turned once-obscure public-health terminology like 「social distancing」 or 「flatten the curve」 into household terms, and made words and phrases like 「lockdown」 and 「stay-at-home」 common. More subtly, it also altered usage patterns for ho-hum words like 「remote」.
Previously, the most common collocates of 「remote」 were 「village」, 「island」 and 「control」. This year, Ms. Martin said, they were 「learning」, 「working」 and 「work force」.
Most years, a lot of the fun of Oxford's short list comes from portmanteaus, or blend words, like 「mansplain」 or 「broflake」. But this year, even the neologisms were a bit downbeat. For every 「covidiot」 and 「Blursday」, there was a 「twindemic」 and an 「infodemic」.
So … is it fair to say that in 2020, even the words were, well, kind of terrible?
Ms. Martin declined to be so negative. But she confessed to some nostalgia for the days of playful, dare-you-to-put-it-in-the-dictionary coinages like 「lumbersexual」, from Oxford's 2015 shortlist.
She said she hoped 2021 would bring more 「fun, positive words that didn't seem to hold the weight of the world on their shoulders.」
牛津語言部每年選出的「年度詞」通常充分體現了英語千變萬化的創造性和語言不斷變化的現實,讓「自拍」、「電子菸」和「刪除好友」等具有時代精神的新詞受到矚目。
當然,編纂詞典時也不全是嬉戲歡樂。2017年見證了「有毒」的勝出。去年,贏家是「氣候緊急狀態」。
不過接著到了2020年,情況如你所見。
今年,《牛津英語詞典》的出版方牛津語言部放棄了選出單個字詞的努力,而是強調新冠肺炎大流行從語言學角度給英語帶來的迅猛而突然的衝擊。
公司產品事務主管凱薩琳·康納·馬丁在接受採訪時說:「2020年整個團隊感覺最不同尋常的是變化的規模之大、範圍之廣。全球各地都經歷了這場疫情,其根本特徵是改變了我們表達今年所發生的其他每件事情的方式。」
年度詞基於從持續更新的牛津語料庫提取的使用情況證據,語料庫包含的單詞超過110億個,收集自整個英語世界的新聞信息。選出的單詞旨在「體現上一年的精神風貌、情緒狀況或關注重點」,並且有「對文化產生影響的持久潛質」。
2020年度報告的確突出了一些鮮活的新造詞,如「模糊日」、「新冠白痴」和「陰暗刷屏」。不過最重要的是,它凸顯了疫情大流行如何全面主導了公眾對話,以及如何在幾乎一夜之間交付給我們一批新的共用詞彙。
首先來說「疫情大流行」:自去年以來,這個詞的使用率是過去的570多倍。「冠狀病毒」的出現頻率也急劇增加,從時下普通熱詞中脫穎而出。
1月時,它與「彈劾」一詞不相上下,當時由於針對川普總統的訴訟程序,「彈劾」的使用量激增。不過到4月時,「冠狀病毒」已經成為英語中最常見的名詞之一,甚至超過了像「時間」這樣的中堅詞語。
這份牛津報告還強調了與社會正義相關的單詞與短語,包括「黑人的命也重要」、「六月節」、「去殖民化」和「同盟狀態」,其中有些詞的使用頻率從5月底開始驟增,當時正是因喬治·弗洛伊德在被警方扣留時遇害而爆發抗議活動之際。不過這些詞的使用量雖然顯著上升,卻遠不及與疫情相關的詞語。
而且這場疫情可能居然減少了其他熱詞的使用頻率。去年,牛津發布了全部與氣候相關的一份入圍名單,位居榜首的是「氣候緊急狀態」。不過到了3月,隨著疫情深入發展,「氣候」一詞的使用頻率驟降近50%。
疫情讓「拉開社交距離」和「壓平曲線」這類曾鮮為人知的公共衛生術語變得家喻戶曉,也讓「封鎖」和「居家」等單詞及短語隨處可見。更微妙的是,它還改變了像「偏遠/遠程」這類平淡乏味詞語的使用模式。
之前,「偏遠/遠程」最常見的搭配詞是「村莊」、「島嶼」和「控制」。馬丁說,今年,搭配詞變成了「學習」、「辦公」和「工作人員」。
大多數年份,牛津年度詞入圍名單給人帶來的許多快樂來自合併詞,又稱混合詞,如「男人說教」或「玻璃心男」。不過今年,就連新詞也有點令人沮喪。只要有「新冠白痴」和「模糊日」,就少不了「雙重疫情」和「信息疫情」。
那麼……是不是可以說2020這一年連詞彙也有點糟糕呢?
馬丁不願如此消極。不過她承認有點懷念過去有好玩的、簡直不敢相信會收入詞典的新造詞的時候,比如牛津2015年度詞入圍名單上的「伐木型男」。
她說,希望2021年會帶來更多「不顯得背負著全世界重擔的有趣而積極的詞語」。(李鳳芹譯自美國《紐約時報》網站11月22日文章)